舒运祥谈命题.ppt

1、高中英语试题 命题技巧,评价考试质量的标准,语言测试的效用 = 信度效度测试的真实性 使用语言的程度 考试的影响可行性,一、根据测试目的选用合适的考试形式,1. 交际能力（交际性测试） 海姆斯(D.H.Hymes) 认为交际能力应体 现在四个方面: E 形式正确、合理可行、内容得体、实际使用 Canale i:B. e; i C. i; iD. i; e,编写要点,The rhinoceros _ a rather poor sense of smell, nor _. A. has can it see well B. have can they see well C. has it can

2、 see well D. have they can see well,1. 每题只设一个测试目标,The phrase “slow times” (Line 3, Para.4) means _.,A. the time when people are busy B. the time when theres not much business C. the time when people work slowly D. the time is slow,2. 试题的考核内容应尽量放在题干内,The phrase “slow times” (Line 3, Para.4) means the

3、 time when_. A. people are busy B. theres not much business C. people work slowlyD. theres no work to do,Last Sunday afternoon I met Alan in the street, he told me that he sold most of his belongings. He had scarcely _ left in the house.,A. everythingB. anything C. nothingD. something,3. 在提供必要的语境情况下

4、，题干应 尽量简洁,4. 避免在题目中出现提示,During the course of a day, the average man takes AB 17,300 breaths, whereas the average woman, with C their smaller lungs, takes 28,800. D,A man who wants to predict the weather must watch _.,A. the windB. the humidity C. the cloudsD. all of these,5. 尽量少用 all of these, all o

5、f above 等选项,6. 避免选项内容的重叠,According to the passage, the average weight of the adult United States female is _. A. less than 104 pounds B. less than 110 pounds C. more than 117 pounds D. more than 120 pounds,III. 词汇,1. 考核目标 词义、词性、搭配、惯用法、词汇量 例 2. 考核层次 单词（词汇）、句子、语篇 以语篇为主 3. 语篇型词汇题的编写注意点 例,Vocabulary,1.

6、Broadly speaking, I would agree with Shirley, though not _. A. widelyB. thoroughly C. entirelyD. extensively 2. One of the consequences of our planets being warming up is a(n) _ in the number of natural disasters. A. resultB. account C. reasonD. increase 3. Her father thought it was a good to buy a

7、computer for her as a birthday gift. A. newsB. advice C. ideaD. information,Vocabulary,4. The housing in Shanghai will be solved in the coming years. A. problemB. solution C. conditionD. situation 5. Some of the houses on the hillside are _ to cars. A. inaccessible B. impossible C. inconvenientD. in

8、adequate Back,A. apart B. advanced C. participation D. invention E. Manufacturing F. model G. religion H. Leading I. purchased J. consisted Michael Dell started a PC company in his dormitory room while attending the University of Texas in Austin. The computer whiz ( 奇才) had a new idea: to sell direc

9、tly to the consumer without the _1_ of retailers (零售商). At that time, IBM personal computers sold in stores for about $3,000. After taking them _2_ and rebuilding them, Dell realized the parts could be _3_ for one-fourth of the price if bought in large quantities. And he intended to compete with IBM

10、. The public was becoming more interested in computers and wanted more _4_ models, but no one was producing them. In early May, a week before his final exams, Michael started his Dell Computer Corporation with only $1,000. He took his exams, and then dropped out of college at the end of his freshman

11、 year. It was time to try Back,1. Cloze 能够测试：,语言知识 阅读理解能力 总体语言水平,IV. 完形填空,2. 所测试的能力取决于如何留空,Intra-sentential items （单句理解） The intra-sentential items refer to those that the candidates can answer correctly when they understand the meaning of the single sentence. Inter-sentential items （上下文理解） The inte

12、r-sentential items refer to those that the candidates can answer correctly only when they understand the previous or / and the following sentence(s), e.g. *The food was still too high to be reached. So he found a _ chair.,Extra-textual items (背景知识),The first is the removal from the curriculum of the

13、 thorough teaching of English _. Pupils now do not know a verb from a noun, the subject of a sentence from its object, or the difference between the past, present, or future. A. vocabulary B. culture C. grammar D. literature,空格的设计线索可来自： 语言知识例 上下文信息 例 文章的基调（连贯） 信息的重复 背景知识 例,利用词义设计空格 （07）,Another impo

14、rtant error is mixed-ability teaching, or teaching in ability group so _58_ that the most able pupils are _59_ (held back) and are bored while the least able are lost and _60_ (equally) bored. Strangely enough, few head teachers seem to be in favor of mixed-ability school football teams. 58. A. wide

15、 (24) B. similar (41) C. separate (20)D. unique (15) （上 0.29 中 0.22 下 0.25）,Next, theres human interest. People are interested in other _1_ - particularly in the rich, famous and powerful. Stories about the private lives of pop singers, actors, models, politicians, _2_, all appear regularly in certa

16、in newspapers. Finally, for many editors, _3_ is an important factor, too. They prefer stories about people, places and events which their readers know. Thats why the stories in Tokyos newspapers are often very different from the stories printed in Paris, Cairo, or New York. 1. A. placesB. events C.

17、 storiesD. people 2. A. in additionB. in any case C. for exampleD. after all 3. A. personalityB. similarity C. uniquenessD. familiarity Back,利用语言知识、上下文信息设置空格,4. 编写注意点,短文的语言难度要与考生的水平一致，一般选用比阅读理解材料稍易些的短文较妥当 文章的首尾一、二句不留空格，至少应该保证第一句句子的完整，以帮助学生进入文章内容、了解作者的写作风格，便于后面的填空。 文章中的人名、地名等专有名词，以及日期、数字等不能作为空格。因为这类信

18、息如果只在文章中出现一次的话，学生无法根据语言线索，或其他线索填出这些空格。 空格之间的间隔不能太近（少于3格），更不能连续留空。 如果“完形填空”用于测试学生的阅读理解能力和总体语言水平，语篇中的空格应以inter-sentential items为主。 例,Sleep is something we generally associate with _1_ creatures. Of course, it is true that a lot of animals sleep, but zoologists are not certain that primitive forms of a

19、nimal _2_ like worms and snails, ever really _3_. _4_ the other hand, animals such as bears sleep for 4 or 5 months every year. 1. A. live B. living C. lively D. alive 2. A. life B. lives C. lifes D. living 3. A. sleep B. sleeps C. sleeping D. slept 4. A. On B. InC. At D. To,Sleep is something we ge

20、nerally associate with living creatures. Of course, it is _1_ that a lot of animals sleep, but zoologists are not certain that primitive forms of animal life _2_ worms and snails, ever really sleep. _3_, animals such as bears sleep for 4 or 5 months every year. 1. A. unbelievable B. true C. amazing

21、D. nice 2. A. like B. as C. except D. but 3. A. On the other handB. By the way D. Last but not least C. Above all Back,5. 难度控制,语篇的难度 例 文章的体裁 science narration 空格的密度 同一句中，空格越多越难；每7个字以上留一个空格，空格多寡与难度关系不大 空格类型 MC rational fixed intra-sentential item inter-sentential item extra-textual items,V. 阅读理解,1. 考核目标 理解文章的具体信息 理解指代关系 猜测词义 概括文章主题 推理、预测能力 2. 语篇难度的控制 3. 各语篇的考核侧重点,4. 问题编写要义,（1）选择题措辞举例 What is the main ide