《实用英语语音学》PPT课件.ppt

1、The English Speech Sounds,主讲：梁慧,The importance of phonetic study,1) Phonetics is the science of speech sounds. It deals with the sound system of a language. A language consists of three important elements, namely, speech sounds, vocabulary and grammar. Speech sound is the material form on which word

2、 and grammar rely for existence. Divorced from speech sound, word and grammar are non-existent. So the first step in studying any spoken language is to determine the phonemes. (Basic sounds) 2) As a means of communication by word of mouth, language is used in oral speech and in reading aloud. Theref

3、ore , in order to make oneself easily understood while expressing ones own or other peoples thoughts in any language, one must be able to pronounce sentences in that language quite correctly. One must have good pronunciation in order to be able to understand other people easily when they speak or re

4、ad aloud. This is proved by the well-known fact that the better we pronounce a foreign language, the easier we understand it when we hear it.,Conceptions of phonetic,AHD: The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language KK:APronouncingDictionaryofAmerican,1956 -John Samuel Kenyon ee: see wee

5、k ea: sea leave; i: machine police /i/ i: ship pig; y: happy daddy ui: build guilty; ie: field shield /e/ e: twelve second; a: any many ea: heavy breakfast ie: friend / a: land matter family,The Back Vowels,There are five back vowels in English: /a:/, /:/ , /, /u:/, /u/. /a:/ is a long, open, unroun

6、ded back vowel. /:/ is a long, half-open, rounded back vowel. It is slightly tense. / is a short, open, rounded, lax back vowel. /u:/ is a long, close, rounded, tense back vowel. /u/ is a short, half-close,rounded, lax back vowel.,Example and practice,/a:/ ar: hard farmer ; a: class glass al: half c

7、alf /:/ or: short corn ; ore: more before oor: door floor / our: four pour ; a: wash what o: stop hot au: autumn daughter; al: call walk /u:/ u: blue ruler ; oo: moon food /u/ u: put ; oo: foot good ; oul: could would,The central Vowels,There three central vowels in English: / , /:/ , / . / is a sho

8、rt, half-open, unrounded central vowel. It is a lax one. /:/ is a long, half-close and half-open, unrounded , tense central vowel. / is a short, half-open, unrounded, lax central vowel. It only occurs in unstressed syllables.,Example and practice,/ u: sun hungry ; o: son another ou: enough couple do

9、uble young /:/ er: term certainly ; ir: first third ur: turn Thursday ; or: work word ear: learn early / a: away woman ; e: student broken er : over matter,Diphthongs,There are eight diphthongs .They are divided into three groups: three with a glide towards /i/ two with a glide towards /u/ three wit

10、h a glide towards /,The closing Diphthongs,There are five closing diphthongs in English. /ei/, /ai/ , /i/, /u/ , /au/ /ei/ begins with /e/ and glides smoothly to /i/ /ai/ glides from /a/ to /i/ . It is smooth and loudness becomes less as it progresses. /i/ glides from a position between / and /:/ to

11、 /i/. /u/ starts with /:/ and then glides away to /u/ with the lips getting slightly rounded. /au/ starts with /a/ and then glides away to /u/ with the lips getting slightly rounded.,Example and practice,/ei/ a: take gate; ay: stay say ; ea: great /ai/ i: side nice; ie: tie die ; y: by shy /i/ oi: t

12、oilet boil noise ; oy : boy toy /u/ o: not most ; oa: boat coat ow: blow know /au/ ou: house mouse ; ow: now brown,The Centring Dighthongs,There are three centring diphthongs: /i/, /, /u/ /i/ glides from /i/ to /. The lips are spread throughout. / glides from a point between /e/ and / . The lips are

13、 spread. /u/ starts from /u/ and glides to /.,/i/ ea: idea real ; ear : dear near ere : here ; e : hero zero / air: chair hair ; are: careful dare ear : pear wear ; ere: there where /u/ ure: sure ; ua : usually,Example and practice,ConsonantsClassification of Consonants,Consonants may be classified

14、according to following rules: The work of the vocal cords 2) Place of articulation 3) Manner of articulation,Work of the Vocal Cords,Voiced consonants: they are produced with the vibration of the vocal cords. Voiceless consonants: they are produced without the vibration of the vocal cords.,Place of

15、Articulation,1) bi-labial （双唇音） 2) labio-dental （唇齿音） 3) dental （齿音） 4) alveolar （齿龈音） 5) post-alveolar （后齿龈音） 6) palato-alveolar （硬腭齿龈音） 7) palatal （硬腭音） 8) velar （软腭音） 9) glottal （喉音）,Manner of Articulation,1) plosives （ 爆破音） 2) fricatives （摩擦音） 3) affricates （破擦音） 4) nasals （鼻音） 5) lateral （边音） （

16、舌侧音） 6) frictionless continuant （无摩擦延续音） 7) semi-vowels （ 半元音）,Manner of Articulation : 1) Plosives,There are three pairs of plosives: bilabial-/p/, /b/ Alveolar-/t/, /d/ Velar-/k/, /g/ The sound/b, d, g/are voiced plosives. They are unaspirated and weak The sound/p, t, k/ are voiceless ;polsives. T

