关系代词和关系副词1.ppt

1、韩佳佳,Grammar and usage,Attributive clause,构成英语句子的基本成分叫做句子成分。句子成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语及同位语等。它们可以由单词担任,也可以由词组或句子等多种成分来担任。,主语 谓语(动词) 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语 同位语,主语（subject）,主语（subject）：是一个句子中所要表达、描述的人或物，是句子的主体。主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、短语和从句等来担任。 Smoking is bad to health. To see is to believe.眼见为实。 What I know is

2、important.,谓语（predicate）,谓语（predicate）：是用来说明主语做了什么动作或处在什么状态（系表结构）。有人称和数的变化。谓语由动词来担任,一般放在主语的后面。 She speaks English fluently. What happened last night?,宾语（object）,宾语（object）：是谓语动作所涉及的对象，它是动作的承受者，宾语可分为动词宾语和介词宾语，由名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、词组或句子来担任。 1. I saw a cat in the tree. 2. I want to go shopping. 3. I enjoy

3、 reading. 4. He said that he could be here. 5. Im worried about my friends safety. （介词宾语） 6. I dont agree with what he said at the meeting.,表语 (predictive),表语 (predictive)：是用来说明主语的性质, 身份, 特征和状态。表语一般放在联系动词 (link verb)之后，换句话说，凡是放在联系动词后面的都叫表语。常见的联系动词有：be, fall, feel, smell, sound, taste, seem, appear,

4、look,等。 She is a teacher. I fell ill yesterday. He looked tired. The problem is when we can get the money.,状语 (adverbial)：,状语 (adverbial)： 说明事物发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、程度或伴随等情况的词叫状语。状语可以由副词、分词、短语及状语从句来担任。 例： We went to the countryside last year by train for a holiday.去年我们去了乡下。 Adverbial：last year (时间

5、) by train （方式） for a holiday (目的) Im late because I missed the bus. （原因状语） He is reading in the classroom.（地点状语）,补语(complement),补语,就是补充说明的语言,英语中一般有主语补足 语和宾语补足语.,最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、 现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。,1 Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet. 2 Atthemeetingweelected/madehimmonitor. 3 Ifou

6、ndtheclassroomempty. 4 Pleaselet him in. 5 Wehearhimsinginginthehall. 6 Hesawhisfacereflectedinthewater.,1Heismadetocopythesentence. 2Hewasseentotakehiscapoff. 3He was named Jack. 4He is considered honest. 5She was seen out. 6The house was found in a bad state. 7He was seen opening the window.（分词短语）

7、 8He is said to earn much every month.,通常如果把带有宾语补足语的句子变成被动句，原来补充说明宾语的部分就变成补充说明主语了。 (主语补足语）,同位语(apposition),对句子中某一成分作进一步解释说明，与 其前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。同位语常置于被说明的词之后。名词 代词 数词 从句等都可作同位语。 We have two foreign teachers, a Canadian and an American. The news that we have won is true.,定语 (Attributive),定语

8、(Attributive)： 用于描述或限制一个名词或代词的词叫做定语，定语可以由名词，形容词和起名词和形容词作用的短语或句子担任。 A beautiful girl The red team The team in red （介词短语作后置定语） The team who are wearing red,Attributive clause,Question: Which is an attributive clause?,The red team 2. The team in red 3. The team who are wearing red,prepositional phrase,

9、attributive clause,adjective,Harry Potter,a boy with glasses,a boy who is brave and wearing glasses,a brave boy,attribute,Introduction Definition(定义)： 起定语作用的句子叫定语从句。它用来修饰主句中某一成分（名词/代词/整个主句或主句的一部分） An attributive clause modifies a noun in the same way that an adjective or prepositional phrase does. T

10、he noun it modifies is called an antecedent.（先行词）,eg. The team who are wearing red,Relatives,The attributive clauses are usually introduced by,eg. The team who are wearing red,Relative pronouns（关系代词）: that, which, who, whom, whose，as,Relative adverbs（关系副词）: when, where, why,引导词,In the attributive cl

11、auses, the relative words usually function as subject, object, predicative, attribute, and adverbial. (P. 8),引导词（关系词）的作用：1）代替先行词 2）引导定语从句 3）在定语从句中充当一个成分。,Relative pronouns used in attributive clauses,As subject,This is a book which/that is interesting.,The boy who/that is smiling is Tom.,As object,T

12、he person (that /who/whom) you met just now is Tom.,The teacher (whom /that /who/) we met yesterday will give us a talk.,The book( which/that) I bought yesterday is interesting.,As attribute,whose+n.=the+n.+of+ whom/which,He is the boy whose father is a doctor.,She has a brother whose name I cant re

13、member.,He lives in a house whose room faces south.,As predicative,Jack used to be a lazy boy. He is no longer a lazy boy. Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be.,as作为关系代词用于the sameas和suchas，soas等固定结构中。如： Ive never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲的故事。 She is such a nice woman as ma

14、ny people respect. He bought the same car as I bought last year.,Attention,关系代词 that, which, who, whom ,whose和as的用法,关系代词who指人，作主语或宾语（作宾语常可省略）；whom指人，作宾语；whose指人或物，作定语； which指物，可作主语，宾语; that指人或物， 作主语、宾语、表语；as指人或物，作主语，宾语。,Practice,The man _stands there is Tom. The girl _ I met is Ms Li. The boy _watch

15、 was lost is Tom. The book _lies on the desk is his. The pen _you bought is good. The magazine _cover is red is nice.,who / that,(whom / that/who),whose,which/that,(which / that),whose,1. Such boys _you mentioned are helpful. 2. It is so difficult a problem _no one can work out. 3. It is so difficul

