intonation 1A.ppt

1、1,Intonation 音调概述 By Zeng Rong,2,Warming up activity,(1) A friend in need is a friend indeed. (2) There is no smoke without fire. (3) Pass me that book, will you? - Thank you. (4) A: Can I help you? B: No, thanks. (5) A: Mr. White B: Yes?,Example sentences:,3,Definition of Intonation 语调的定义,Intonatio

2、n is the rise and fall of the pitch of the voice during speech. 语调（intonation），即说话的腔调，就是一句话里声调（pitch）高低抑扬轻重的配制和变化。,4,世界上没有一种语言是用单一的声调说出的，以英语为例，英语有五种基本语调：升调（）、的降调（）、的升降调（）、的降升调（）以及平调（）。一句话除了词汇意义（lexical meaning）还有语调意义（intonation meaning）。所谓词汇意义就是话中所用词的意义，而语调意义就是说话人用语调所表示的态度或口气。一句话的词汇意义加上语调意义才算是完全的意义。

3、同样的句子，语调不同，意思就会不同，有时甚至会相差千里。,5,For example： A：Jean，can you bring me the newspaper？ B：Sorry？（） (“I didnt hear youCould you say that again，please？”) A：Jean，can you bring me the newspaper？ B：Sorry.（ ）(refuse. I cant help you),6,Functions of intonation,Semantic Function 语义功能 By the semantic function of

4、intonation we mean that intonation may differentiate the meaning of an utterance.,Generally, intonation has four functions: semantic function; attitudinal function; grammatical function; accentual function,7,Example :,- He died in an accident last night. - What? - Ive got a golden watch from my gran

5、dfather. - Really?,8,Attitudinal Function 表态功能 The tone we use can tell people a lot about our feeling, our circumstances or surroundings, transcending the words we actually employ; It can indicate our attitude to other people, whether we are being polite, considerate, concerned, sympathetic, indiff

6、erent, etc.,9,Examples,A: Well its certainly cheap. B: And the service A: Very good. B: I particularly like that soup. A: Oh.,10,Mmmmm,To Show: enthusiasm boredom uncertainty anger,11,He lives in Beijing. You come from Beijing. My son who studies in Beijing wishes to become a teacher.,Grammatical Fu

7、nction 语法功能 Intonation is closely related to grammar or a part of grammar, in much the same way as punctuation is in the written language.,Example sentences:,12,Accentual Function 重音功能,Intonation helps to produce the effect of prominence on syllables that need to be perceived as stressed, and in par

8、ticular the placing of tonic stress on a particular syllable marks out the word to which it belongs as the most important in the tone-unit.,13,Tom broke the window. He also translated the announcement. I like some cheese, please. What kind of cheese?,Examples sentences: Pay attention to the tones of

9、 the words underlined while reading.,14,Intonation: Why?,A.It shows the relationship of words within and between sentences; B. It tells something about the feeling of the speaker.,15, Those who sold quickly made a profit. (A profit was made by those who sold quickly.) Those who sold quickly made a p

10、rofit. (A profit was quickly made by those who sold.),16,They re going to have a picnic. They re going to have a picnic.,17,I. Tone (声调),static tones(静) & Kinetic tones(动),静调：平调，说话时声调维持在一个高度而不升降，分为高平调与低平调两类。,动调：指那些由一个高度向另一高度移动（如：升、降、降升）的声调，分为升调、降调、降升调、升降调、先升后降调五类。,18,英语有四级能区别意义的调高： 1）特高调（extra high）

11、，即比正常的声调高两级，常在感情特别激动或惊讶时使用。 2）高调（high），即比正常的声调高一级，一般用于语句中关键性的重读词。 3）中调（mid），即说话人声音的正常高度。 4）低调（low），即比正常的声调低一级，,19,1. 静调的技巧：保持在一个高度平稳滑动 . 如： 高平调： yes no now 低平调： _yes _no _now,2.动调的技巧：用汉语声调的阴平、阳平、上声、（去声）分低、高调练习。,高升调： yes no now 低升调： yes no now 高降调： yes no now 低降调： yes no now 降升调： yes no now,20,句调（以 K

12、ingdon 模式为准）：英语语句的语调分为调冠（ prehead ）、调尾（ tail ）、调头 (head) 、调身 (body) 和调心 (nucleus) 五个部分。动调一般只在调心出现，而静调则用于句调的其它部分。,21,（ 1 ）调冠：句子中第一个重读音节之前的非重读音节. 如： Theres plenty of time （ theres ） Its nearly the same （ its ） （ 2 ）调尾：指调心之后的所有音节，分为声调调尾与降调调尾. 如： I think so （ so ） Where is it? （ is it ） （ 3 ）调头：是句子中的第一个