17、hey are usually aspirated and strong.,Example and practice:,/p/ is voiceless, bilabial, plosive, aspirated strong. /b/ is voiced, bilabial, plosive, unaspirated, weak. Practice: pat bat paper labor map bobby robber,/t/ : voiceless, alveolar, plosive, aspirated, strong. /d/ : voiced, alveolar, plosiv

18、e, unaspirated, weak. Practice: ten dad tight tide writer rider wetting wedding,/k/ : voiceless, velar, plosive, aspirated, strong. /g/ : voiced, velar, plosive, unaspirated, weak. Practice: could good cot got week leek ankle angle,Manner of Articulation : 2)Fricatives,There are nine consonants of f

19、ricatives: /f/, /v/, /,/, /s/, /z/, /, / ,/h/ They have the common feature: For all of them the lungs push air through a narrow passage where it causes friction of various kinds.,Example and practice:,/f/: voiceless, labio-dental, fricative, usually aspirated, strong, long. /v/: voiced, labio-dental

20、, fricative, usually unaspirated, weak, short. Practice: a half sniff a brief love a stiff glove a safe move a brave bluff a grave grief,/: voiceless, dental, fricative, aspirated strong, long. / : voiced, dental, fricative, unaspirated, weak, short. Practice: think this thief these thing within som

21、ething other,/s/ : voiceless, alveolar, fricative, aspirated, strong, long. /z/ : voiced, alveolar, fricative, unaspirated, weak, short. Practice: place plays coarse cause bus buzz race raise false falls niece knees,/ : voiceless, palato-alveolar, fricative, aspirated, strong, long. / : voiced, pala

22、to-alveolar, fricative, unaspirated, weak, short. /h/ : voiceless, glottal, fricative,Practice:,/ sh: ship wash; ss/s: sure sugar -tia-,-tie-, -tio-: partial initial nation -cia-,-cie-,-cio-: social conscious -sion : pension discussion omission / -sure, -zure: leisure treasure -sion: decision confus

23、ion -ge: garage /h/ h: heat hot ; wh-: who whole,Manner of Articulation : 3)Affricates,There are three pairs of affricates in English: /, / :the air passage is completely blocked by raising the soft palate and raising the tip of the tongue to touch the back part of the teeth ridge /tr/, /dr/: are ar

24、ticulated by raising the tongue tip to touch the back part of the teeth ridge. /ts/, /dz/: are articulated with the tongue tip raised to touch the back part of the teeth ridge.,Example and practice:,/: palato-alvealar, affricate, voiceless, aspirated, strong, long. /: palato-alveolar, affricate, voi

25、ced, unaspirated, weak, short. Practice: /: ch,tch: church chair match t+ure, t+eous: nature picture t+ion: question suggestion /: g: gentle age giant ; j: just joke dg(e): ridge edge judge,/tr/: post-alveolar affricate, voiceless, aspirated, strong, long. /dr/: post-alveolar affricate, voiced, unas

26、pirated, weak , short. Practice: treat drain true drug trace draw train drop,/ts/: alveolar affricate, voiceless, aspirated, strong, long. /dz/: alveolar affricate, voiced , unaspirated, weak, short. Practice: /ts/: -ts,-tes: lets fists bites /dz/: -ds, -des: beds spends divides,Manner of Articulati

27、on : 4)Nasals,There are three nasal consonants in English. /m/, /n/, / . In articulating all nasal consonants the soft palate is lowered and at the same time the mouth passage is blocked at some point so that all the air is pushed out of the nose.,/m/ the mouth passage is completely blocked by closi

28、ng the lips and the air passes through the nose. /n/ the mouth passage is completely blocked by pressing the tongue-tip against the teeth ridge, and sides of the tongue against the sides of the palate. The air passes through the nose. / the mouth is blocked by the back of the tongue pressed against

29、the soft palate. The soft palate is lowered and all the air passes through the nose.,Example and practice:,/m/ : voiced bilabial nasal /n/ : voiced alveolar nasal / : voiced velar nasal Practice: /m/: m/mm: meat summer -mb: lamb thumb -mn: autumn solemn /n/: n/nn: night sunny funny kn-: know knife k

30、neel gn: sign design / : -ng: sing spring ; n-: sink anger uncle,Manner of Articulation : 5) Lateral,There is only one lateral in English: /l/: the tongue-tip slightly touches the teeth ridge while the sides of the tongue are lowered to form a rather wide passage. The air passes at the sides of the

31、tongue without friction. English people use two different /l/ sounds: the clear /l/ and dark /l/.,Example and practice:,/l/ is a voiced alveolar lateral consonant. Practice: leave fill late field millon belt telling hold Note: the letter l is silent in a number of words. e.g. talk walk half should f

32、olk,Manner of Articulation : 6)Frictionless continuant,There is one frictionless continuant. /r/ When /r/ is articulated the tip of the tongue is held near to the back part of the teeth ridge, but not touching it; the back rims of the tongue are touching the upper molar; the central part of the tongue is lowered, so that the tongue has a curved shape.,Example and prac