第六章 词类的增减ppt.ppt

1、第六章 词类的增减,（一） 增词译法 Amplification 英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不同，翻译时不仅可以将词类转译，又可以在词量上进行增减。按照英语的表达方式，有些词是有其意而无其形的，这种情况在译成汉语时就要增补一些词语，使之符合汉语的表达方式，从而更加通顺地表达原文的思想内容。当然这种增补不能无中生有，凭空杜撰，而要有一定的根据。 Studies serve for delight, for ornament and, for ability. 1.读书服务于乐趣，服务于文采，服务于才干。 2. 读书可以使人从中获得乐趣，可以给人添加文采，可以使人增 加才干。 3. 读书足以怡情，

2、足以博采，足以长才。（王佐良）,I began the book yesterday. 昨天我开始读（写）这本书。 The new American Secretary of State has proposed a world conference on food supplies. 美国新任国务卿建议召开世界食品资源问题会议。,1.增补潜在词,1. What a day! 3. “I will make a man of him.” “我要把他培养成一个堂堂的男子汉。 4. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing

3、an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。 5. Such is war: to the victor, the spoils; to the defeated, the costs. 战争就是如此：胜利者获得战利品，战败者遭受损失。,2. 增补省略的词,3. 不及物动词增补宾语,1.He never drinks before driving. 他开车前从不喝酒。 2. Before liberation, his mother lived on washing. 解放前，他妈妈靠洗衣为生。 3. Day after day he came to his work

4、 sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. 他每天来干活 扫地、擦地板、 收拾房间。,4. 增补表示复数的词,1. Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。 2. They won victories in the past years. 在过去的两年里,我们取得了一次又一次的胜利。 3. The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 连大地都震动了， 仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。 4. I have left the ma

5、rks of my nails in his impudent face. 我在他那张厚脸皮上留下了五条血道。,1. Blood and Sand （电影名） 碧血黄沙 2. The farmer snapped a stick and put it into the fire. 农民“啪”地一声 折断了一根树枝，把它放进火里。 3. Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon. 一钩新月渐渐隐没在朦胧的云彩里去了。 Now, I had to become a miser with words and stretch every sent

6、ence like a poor man spending his last dollar.,5. 增补修饰性和解释性词语,由动词或形容词几加后缀-tion, -ness等派生出来的名词， 如： Backwardness: 落后面貌/落后状态 Preparation: 准备工作 sadness: 悲观主义 1. This is the best solution to your problem. 这是你那个问题最好的解决方案。 2. He was a patriotic, adventurous and romantic writer. 他是一个具有爱国热情、探索精神和浪漫风格的作家。,6.

7、增补范畴词,allergy jealousy transformation irregularities muddiness readability derangement segregation observation loftiness,1. 过敏反应 2. 嫉妒心理 3. 转化过程 4. 越轨行为 5. 混沌状态 6. 可读性 7. 紊乱现象 8. 隔离措施 9. 观察结果 10.崇高气质,8. 增补某些概括性的词语,1. The paper discussed language teaching and language research. 论文讨论了语言教学和语言研究两方面的内容。

8、2. Note that the words “ foxy”, “mean” and “ generous” require explanation. 请注意：“狡猾的”、“吝啬的”和“慷慨的”这三个词需要解释一下。 3. The United States, China, England,France and Japan are now cooperation. 美、中、英、法、日等五国正在合作。,1. Dont take it seriously. Im just making fun of you. 不要认真嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。 2. As for me, I didnt agree

9、 from the very beginning. 我呢， 从一开始就不赞成。 3. The little boy had brought with him knife, scissors and so on, tinkling in his pocket. 这个小孩随身带着刀子啦，剪子啦，以及诸如此类的东西，在口袋里顶铃当啷地直响。,9. 增补语气助词,Translate the following sentences into Chinese,1. “How shall I do it?”- “ Just as you wish.” 2. They would not have done

10、such a thing without government approval. 3. His arrogance made everyone dislike him. 4. There had been an ease of international tension. 5. They talked about inflation, unemployment and environmental pollution.,1. “这事我怎么办好？”“你想怎么办，就怎么办。” 2. 如果没有得到政府的同意，他们是不会做这种事的。 3. 他的傲慢态度使谁也不喜欢他。 4. 国际紧张局势过去曾有所缓和

11、。 5. 他们谈到通货膨胀、失业、环境污染等问题。,An apple does not fall far from the apple tree.,落叶归根,（二）减词译法 Omission,英语某些语体中特有的运用“对偶同义词”，就是语义多余现象的例子之一。翻译时遇到这种情况就必须采用省略译法，即不重复同义词，而是用一个词译出，且原文的意义没有减。如： 1. The treaty was pronounced null and void. 条约被宣布无效。 2. The most amazing and inspiring part of the tale came after that.

