有关to的语法及用法.ppt

1、,不定式是动词的一种非限定形式,由 “ to+动词原形” 构成,没有人称和数的变化,在句中不能独立作谓语.但不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等。,复习不定式（Revise the Infinitive）,1. It is good to help others. 2. It is my ambition to make sure that the disabled people in our neighborhood have access to all public buildings. 3. My ambition is to wor

2、k in the computer industry when I grow up.,辨别下面不定式在句子中充当的成分:,(subject),(subject),(predicative),4. I dont have time to sit around feeling sorry for myself. 5. I am the only student in my class to have a pet snake. 6. A big company has decided to buy it from me. 7. My fellow students have begun to acc

3、ept me for who I am.,(attribute),(attribute),(object),(object),8. I have had to work hard to live a normal life. 9. Some days I am too tired to get out of bed. 10. We must call on local government to give financial assistance to disabled people.,(adverbial),(adverbial),(object complement),不定式在句中的功能

4、做主语: 那样做是很幼稚的. To act like that is childish. 为避免句子出现 “头重脚轻”现象,常用it做形式主语,将真正主语的不定式后置. 要学好英语不是那么容易的。 Ex. It is not easy to learn English well.,(2) 做宾语 她喜欢谈论这件事情。 Ex. She loves to talk about the matter. 他希望不久能找到工作. He hopes to find a job soon.,常接不定式做宾语的动词有：afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, attempt, beg

5、in, bother, care, choose, continue, dare, decide, demand, expect, fail, hate, hope, learn, long, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, promise, prove, refuse, want, wish等,.不定式有时和连接代/副词一起构成宾语. Ex. Do you remember which way to get there? 下一步干什么你决定了吗? Have you decided what to do next? 我来问他怎

6、么样开这机器. Ill ask him how to operate the machine. 有时不定式由whether引起. I didnt know whether to laugh or cry about it.,feel, find, judge, make, think, believe, consider 等动词后如果是不定式做宾语,补语是形容词(间或是名词),常用it作形式宾语,把不定式后移. Ex. I find it difficult to work with him.,3.做宾语补足语: 常带to的不定式做宾语补足语的动词有: ask, beg, prefer, he

7、lp, promise, wish, want, expect, permit, request, allow, command, tell ,invite, cause, encourage, warn, advise, persuade, force, order, remind, teach, 等.,Ex. Father will not allow us to play on the street. My brother asked me to clean the room with him.,后接不带to的不定式做宾语补足语的动词有: let, hear, have , make ,

8、see, observe, feel, watch, notice 等. Ex. The policeman saw a child play in the street.,A child was seen to play in the street by the policeman.,4.做表语 不定式可用作表语,说明主语的具体内容. My work is to clean the room every day. 我的梦想是成为一名医生. His dream is to be a doctor.,5.做定语 不定式放在被修饰的名词、代词后面，往往表示未发生的动作。 I have a lot

9、of work to do. She is the first student to come to school.,6.做状语 (1) 做目的状语，常用的结构： to do ; in order to do, so as to do, so/ such as to do, etc. Ex. I come here to say good-bye to you. (2) 做结果状语 ：常与副词only , enough 或too连用。 He studied hard only to fail the exam. He is old enough to go to school.,不定式做原因状

10、语：一般用在句尾 Ex. Im glad to see you. She wept to see the sight.,二、不定式的否定结构： 不定式的否定结构多由： “not +不定式”构成， 否定副词not, never, seldom, hardly 等要置于to前。 Ex. 请告诉你的小孩不要在街上玩耍. Please tell your child not to play in the street. 她检查名字为了不犯错误. She checked the names so as not to make mistakes.,三、不定式的时态： （1）一般时表示的动作，有时与谓语动词

11、表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后。 Ex. He seems to know this.他似乎知道这事。 I hope to see you again. 我希望再见到你。,（2）完成时表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 很抱歉给了你这么多麻烦。 Ex. Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.,(3) 一般进行时表示的动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。 Ex.他好象正在吃什么东西。 He seems to be eating something.,（4）完成进行时表示的动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。 据说她

12、研究这问题有好多年了。 She is said to have been working on the problem for many years.,Practice choosing ( 10m ),1.She reached the top of the hill and stopped_ on a big rock by the side of the path. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest 2.Were planning _ a party next week. A. to have B. have C. having D

13、. had,C,A,3. -Which do you prefer _ your weekends, fishing or watching TV? - Neither. Spending B. to spend C. being spent D. spend 4.Did you find out _ the pie out of the oven? A. When to take B. to take C. have taken D. being taken,B,A,5._ get a complete picture, further information is needed. In o

14、rder that B. In order to C. Being D. To have 6. It s necessary _ some English grammar. for students to learn B. for students learning C. of students to learn D. of students learning,A,B,7. I ought to _ him the news, but I forgot to do so. A. remember to tell B. remember telling C. have remembered to

15、 tell D. have remembered telling 8. I _ you the exciting news, but you were not at home. Meant telling B. meant to telling C. Meant to having told D. meant to tell,C,D,高考链接,I dont want _ like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair. (2005 天津) to sound B. to be sounded C. Sounding

16、 D. to have sounded,A,解析: want 后接不定式;sound 是系动词,没有被动式;句中没有强调完成的时间状语或含义.,2.It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _ a look at the sports star.(2005 上海) A. had B. having C. to have D. have,C,解析: 不定式to have 在此做目的状语.,3. -Is Bob still performing? - Im afraid not. He is said _ the stage already as he has become an official. (2005 江苏) A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left,A,