Recognition, Collection, Packing, Storage and Transportation of Biological Evidence.ppt

1、Recognition, Collection, Packing, Storage and Transportation of Biological Evidence,吕德坚 E-MAIL: 中山医学院法医物证教研室,2020/8/7,吕德坚,2,Types of Biological Evidence,Body fluids primarily blood, semen, Vaginal secretions or saliva in liquid or dried form often present on clothing or other fabrics or objects. Uri

2、ne Sweet 羊水 Body tissues Bones Epithelial cells, Skin cells Teeth Muscle Hair fingernail,2020/8/7,吕德坚,3,生物检材样本的类型,生物检材的类型变化多样，随案件的不同而不同 液体的 固体的 干燥的 软组织 现场的 VS 参比样（Reference） 。,2020/8/7,吕德坚,4,2020/8/7,吕德坚,5,Types of Cases and Samples,Non-violent crimes Burglaries Violent crimes Assault Sexual Assault

3、 Homicide,Clothing Sheets/blankets Cotton swabs Liquid blood Wood Firearms Knives,2020/8/7,吕德坚,6,2020/8/7,吕德坚,7,Finger or toenails Hair With or without root Cigarette butts Postage stamps Envelopes Dandruff Fingerprints Ear wax Toothbrush,2020/8/7,吕德坚,8,2020/8/7,吕德坚,9,BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE AT CRIME SC

4、ENES,受害人身上的嫌疑人DNA：SUSPECTS DNA ON VICTIM 物体上的嫌疑人DNA： SUSPECTS DNA ON OBJECT 现场的嫌疑人DNA： SUSPECTS DNA AT SCENE 嫌疑人身上的受害人DNA：VICTIMS DNA ON SUSPECT 物体上的受害人DNA：VICTIMS DNA ON OBJECT 现场受害人的DNA：VICTIMS DNA AT SCENE 受害人或嫌疑人身上的证人DNA：WITNESS DNA ON VICTIM OR SUSPECT 物体上的证人DNA ：WITNESS DNA ON OBJECT OR AT SCE

5、NE,2020/8/7,吕德坚,10,2020/8/7,吕德坚,11,生物检材的特点,易变性、腐败、降解，影响检出 影响因素：检材的种类，湿度、温度、微生物、阳光 生物检材的不确定性 不能确定收集之前的状态 不能预见分型的成功,2020/8/7,吕德坚,12,生物检材的发现,Investigation of Crime Scene Search现场搜索 Document Draw,Taking Photograph, Video Maintain Chain of Custody Recognize Eyesight Physical: Alternate light Chemical: Lu

6、minol reagent,2020/8/7,吕德坚,13,2020/8/7,吕德坚,14,Collection/Preservation of Blood Evidence,Secure scene Alert EMT/Medical personnel to preserve clothing (e.g. bullet holes, knife holes in clothing) Photograph bloodstains/document before removing stains Maintain Chain of Custody who has handled the evid

7、ence,2020/8/7,吕德坚,15,Blood Spatter,2020/8/7,吕德坚,16,Chain of custody,The chain of custody refers to the documentation of possession of items from their recovery/collection through examinations to their tendering in court as potential items of evidence. This allows interested parties to trace who has

8、had custody of the item at a given time as well as being able to account for where the item has been whilst it has been in an individuals or organisations custody. Proximal containers, and if applicable, items should be labelled with a movement record of the container/item and the case file and/or e

9、xhibit movement log should also record the movement of the item.,2020/8/7,吕德坚,17,2020/8/7,吕德坚,18,Chain of Custody,2020/8/7,吕德坚,19,2020/8/7,吕德坚,20,Photograph of filter paper with acid phosphatase spot test reagent,2020/8/7,吕德坚,21,生物检材的收集,防污染 穿防护衣、手套 人体不直接接触物证 逐个收集 不同检材采用的收集方法 注意提取对照样本：无斑痕部位、嫌疑人、受害人身上