13、重读音节。如： Are the student going to be ready? （ student ）,22,（ 4 ）调心：是指句子中动调出现的音节，也就是一般我们所说的有逻辑重音、降调、升调和降升调所在的音节。它是说话人要传达的信息中心。如： Are the student going to be ready? （ ready ） （ 5 ）调身：是调头与调心之间的全部音节。如： Are the student going to be ready? （ going to be ）,23,注：1. 动调在句子中的位置 总是落在最后一个重读音节上。但是由于说话人所强调的方面的不同，也就是

14、说由于信息中心的不同，动调可以落在句子中的任何其它音节上。如在平淡语气的叙述中，英语句子！ That is not a book 中的 book 是句调所在的单位。但是，如果强调方面发生变化，句调可以可以落在 That 上，也可以落在 not 上。 2. 一个句调一般只有一个调心 。但在其之前完全可以有一个或多个动调，构成调头或调身的一部分。,24,How to highlight the message,1. If all the information is new, the nucleus is usually placed on the last content word. Eg:,-

15、 What do you think of the course? - Well, I dont like the maths.,25,2. If some of the information is old, the nucleus goes on the last content word that adds new information. eg:,- What do you think of the music? - Well, I dont like the music. -Who doesnt like the music? -Well, I dont like it. -That

16、 was Mary on the phone. -Ah, yes. She said shed ring,26,3. In English repeated items are usually deaccented. This is also applied to synonyms. Eg:,- Sallys got a dog -What breed of dog? -Shall we walk to the park? -Ive already met Mr. Bark. -Would you like tea of coffee? -Coffee. Please. (choice is

17、an exception),27,4. Compound count as a single content word,eg: I want to change my library book. I want to buy some running shoes. Running shoes: shoes run Running shoes: shoes for running,28,5. Function words are not highlighted unless they are emphatic.,He keeps worrying about it. Ive just receiv

18、ed a letter from her. I can run faster than you can. Bill hit Peter and then John hit him.,29,6. Vocatives at the end of an utterance are deaccented,Eg: Where are going, matthew? Shoot John. Shoot John.,30,7. Empty words have a very little meaning of their own, they are not highlighted.,Eg: I keep s

19、eeing thing. Lets go back to my place. What are you going to tell people. The train was crowded so we decided to catch a later one.,31,8. A final verb tends not to be highlighted.,Hows the homework going? Ive still got an book to read. I still have some topics to cover. Which dress did you choose? T

20、he phones ringing. The car wont star. My watch has stopped. The sun is shinning.,32,9. Prepositions unaccented, adverbs accented.,Who shall we send for? What are you looking for? The plane will shortly take off. Sit down. Take your shoes off. Take them off.,33,The Stress Rules,1. Stress tends to fal

21、l on content words within an utterance. 2. Only a words stressed syllable carries the sentence stress. 3. Within an intonation unit, there may be several words receiving stress but only one has the nucleus. 4. New information tends to receive prominence and generally occurs towards the end of an utt

22、erance.,34,Circle the prominent word in each thought group.,A: Im starved. Lets go and grab a bite to eat. B: Good idea. Where do you want to go? A: Well, theres a nice Italian restaurant about a block from here. B: Do you have your heart set on Italian? What about a Chinese place? A: Oh, do you kno

23、w one? B: I sure do. The food is delicious and its right around the corner. A: Great! Lets go.,35,Circle the prominent word in each thought group.,A: Im starved. Lets go and grab a bite to eat. B: Good idea. Where do you want to go? A: Well, theres a nice Italian restaurant about a block from here.

24、B: Do you have your heart set on Italian? What about a Chinese place? A: Oh, do you know one? B: I sure do. The food is delicious and its right around the corner. A: Great! Lets go.,36,Circle the prominent word in each thought group.,A: I have a picture of a lady sitting in a park. B: I have a lady

25、in a park too. Shes reading a book. A: Oh, my lady is reading a newspaper. B: Next to the lady theres a big tree. A: Theres a big tree in my picture too. B: My picture has a dog. A: My picture has two dogs.,37,II. Structure of English Intonation,P = Pre-head H = Head N = Nucleus T = Tail,38,Elements

26、 in an intonation unit The nucleus: the stressed syllable of the last 调核prominent word in a tone unit The tail: any syllable or syllables that may 调尾follow the nucleus The head: the part of a tone unit that extends from 调头the first stressed syllable up to the nucleus The pre-head: any unstressed syl

