3 motivation application.ppt

1、Applications of motivation,Main contents,Motivating by changing the nature of the work environment 通过改变工作环境的本质进行激励 Employee involvement 员工卷入方案 Rewarding employees 奖励员工,一、Motivating by changing the nature of the work environment,The job characteristics model,Skill variety: the degree to which the job

2、 requires a variety of different activities so the worker can use a number of different skills and talent. 技能多样性：指一项工作中要求员工使用各种技能和才干以完成不同类型的活动的程度。 Task identity: the degree to which the job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work. 任务完整性：指一项工作中要求完成一件完整的和可辨别的任务的程度。,Task significa

3、nce: the degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives or work of other people. 任务重要性：指一项工作对他人的生活或工作的实际影响程度。 Autonomy: the degree to which the job provides substantial freedom, independence, and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work and in determining the procedures to

4、be used in carrying it out. 工作自主性：指一项工作给任职者在安排工作内容、确定工作程序方面，实际上提供了多大的自由度、独立性及自主权。,Feedback: the degree to which carrying out the work activities required by the job results in the individual obtaining direct and clear information about the effectiveness of his or her performance. 反馈：指员工在完成任务的过程中，在多大

5、程度上可以直接而且明确地获得有关自己工作绩效的信息。,Skill variety Task identity Task significance Autonomy Feedback,Experienced meaningfulness of the work 体验到工作 的意义,Experienced responsibility for outcomes of the work 体验到对工作 结果的责任,Knowledge of the Actual results of the work activities 了解工作活动 的实际结果,High internal work motivati

6、on 高度的内部动机 High-quality work performance 高质量的工作绩效 High satisfaction with the work 对工作的高度满意度 Low absenteeism and turnover 低缺勤率和流动率,Redesign jobs 重新设计工作 Job rotation工作轮换 We define this practice as the periodic shifting of an employee from one task to another. These jobs are usually at the same level,

7、and has similar skill requirements.员工定期从一个任务到另一个任务的轮班。 Advantages: it reduces boredom, and increases motivation; 它减少了工作的枯燥性，提高了员工的积极性。,It helps employees better understand how their work contributes to the organization. 帮助员工更好地理解他们的工作对组织的贡献。 It gives management more flexibility in scheduling work, a

8、dapting to changes, and filling vacancies. 管理者在安排工作、适应变革和填补职位空缺时有了更多的灵活性。,Job enlargement 工作扩大化 Increasing the number and variety of tasks that an individual performed resulted in jobs with more diversity. 通过增加员工完成任务的数量和变化性，从而使工作本身更具有多元化。,Job enrichment 工作丰富化 An enriched job organizes tasks so as to

9、 allow the worker to do a complete activity, increases the employees freedom and independence, increases responsibility, and provides feedback, so individuals will be able to assess the correct their own performance. 以丰富化为特点的工作会有机结合各项任务，从而使工人从事一个完整的活动，它增加了员工的自由度和独立性，增强了员工的责任感，并能及时提供反馈信息，使员工能够及时评估自己的

10、绩效，并在必要时做出相应的修正。,Job enrichment and two-factor theory: Following this theory, by increasing the intrinsic factors in a job such as achievement, responsibility, and growth employees are more likely to be satisfied with the job and motivated to perform it.,Alternative work arrangements 可替代性工作安排 Flexti

11、me 弹性时间制 It allows employees some discretion over when they arrive at work and when they leave. 它给员工一定的自主权来自己决定上下班时间。 Employees have to work a specific number of hours a week, but they are free to vary the hours of work within certain limits.在一定的条件限制下.,Benefits: reduced absenteeism; 降低缺勤率 Increased

12、productivity; 提高生产率 reduced overtime expenses; 减少加班费用 a lessening in hostility toward management; 减少工人对管理层的敌对情绪 reduced traffic congestion around work sites 减少工作场所附件的交通堵塞状况 Increased autonomy and responsibility for employees 提高员工的自主性和责任感,Job sharing 工作分担 It allows two or more individuals to split a

13、traditional 40-hours-a-week job. 共同分担 Job sharing allows the organization to draw on the talents of more than one individual in a given job. 工作分担使组织能够在具体工作岗位上吸引更多的人才。 From the employees perspective, job sharing increases flexibility.,Telecommuting 远程办公 It refers to employees who do their work at hom

14、e at least two days a week on a computer that is linked to their office. 远程办公就是让员工至少每周两天在家办公，通过与办公室联网的电脑来处理公务。 Advantages: Higher productivity; less turnover; Improved morale; Reduced office-space costs;,二、Employee involvement,Employee involvement：we define it as a participative process that uses th

15、e input of employees to increase their commitment to the organizations success.员工卷入：我们把它界定为利用员工的投入来增加他们对组织成功的承诺的一种参与过程。 Participative management It is the use of joint decision making. 共同参与决策 That is, subordinates actually share a significant degree of decision-making power with their immediate supe

16、riors. 下属在很大程度上可以与直接主管共享决策。,Representative participation 代表参与 That is, rather than participating directly in decisions, workers are represented by a small group of employees who actually participate. 也就是说，工人并不直接参与决策，而是由一群工人代表参与决策。 The two most common forms: Works councils 职工监事委员会 Board representativ