10、,2020/8/7,吕德坚,22,2020/8/7,吕德坚,23,EVIDENCE COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION,AVOID CONTAMINATION! 不要用手接触NO TOUCHING WITH BARE HANDS 不要打喷嚏或咳嗽NO SNEEZING OR COUGHING 不要说话NO TALKING 束发CONFINE HAIR 用干净的手套USE CLEAN GLOVES 不同检材之间要更换CHANGE BETWEEN ITEMS,2020/8/7,吕德坚,24,整件提取 小件物体，整个有斑痕的检材全部提取，比如内裤，饮料罐 部分提取 大件物体，只提

11、取有斑痕及其周围的一部检材，如地毯上斑痕 转移法 不能切割下的物证，破坏物证整体的斑痕。如大块玻璃上的血痕，可用湿棉签转移 用HAT带粘取接触性的物证 直接提取 现场量大的血液，可直接提取用棉签沾取，小试管提取,提取方法,2020/8/7,吕德坚,25,Blood Evidence,To collect blood from a movable item Keep on item (if small e.g. clothes, money, etc) Make sure blood is DRY if wet, must AIR DRY Package in paper bag Sealed

12、bag with tape sign initial and date For unmovable items Dried stain - Use a sterile swab with sterile distilled water to swab the bloodstain(s) Allow to air dry before storage Place in sealed paper envelope/bag,2020/8/7,吕德坚,26,2020/8/7,吕德坚,27,参比样本的制作,血液 口腔拭子 FTA卡 肌肉,2020/8/7,吕德坚,28,Buccal Reference

13、Samples,Buccal (mouth) swabs are collected as standards Swab the cheek several times and allow to air dry Advantages Easy to collect Not invasive DNA is good yield,2020/8/7,吕德坚,29,生物检材的包装,容器：液体 塑料袋：湿的 纸袋：干的,2020/8/7,吕德坚,30,生物检材的包装,液体的 有干净的闭封容器：试管、瓶子、塑料袋 干燥的 纸袋包装，不用塑料的,2020/8/7,吕德坚,31,2020/8/7,吕德坚,32

14、,Types of “wet” blood evidence,Fresh, liquid blood Use a disposable pipette and transfer to a purple top tube with EDTA Whole blood from a living person Whole blood from the victim and suspect is collected at autopsy or by medical professionals in a purple top tube with EDTA,2020/8/7,吕德坚,33,EVIDENCE

15、 COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION,分开包装PACKAGE EACH ITEM SEPARATELY 空气完全干燥AIR DRY THOROUGHLY 纸质包装PAPER PACKAGES 包装要有明确的标识CLEARLY IDENTIFY ITEM ON PACKAGE 每个包分别封口SEAL EACH PACKAGE 有交接、保存等记录，保持证据链的完整CREATE AND MAINTAIN CHAIN OF CUSTODY,2020/8/7,吕德坚,34,生物检材的保存,冰冻 冷藏：4 干燥 不用固定剂 原则 分别包装 防止检材的变性、腐败和降解，维持提取时的状态

16、防止污染,2020/8/7,吕德坚,35,STORAGE AND TRANSPORT OF DNA EVIDENCE,Air Dry Prevent mold Stop Nucleases Inhibit bacteria Use paper or cardboard Refrigerator (4C) short term Freezer (-20C) long term Ultra low freezer (-70C) permanent,2020/8/7,吕德坚,36,生物检材的送检,冰冻送检 冷藏送检 干燥送检 送检途中防止包状损坏 邮寄送检 注意封口：封口条 维持证据链的完整 注意标

17、记有生物危险性的标记 尽快送检,2020/8/7,吕德坚,37,STAINS ON UNMOVABLE SURFACES COLLECT WITH STERILE SWAB EDTA preserved the DNA When refrigerated, blood in EDTA is good for approx 3-5 days When whole blood arrives at the crime lab, make a standard bloodstain as soon as possible,2020/8/7,吕德坚,40,2020/8/7,吕德坚,41,Example