27、lable or syllables that 调冠may precede the head - or the nucleus, if there is no head,39,We are LEARNing a FOReign LANGuage. P H N T P = Pre-head H = Head N = Nucleus T = Tail,40,Structures of an intonation unit PH NT:We are learning a foreign language. PH N:I am afraid we cant go. PNT:We hope so. PN

28、:It was at night. HNT:When are they coming? HN:Peter has arrived. NT:Look at him. N:Help!,41,Mark out the elements in the following intonation units.,P H N T : Shell be able to do it properly. P H N :It was a very dark night. P N T : He said so. P N : Theyll be late. H N T : Isnt John going? H N : G

29、o ahead. N T : Pardon? N : Thanks.,42,Mark out the elements in the following intonation units.,P H N T :Shell be able to do it properly. P H N :It was a very dark night. P N T : He said so. P N: Theyll be late. H N T : Isnt John going? H N: Go ahead. N T: Pardon? N : Thanks.,43,I. Types of English T

30、unes句调种类,1. Falling tune 2. Rising tune 3. Fall-rise tune,44,45,The Use of English Intonation,The falling tone - indicating definiteness and completeness. Types of sentences: Ordinary statements WH questions Imperative sentences (strong commands) Exclamatory sentences,46,The rising tone - indicating

31、 uncertainty, incompleteness or politeness. Types of sentences: Yes-no questions Statements intended as questions Statements intended to be soothing or encouraging Repetition questions,47,The falling-rising tone - showing contrast, implication, disagreement, contradiction, or warning, etc. Types of

32、sentences: Statements where contrast is implied Statements which imply reservation Statements which show disagreement or contradiction Warnings,48,49,50,51,Falling tune,Questions and Responses,52,1- What would you like? - Id like a chicken-salad sandwich. 2- What will you have? - Ill have a hotdog a

33、nd a coke. 3- Where are you going? - To the lab. 4- What time is it? - Its a quarter past four. 5- Wheres your lab book? - I lost it. 6- Where did you leave it? - I dont remember.,53,7- What would you like? - Id like a chicken-salad sandwich. 8- What will you have? - Ill have a hotdog and a coke. 9-

34、 Where are you going? - To the lab. 10- What time is it? - Its a quarter past four. 11- Wheres your lab book? - I lost it. 12- Where did you leave it? - I dont re member.,54,Rising tone Yes/no questions and responses Are you coming later? If I can. May I help you? Yes, Ill have a hotdog. Is it cold

35、outside? Its very cold. Shall I wait for you? No, you go ahead. Did he bring his money? No, he forgot it.,55,Rising tone Yes/no questions and responses Are you coming later? If I can. May I help you? Yes, Ill have a hotdog. Is it cold outside? Its very cold. Shall I wait for you? No, you go a head.

36、Did he bring his money? No, he for got it.,56,Fall-rise tone Questions/statements and responses - Do you know German? - I can read it. -Everyone knows about it. - Well, not everyone. - We got there about midnight. - I think it was earlier than that. - Nobody wants to buy them. - Nobody can afford to

37、 buy them. - Are you sure hes coming tonight? - He said so.,57,Fall-rise tone Questions/statements and responses - Do you know German? - I can read it. -Everyone knows a bout it. - Well, not everyone.,58,- We got there about midnight. - I think it was earlier than that. - Nobody wants to buy them. -

38、 Nobody can af ford to buy them. - Are you sure hes coming to night? - He said so.,59,Practices,60,A: I saw them together. B: Where did you see them? A: In the town. B: When did you see them? A: This morning. B: Did you say anything to them? A: I told them I should tell you. B: Which youve now done.

39、 Thank you. A: Arent you going to send for them? B: No need. Ive already invited them for dinner. A: Them? Both of them? Together? B: Like to join us?,61,A: We all know that we face problems. We know that we face difficulties. We are all aware that the difficulties that we face are not difficulties

40、that will be overcome immediately, or that will be overcome easily. We all recognize that the problems that confront us are not problems that will be solved overnight. But I sometimes wonder if we realize if we realize sufficiently that B: That that was the clock striking two, Frank! Go to sleep! A: Sorry, dear. Didnt know it was so late. My big day, tomorrow, you know. Ah, well. Goodnight. B: Its a lovely speech, Frank.,62,3. AHes not on the fourth floor now, hes been moved to the fifth. Use the lift. Ill ring to say you