16、t a problem_no one can work it out. 4. She wore the same hat _you wore yesterday.,Practice,that,as,as,as,who,whom,whose,that,which,“That” is usually used in the following situations.,只能用that的情况 （温馨提示：不用死记硬背，其实记住两种 不能用that的情况就可以了， 即：不能引导非限制性定语从句； 不能放在介词后面。）,All that can be done has been done. He did

17、everything that he could to help us.,Ive read every book that is borrowed from the library.,This is the first/the last book that he has read. This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.,This is the very book that interests him.,(1) 先行词为all, everything, nothing, anything, little, much, f

18、ew, all等不定代词时。,(2) 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, few, much等修饰时。,(3) 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。,(4) 先行词被the only, the very修饰时。,Ive read all the books that are about this matter.,(5)先行词同时指人和物时，用that。如： We talked about the things and persons that we saw then. 我们谈论了我们当时所见的人和事物。 They are talking about t

19、he songs and the singers that they like.,(6) 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时用that。如： Which is the dictionary that you want? 哪本是你要的字典？ Who is the man that is standing by the door? 站在门旁边的那个男人是谁？,Practice,This is the best film _Ive seen. That is the last lesson _I gave you. This is the very book _Im after. Tha

20、t is just the coat _color is red. I still remember the schools and boys _I met there.,(that),(that),(that),whose,(that),7. Everything _you said is true. 8. Which is the book _you want? 9. Who is the girl _sits there? 10. All _he said is true. 11. All _is said by him is true. 12. Are there any proble

21、ms _trouble you?,(that),(that),that,(that),that,that,1.He did all / everything _he could to help me. 2.This is the very thing _ I am after. 3.We talked about the men and the things _ we remembered at school. 4.He is the only man _ can do the work. 5.This is the first thing _ I want to say. 6.He is t

22、he finest man _ I have ever worked with. 7.Who is the man _ spoke to you at the gate. 8.Which is the star _ is nearest to the earth?,Exercises that , which or who?,that,that,that,that,that,that,that,that,在下列情况指人只能用 who 而不用that 1.先行词是one / ones / anyone 时要用who One who has nothing to fear can tell the

23、 truth. The ones who are often late should be punished. Anyone who breaks the law is punished.,Those who break the law are punished. He who laughs last laughs best. He who breaks the law is punished.,2.先行词为 those, he 时, 用 “who”而不用 “that”.,He is one of the boys who _ present at the meeting now. He is

24、 the only one of them who _present at the meeting now.,are,is,若在one of 前加the only, 则定语从句的 谓语动词需用单数。,考例 He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years. (上海2002春) is B. are C. have been D. has been 点拨 因句中有the only,定语从句修饰的名词为单数；又因为该定语从句的时间状语是for three years, 所以需用完成时态。故

25、选D项。,Relative adverbs: when, where, why,The attributive clause introduced by when, where and why.,定语从句中关系副词的使用,1.定语从句中关系副词有： when, where, why 2.关系副词在定语从句中所作的成份： 关系副词在定语从句中都作状语。替代的先行词是时间（when） ；地点（where）； 原因（why）。 when 作时间状语；where 作地点状语；why 作原因状语。如：,1)He remember the day when his father died. 2)I wen

26、t back to the place where I was born. 3)Please give me the reason why you were late this time.,when 作时间状语，意为 on the day,where 作地点状语，意为in the place,why作原因状语，意为for the reason,3. 并非先行词是表示时间、地点和原因的词时关系词都用when, where, why！若先行词在定语从句中不作状语，而是作主语或宾语，就必须用which或that。即用关系代词还是关系副词，取决于该词在从句中充当的成分。如： We often thin

27、k of the days （which/that） we spent together in the countryside.,the days在定语从句中作宾 语,比较: We often think of the days when we worked together in the countryside.,when在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于 on the days。,We believe the reason (that/which) he gave. 比较: The reason why/for which he was absent yesterday is still un

28、known.,4.关系副词when, where和why也可用“介词+which”来代替，要注意其先行词（名词）与介词的合理搭配，介词根据先行词或定语从句的谓语动词来确定。 when 相当于“at/on/during+which” where 相当于“in/at/on+which” why 相当于“for + which” 如：,Is this the day when/on which I visited the museum? Please put the letter on the desk where/on which he can easily find it. This is th

29、e reason why/for which he didnt come to the meeting.,When = 介词+ which 时间状语 Where =介词+ which 地点状语 Why = for + which 原因状语,关系副词,（1）找先行词 （2）代代入定语从句 （3）定判定所充当的成分,关系副词实际上是介词先行词,Ill never forget the day when I joined the league.,句中when相当于on which,Detailed explanation,where在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词+关系代词（which）”。如：

30、 This is the room where Lu Xun once lived.,句中where相当于in which,Do you know the reason why/for which she was late?,1. The factory _Mr. Wang works in is a shoe one. 2. The factory in _Mr. Wang works is a shoe one. (which不能省略） 3. The factory _Mr. Wang works is a shoe one.,(that/which),which,where,1. He

31、will forever remember the day on_he joined the League. 2. He will forever remember the day _he joined the League.,which,when,他将永远不会忘记他入团的那一天,1.Thats the reason for _ he was late for school. 2.Thats the reason _ he was late for school .,which,why,那就是他上学迟到的原因,（1）找先行词 （2）代代入定语从句 （3）定判定所充当的成分,I still remember the day _ I came here. 2. I still remember the day _ I came here. 3. I still remember the day _ we spent together.,on which,when,(which/that),Finish the following exercises.,I went to the place _ we worked ten y