12、这之后才是故事最惊心动魄的部分。 3. Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason. 双方均不得无故解除合同。,1. 减去对偶同义词中的某一个词,A thousand years will pass and the guilt of Germany will not be erased.- Hans Frank Governor-General of Poland 千年易逝， 德国的罪孽难消。 驻波兰总督汉斯弗朗克,2. 减去连接词,1. When I sing, I sing off-k

13、ey. 我一唱歌就跑调。 2. John rose gloomily as the train stopped, for he was thinking of his lovely girlfriend. 火车停了，约翰郁郁地站了起来，因为他想起了可爱的女友。 3.They waited a long time before he suddenly stepped out on the balcony and raised a hand in salute. 人们等了很久，忽然他走了出来，站在阳台上，举起一只手敬礼。,1） 减去表示时间的连词,2） 减去表示条件的连词,1. If winter

14、 comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了， 春天还会远吗？ 2. If I had known it, I would not have joined in it. 早知如此， 我就不参加了。 3. If a country has an abundance of natural resources, it is common for it to export some of them. 一个国家的自然资源十分丰富,出口一些资源是不足为奇的.,3） 减去表示原因的连接词,1. He wanted to become a missionary because

15、he thought that was the way he could do most for people. 他想当传教士，认为这样可以对人类做出最大贡献。 2. He didnt come to the meeting as he was ill yesterday. 昨天他病了，没来开会。 3. Because everyone uses language to talk, everyone thinks he can talk about language. 人人都用语言交谈, 人人也就自认为能够谈论语言.,4） 减去并列连词,1. He looked gloomy and trou

16、bled. 他看上去有些忧愁不安。 2. Your son or your father or your wife or your teacher or your boss might be a good friend of yours. 你的儿子，你的父亲，你的妻子，你的老师，你的上司，都可能是你的好友。 3. I was like that ship before my education began, only I was without compass or sounding-line, and had no way of knowing how near the harbor was

17、. 我在开始受教育之前，就象这样一条船，只是没有罗盘，没有测深绳，也无法知道离海港有多远。,3. 减去人称代词,1. Put your hat on your head. 把帽子戴上。 2. He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, closed his eyes, but said nothing. 他耸耸肩，摇摇头，闭着眼，一句话不说。 In my childhood I learned a great deal about Russia. 童年时,我就听到许多关于俄国的事情。,英语倾向于多用代词，特别是人称代词，凭借指代关系传递逻辑信息。汉语则

18、倾向于凭借复述传递逻辑信息。因此，应注意在汉语译文中适当减去代词。,1） 减去物主代词,2） 减去作宾语的代词,1. She laid her hand lightly on his arm as if to thank him for it. 她轻轻地把手放在他的胳膊上,好像表示感谢。 2. I was at once interested in this finger play and tried to imitate it. 我马上对这种手指在手心里写字的游戏产生了兴趣，接着就模仿起来。,3） 减去泛指的人称代词,1. Everywhere you can find new types

19、of men and objects in New China. 新中国处处可以看到新人、新事物。 2. We live and learn. 活到老，学到老。 3. We have 7 days a week and 24 hours a day. 一个星期有7天， 一天有24小时。 4. Fight when you can win; Move away when you cannot win. 打得赢就打；打不赢就走。,4）减去作主语的人称代词,人称代词作主语时，重复出现，后面的人称代词就可以减去不译，符合汉语的表达习惯。 1. But its the way I am, and try

20、 as I might , I havent been able to change it. 但我就是这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能改变过来。 2. He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable. 他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一幅可怜相。 3. He had many wonderful ideas, but he only put a few into practice. 他虽然有许多美妙的想法， 却只有少数付诸实施。,4. 减去冠词,1. A teacher should have patience in his work. 当老师的应当有耐心。

21、2. The horse is a useful animal. 马是有益的动物。 3. The moon was slowly rising above the sea. 月亮慢慢从海上升起。 但在某些场合，冠词不能省略。如： 1.He left without saying a word. 他一句话不说就走了。 2. He said he was getting a dollar a mile. 他说他每开一英里就赚一元钱。,Jerram was secretary to Combined Operations Headquarters in 1943, and from 1943 to

22、1945 he was Comptroller. He retired in 1945, and from 1958 was a Deputy Lieutenant for Cornwall. 1943年，杰拉姆任联合作战指挥部秘书。1943年至1945年期间，他任监察官。1945年退伍。1958年起，任康瓦尔郡副郡长。,5. 减去介词,EXERCISES:,1. The proposal was rejected and repudiated. 2. One must make painstaking effort before one could succeed in mastering

23、a foreign language. 3. No matter whether you believe me or not, I saw it with my own eyes. 4. Never get on or off the bus, before it comes to standstill. 5. He worked in the daytime, and at night he went to night school. 6. I saw a boy and a girl on my way home. The boy had a book and the girl a dol

24、l.,1. 建议遭到否决。 2. 要掌握一门外语，非下苦功不可。 3. 我亲眼见的这件事，信不信由你。 4. 车未停妥， 请勿上下。 5. 他白天上班，晚上去上夜校。 6. 我回家时看见一个男孩和一个女孩子。男孩子拿着一本书，女孩子抱着一个洋娃娃。,Translate the following sentences into Chinese,1.This new type of computer is indeed inexpensive and fine. 2. We can learn what we did not know. 3. Time drops in decay, like a candle burnt out. 4. He pour