17、e 董事会代表,Quality circles 质量圈 Quality circles are defined as a work group of 8 to 10 employees and supervisors who have a shared area of responsibility and who meet regularlytypically once a week, on company time and on company premisesto discuss their quality problems, investigate causes of the probl

18、ems, recommend solutions, and take corrective actions. 质量圈是指由810名员工和主管组成工作小组，共同承担责任，小组成员定期会面常常是一周一次，利用上班时间和工作场所讨论质量问题，探讨问题的成因，提出解决建议，并实施纠正措施。,Employees involvement and motivation theories In terms of two-factor theory, employee involvement programs could provide employees with intrinsic motivation b

19、y increasing opportunities for growth, responsibility, and involvement in the work itself. 从双因素理论来看，员工卷入方案通过增加员工在工作中的成长机会、责任以及对工作本身的介入，可以为员工提供内部动机。,In terms of ERG theory, the opportunity to make and implement decisions, and then seeing them work out, can help satisfy an employees needs for responsi

20、bility, achievement, recognition, growth, and enhanced self-esteem. 从ERG理论来看，做出和事实决策的机会，以及看到它们发挥作用，有助于满足员工的责任、成就、认可、成长和自尊的需要。,三、Rewarding employees,Variable-pay program: a variable-pay program bases a portion of an employees pay on some individual and/or organizational measure of performance. 浮动工资方案

21、把一部分薪酬建立在员工个人/组织的绩效测量的基础上。 Advantages: Reduce labor costs When pay is tied to performance, the employees earning recognize contribution rather than being a form of entitlement. 当把工资与绩效联系起来，会让人感到自己的收入取决于贡献的多少，而不在于头衔的高低。,Piece-rate pay 计件工资 Workers are paid a fixed sum for each unit of production comp

22、leted. 按照工作完成的每一个生产单位付给固定报酬。 Merit-based pay 绩效工资 Merit-based pay plans are based on performance appraisal ratings. 绩效工资计划建立在绩效评估的基础之上。 The plans can be motivating because, if they are designed correctly, individuals perceive a strong relationship between their performance and the rewards they recei

23、ve.,Bonuses 奖金 Bonuses reward employees for recent performance rather than historical performance. 最近的业绩 Profit-sharing plans 利润分成方案/利润分享计划 They distribute compensation based on some established formula designed around a companys profitability. 根据公司的利润而设计出某种特定的公式，以此来分配报酬。 Gainsharing 收入分成/收益分享计划,Emp

24、loyee stock ownership plans 员工持股计划 Employee stock ownership plans are company-established benefit plans in which employees acquire stock, often at below-market prices, as part of their benefit. 员工持股计划是公司制定的一项福利措施，作为福利措施，员工可以以低于市场的价格获得公司的股票。,Skill-based pay plans 技能工资方案 Skill-based pay（competency-bas

25、ed pay / knowledge-based pay）sets pay levels on the basis of how many skills employees have or how many jobs they can do. 技能工资是根据个体掌握的技能和能够做的工作来确定。 Advantages: It has flexibility. Filling staffing needs is easier when employee skills are interchangeable. 当员工的技能水平达到互换的地步时，则很容易填补职位的空缺。 It can facilita

26、tes communication across the organization. 它促进了组织内部的沟通与交流。,It helps meet the needs of ambitious employees who confront minimal advancement opportunities. Those people can increase their earnings and knowledge without a promotion in job title. 技能工资有助于满足哪些有抱负的但面临最少晋升机会的员工的需要。这种做法可以使他们在没有职位提升的情况下增加收入和丰

27、富知识。,Skill-based pay and motivation theory: Because they encourage employees to learn, expand their skills, and grow, they are consistent with ERG theory. Among employees whose lower-order needs are substantially satisfied, the opportunity to experience growth can be a motivator. 由于它鼓励员工进行学习，扩展其技能水平

28、，不断成长与发展，所以与ERG理论相吻合。当员工的低层次需要基本上得到满足时，成长的机会可能是一个激励因子。,Skill-based pay may have equity implications. When employees make their input-outcome comparisons, skills may provide a fairer input criterion for determining pay than factors such as seniority or education. It may increase the perception of equ

29、ity and help optimize employee motivation. 技能工资本身还有公平理论的含义。在判断工资水平方面，当员工进行投入产出比较时，技能这一因素比资历或教育之类的因素更能提供公平的投入标准。技能工资可以增加公平感，并有助于提高员工的动机水平。,Flexible benefit 灵活福利 Flexible benefit allow each employee to put together a benefit package individually tailored to his or her own needs and situation. 灵活福利允许员工

30、从众多福利项目中挑选一组最符合他们需要的福利。这种做法使得每个员工可以根据自己的需要和情况量体裁衣选择福利。,Flexible benefit and Expectancy theory: Organizational rewards should be linked to each individual employees goals, flexible benefits individualize rewards by allowing each employee to choose the compensation package that best satisfies his or her current needs. 组织的报酬要和每个员工的目标、灵活的福利相联系，通过让员工自己选择报酬组