外研社《新视野商务英语（下）》课件unit 9.ppt

1、Unit 9,Import and export,9.1 Reasons for international trade,1. Unevenly distributed natural resources 2. Climate and terrain 3. Skilled workers and capital resources 4. Economic benefit (theory of comparative advantage) 5. Insufficient domestic production and political reasons 6. Specializing in so

2、me services shipment ; insurance; tourism; immigrant remittance,In his example , David Ricardo imagined two countries, England and Portugal producing two kinds of goods, cloth and wine, using labor as the sole input in production. He assumed that the productivity of labor (i.e., the quantity of outp

3、ut produced per worker) varied between industries and across countries. Ricardo assumed that Portugal was more productive in both goods.,Theory of comparative advantage,Reasons of Trade barriers,1) To correct a balance-of-payments deficit favorable balance of trade trade surplus Unfavorable balance

4、trade deficit 2) For reasons of national security 3) To protect their own industries against the competition of foreign goods.,Means of Trade Barriers,Tariff ad valorem tariff (从价关税） specific duty（从量关税） compound duty （混合税） alternative duty (选择税) Non-tariff import licenses (进口许可证) import quotas (进口配额

5、) technical barriers to trade(技术贸易壁垒 ) export subsidy （出口补贴） foreign exchange control (外汇管制):,import tariff / duty export protectionist control quota,International trade is the exchange of goods and services between different countries. Depending on what a country produces and needs, it can _( send

6、goods to another country) and _(bring in goods from another country. Government can _ international trade. The most common measures are tariffs or duties and quotas. A _ is a tax on imported goods, and a _ is the maximum quantity of a product allowed into a country during a certain period of time. T

7、hese measures are _ as they raise the price of imported goods to protect domestically produced goods.,export,import,control,tariff / duty,quota,protectionist,procedures of export,1.Preparing for exporting or importing (出口/进口前准备） 2.Business negotiation (商务谈判） 3.Implementing the contract (合同的执行） 4. Se

8、ttlement of disputes (if any) (解决纠纷),1. Market research Marketing and promotion Investigate the credit of customers 2. Five links of business negotiation. enquiry offer counter-offer acceptance signing the contract,3. Implementation of contract (合同的履行),Under CIF contract with terms of payment by L/C

9、, the implementation of export contract usually goes through the following steps: goods preparation (quality and quantity: measurement systems) inspection application reminding L/C, examination and modification of L/C chartering and booking shipping space customs formalities shipment insurance docum

10、ents preparation for negotiation 4. settlement of claim,贸易术语的含义及有关国际惯例,Domestic offer：每吨1000元,International offer： RMB 1000 per M/T EXW GZ,卖方仓库,出口手续,租船订舱,办理保险,报关完税,装 船,进口手续,卸 货,买方仓库,EXW,CIF,DDP,6.1 Components of Trade Terms,Unit price 100 per dozen CIF London type of currency price per unit measurem

11、ent unit trade terms type of currency : hard currency & soft currency price per unit : measurement unit : trade terms: 13 trade terms. commissions &discount:CIF C5 =/=CIF including 5% commission,Price per unit,purchasing cost of the goods,inland freight, packing expenses, warehousing, commodity insp

12、ection fees, export tariffs,entry fees, agents commissions,ocean freight, insurance premiums and profit margin,2、INCOTERMS 2000, A the seller must,A1 provision of goods in conformity with the contract A2 licences, authorisations and formalities A3 contract of carriage and insurance A4 delivery A5 tr

13、ansfer of risks A6 division of costs A7 notice to the buyer A8 proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message A9 checking-packing-marking A10 other obligations, B the buyer must,B1 payment of the price B2 licences, authorisations and formalities B3 contract of carriage B4 tak

14、ing delivery B5 transfer of risks B6 division of costs B7 notice to the seller B8 proof of delivery transport document or equivlent electronic message B9 inspection of goods B10 other obligations,EXW EX Works 工厂交货,EX WORKS means that the seller fulfills his obligation to deliver when he has made the

15、 goods available at his premises (i.e. works, factory, warehouse, etc.) to the buyer. The seller is not responsible for loading the goods on the vehicle provided by the buyer. Unless otherwise agreed, the seller is not responsible for clearing the goods for export. EX WORKS represents the minimum ob

16、ligation for the seller. EX WORKS should not be used when the buyer cannot carry out, directly or indirectly, the export formalities. In such circumstances, use the FCA - FREE CARRIER term.,Seller,Buyer,Cost,Risk,Cost,Risk,FOB Free On Board 装运船上交货,FREE ON BOARD means the seller fulfills his obligati

17、on to deliver when the goods have passed over the ships rail at the named port of shipment. The buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that point. FREE ON BOARD requires the seller to clear the goods for export. FREE ON BOARD can only be used for sea or inland w

18、aterway transport. In the case of roll-on/roll-off or container traffic, the ships rail serves no practical purpose. Use the FCA - FREE CARRIER term as it is more appropriate.,Seller,Buyer,Risk,Cost,Risk,Cost,CFR Cost and Freight 成本加运费,COST AND FREIGHT means the seller must pay the costs and freight

19、 necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered on board the vessel, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the sh

20、ips rail in the port of shipment. If the buyer does not insure the shipment and if the goods are damaged, you may run the risk of not being paid. COST AND FREIGHT requires the seller to clear the goods for export. COST AND FREIGHT can only be used for sea or inland waterway transport. In the case of

21、 roll-on/roll-off or container traffic, the ships rail serves no practical purpose. Use the CPT - CARRIAGE PAID TO term as it is more appropriate.,Seller,Buyer,Risk,Cost,Risk,Cost,CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight 成本、保险加运费,COST, INSURANCE AND FREIGHT means the seller has the same obligations as under

22、CFR - COST AND FREIGHT and the seller also has to procure marine insurance against the buyers risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. The seller is only required to obtain insurance on minimum coverage. COST, INSU

23、RANCE AND FREIGHT requires the seller to clear the goods for export. COST, INSURANCE AND FREIGHT can only be used for sea or inland waterway transport.,Seller,Buyer,Risk,Cost,Risk,Cost,Terms of payment,Cash with order On open account Remittance Collection( D/P D/A) L/C,Bill of exchange,Definition: a

24、n unconditional order in writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money , to, or to the order of a specified person, or to bearer. Operation

25、process: to draw presentation acceptance payment endorsement dishonor recourse.,exporter,importer,Remitting bank,Collecting bank,The exporter makes application to the bank for collection.,The remitting bank send the relevant documents to the collecting bank.,The collecting bank presents the drafts a

26、nd documents to the importer for acceptance or payment., The import-er makes Pay- ment or Accep- tance,The collecting bank hands over the document-s to the importer,The collecting bank notifies the remitting bank of crediting the money to their account.,The remittin-g bank makes payment to the exporter