2014 L5 主谓一致.ppt

1、主谓一致 （Subject-verb Concord),主谓一致的三原则 以集体名词做主语的主谓一致问题 以并列结构做主语的主谓一致问题 其他方面的主谓一致问题,主谓一致的三原则,Both parties have their own advantages. The United States is a developed country. Either my grandsons or their father is coming. 语法一致 (Grammatical concord) 意义一致 (Notional concord) 就近原则 (Principle of Proximity),

2、以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题 Problems of concord with collective nouns as subject,以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题,集体名词，如government,committee,team,group等，在意义上是复数，而在语法形式上是单数。以这类名词作主语的主谓一致问题往往在于对“语法一致”和 “意义一致”两种原则的选择。,通常做复数的集体名词,有些集体名词通常做复数，随后的动词用复数，如 police, people, cattle, militia（民兵），poultry(家禽），vermin（害虫）等。 Domestic cattle pri

3、vide us with milk,beef and hides. Such vermin as bugs and rats are hard to get rid of.,通常做不可数名词的集体名词,有一些集体名词，通常作不可数名词，随后的动词用单数，如 equipment, furniture, foliage(树叶)，machinery(机关，机构)等。 The furniture has arrived undamaged. All the equipment in the factory is made in China.,既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词,有一些集体名词，既可作单数，

4、也可作复数，如 audience, committee(委员会), class, crew, family, government, public等。如将各该名词所表示的集体视为一个整体，则动词用单数，如将侧重点放在组成集体的成员上，动词用复数。 The committee is to make its report tomorrow. That group of soldiers have the best ratings(等级) of individual performance.,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题Principles of concord with a coordinate

5、 subject,由and/both.and连接的并列主语1,由and或both.and.连接的并列结构作主语时,如果意义为复数,谓语动词用复数。 The fishing and the hunting in Arizona were good that year. Both Pauline and her son Bob have gone fishing on Miramar Lake.,由and/both.and连接的并列主语 2,如果作主语的并列结构不是指两个或两个以上的人或物,而是表示单数意义,则动词用单数。 Brown bread and butter is usually eat

6、en with smoked salmon. 指黄油面包 The secretary and treasurer is absent. 表示一个人两个职位,由and/both.and连接的并列主语 3,当and连接的并列名词词组带有no,each,every,或者many a 等限定词时,随后的动词通常用单数(体现语法一致原则)。 Every boy and every girl in this room is entitled to a copy. Many a man and woman in this community finds himself or herself in need.

7、,由and/both.and连接的并列主语 4,也有一些由and 连接的并列主语,其单、复数意义不很明确,这就只能根据上下文判定了。,由or/nor/either.or等连接的并列主语,由or,nor,either.or,neither.nor,not only.but also连接的并列结构作主语,随后的动词形式通常按照“就近原则”处理。 My sisters or my brother is likely to be at home. Either her father or her mother calls for her every afternoon. Either my fathe

8、r and my brothers are coming. Neither the Kansas players nor the coach was overconfident.,主语+as much as等,当主语后面跟有由as much as,rather than,more than,no less than等引导的从属结构时,随后的动词形式依主语本身的单复数而定。 Some of the workers as much as the managers were responsible for the loss. His brother rather than his parents i

9、s to blame. My wife, more than anyone else in the family, is anxious to go there again.,主语+as well as 等,当主语后面有由as well as,in addition to,with,along with,together with,except等引导的词组时,其后的动词形式也取决于主语本身的形式。 The manager with some workers was working during the holidays. The father, as well as his sons, is

10、going to enroll.,其他方面的主谓一致问题 Other problems of subject-verb concord,名词性分句（nominal clause)作主语的主谓一致,由what,who,why,how,whether等wh-词引导的名词性分句作主语，动词用单数: What caused the accident is a complete mystery. 谓语动词为复数时分三种情况： 1.两个由and连接的并列名词性分句作主语且表示两件事：Where he had gone and when he would come back remain unknown.

11、2.What-分句作主语，主句补语为复数名词：What was real to him were the details of his life. 3.What-分句本身表示复数意义：What are often regared as poisonous fungi(毒菌子） are in fact edible.,非限定性分句(non-finite clause)作主语,主要是不定式分句和-ing分词分句作主语，动词常用单数：To be healthy is very important. Exercising is good for health. 注意：两个由and连接的并列非限定分句作

12、主语，表一件事用单数，否则用复数：Reading books and watching movies are both good ways to learn a language.,关系分句 （relative clause)中的主谓一致,关系分句中谓语动词形式由关系代词先行项决定。“one of+复数名词+关系分句”结构，动词常用复数：He is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful. 注：在这类结构前有the或the only等限定词和强调词时，动词用单数： He is the only one of the b

13、oys who likes dancing.,分裂句(cleft sentences)中的主谓一致,在分裂句中，that-/who-分句动词由先行词而定。 重点：“It is I/me +who-/that-分句”中的动词形式 现在时在人称和数上与I一致：It is I who am to blame. 非正式语体宾格为Me时，用第三人称：It is me that is to blame.,存在句(existential sentences)中的主谓一致,取决于实义主语。 复数There are eight books you can borrow. 单数There is a pen on the desk. 注：并列结构时，只要第一个并列成分不是复数，谓语动词便可用单