18、s of Dried Blood Stains,Crusts of dried blood Scrape into a clean paper envelope or scrape into paper, then fold paper and place into paper envelope Stained knives/rocks submit the item without sampling make sure knives are secured Upholstery/rugs Cut out section and submit to lab Also collect an un

19、stained portion for a control sample,2020/8/7,吕德坚,42,Dried Blood Stains - continued,Stains on walls: small stains Photograph First - Moisten a cotton swab with water then rub stain with swab use more than one swab if needed If possible allow to air dry and place cotton swab in paper envelope Submit

20、a control cotton swab with only water Large stains Photograph First Scrape blood into paper envelope or use swabs to collect blood and follow procedure for small stains,2020/8/7,吕德坚,43,精液（斑）,精液用容器装，冰冻或冷藏 或制成精斑，干燥保存,精斑 剪取 整件提取 干燥保存 避孕套： 整个提取，放入干净的容器内，冰冻保存 放在纱布上，包好，再放入塑料内，冰冻保存,2020/8/7,吕德坚,44,唾液（斑）,新鲜

21、唾液，用纱布或滤纸制成唾液斑，晾干后室温保存 烟蒂逐个提取，分别包装,饮料瓶，整个瓶提取 咬痕用拭子转移,2020/8/7,吕德坚,45,2020/8/7,吕德坚,46,性有关案件,阴道拭子 妇产科医生提取 晾干后，纸包装，室温保存 女外阴部用棉签转移 女外阴梳取男性毛发 精斑同上 进入现场时，受害人仍活着的，可给与白布包裹，收集受害人身上的毛发,2020/8/7,吕德坚,47,COLLECTION OF EVIDENCE DURING THE MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF THE RAPE VICTIM,Physical evidence to be collected: v

22、aginal swabs, oral and anal swabs, pubic combing, head and pubic hair controls, saliva sample, blood sample, fingerprint scrapings, all clothing.,2020/8/7,吕德坚,48,尸体,新鲜尸体取血液（干燥后制成血痕）或肌肉 腐败尸体取深部肌肉，软骨、骨、牙 提取的组织冰冻保存 不使用固定剂,2020/8/7,吕德坚,49,骨骼,带软组织者，塑料袋封装，冰冻 较干燥无软组织者，纸袋包装 拟做线粒体DNA检测者，采取严格的防污染措施,2020/8/7,吕

23、德坚,50,毛发,逐根镊子提取，分别纸或小管内包装 头发价值，阴毛价值大 注意毛囊的完整性,2020/8/7,吕德坚,51,指甲,脱落指甲，整个提取 尸体指甲整个拔取 活体指甲剪取 注意不要弄丢甲屑 纸包装,2020/8/7,吕德坚,52,羊水,妇产科医科提取 5-10ml 管装，冷藏,2020/8/7,吕德坚,53,胎盘组织和绒毛,母面组织，约1-3CM3 流产胚胎组织，全部提取 容器内冰冻保存,2020/8/7,吕德坚,54,FTA卡,一种似滤纸的卡片 可杀死微生物，病毒 能固定DNA 将血液或体液滴在FTA上 将种拭子在FTA上按下，不要磨来磨去 干燥后，室温保存，可存50年以上,202

24、0/8/7,吕德坚,55,2020/8/7,吕德坚,56,HAT带 能够粘取接触性生物物证 用于粘取脱落细胞 DNA可溶于溶液,2020/8/7,吕德坚,57,Clothing,Clothing maybe important because of its description, the stains present and trace material transfer that may have occurred. Photograph, note and describe. Remove clothing from suspects over clean white paper, ai

25、r-dry and package. Remove any obvious trace material and package separately. Package clothing in paper bags.,2020/8/7,吕德坚,58,Collection of Blood Evidence,Clothing if wet with blood or other body fluid, allow to air dry naturally before it is sealed and brought to laboratory If identification marks are made, make sure it is away from stained area Package all cloth