《四级虚拟语气》PPT课件.ppt

1、CET-4 虚拟语气专讲 subjunctive mood,语气的定义和分类,语气 (mood)的定义 语气是动词的一种形式 ， 表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。,英语中语气的种类, There are two sides to every question. Were you busy all day yesterday? How good a teacher she is! 陈述语气（declarative/indicative mood ）： 表示动作或状态是现实的 、 确定的或符合事实的 ，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。,祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如： Neve

2、r be late again! 再也不要迟到了。 Don t forget to turn off the light. 别忘了关灯。, 虚拟语气 ： 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实 ， 而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如： If I were a bird, I could fly in the air. 如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。 I wish I could pass the examination. 我希望我能通过考试。,语气的定义和分类,语气 (mood)的定义 语气是动词的一种形式 ， 表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。 英语中语气的种类 陈述语气 祈使语气

3、 虚拟语气,虚拟语气是英语动词的一种特殊形式，表示说话人主观上所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、建议、请求、命令、空想、猜测、必要性和可能性等。,虚拟语气概念,解题步骤: 锁定解题信息词 确定虚拟语气类型 确定动词的形式,虚拟语气的用法,一、 非真实条件句 二、 倒装虚拟句 三、 含蓄条件句 四、 错综条件句 五、其它用法,一、非真实条件句,条件句 （1）真实条件句（factual conditional） 表示的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆用陈述语气。 If you dont study hard, you wont pass the exam. （2）非真实条件

4、句（counter-factual conditional） 表示的假设是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆用虚拟语气。 If I were you, I would shut up.,非真实条件句表示不大可能或不可能发生或实现的假设，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的时态可用下表表示：,一、非真实条件句,一、非真实条件句,一、非真实条件句,1. If the whole operation before hand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. A) was not plann

5、ed B) has not been planned C) had not been planned D) were not planned 2. Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often. A) has to get B) were to get C) had got D) could have got,练 习,二、 倒装虚拟句,只能与过去/将来事实相反，省去if，只有三种

6、倒装形式.,1. Had I had enough money, I would have bought a book. 2. Were I to have enough money, I would buy a book. 3. Should I have enough money, I would buy a book.,_ right now, she would get there on Sunday. A) Would she leaveB) If she leaves C) Were she to leaveD) If she had left 2. _for my illness

7、 I would have lent him a helping hand. A) Not being B) Had it not been C) Without being D) Not having been,练 习,英语中有些句子从形式上看不包含条件从句，但在意义上却是非真实条件句，这类句子称为含蓄条件句，这样的句子可分为三类,三、 含蓄条件句,1.省略整个条件句 Such mistakes could have been avoided. (省略了if we had been more careful). 这样的错误本来是能够避免的。 I should have caught the

8、train. (省略了if I had left a little earlier) 我本应该赶上火车的。,三、 含蓄条件句,We didnt know his telephone number, otherwise we _him. A) would have telephoned B) must have telephoned C) would telephone D) had telephoned,练 习,2.用介词或介词短语表示的非真实条件句 -But for air and water, no living thing could exist. 没有氧气和水，任何生物都不能生存。 -

9、Without steel, there would be hardly any industry to talk about. 没有钢，几乎任何工业都无从谈起。 -I would have done the same in that position. 我要是处于那个位置，也会那样做的.,三、 含蓄条件句,3.通过上下文来表示非真实条件句 -I was ill that day, otherwise I would have come to see you. 那天我生病了，否则我就来看你了。 -You cannot do that. It would ruin your life. 你不能那

10、样做，那会毁了你的一生。 -Tom just gives up everything for her. Henry wouldnt be that silly. 汤姆为她放弃一切，亨利才不会那么傻呢。,三、 含蓄条件句,要点: 主要是抓住时间状语 1. 从句:对过去事实虚拟+主句:对现在事实虚拟 If I had studied English at school, I could read the English novel now. 2. 从句:对现在事实虚拟+主句:对过去事实虚拟 If she were not so careless, she wouldnt have made suc

11、h a mistake.,四、 错综条件句,练 习,If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you_now. A) couldnt have smiled B) wouldnt be smiling C) didnt smile D) wont smile,五、 其他用法,主语从句 宾语从句 表语和同位语从句,建议,主张,命令 (主观愿望),主语从句: It is (was) important (necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable, incredible,

12、urgent, possible, essential, natural, preferable, insistent, crucial, better, best, ridiculous, vital) that It is (was) a pity (shame, wonder, must, suggestion, proposal, requirement, request, desire, order, recommendation) that It is (was) desired (arranged, decided, ordered, proposed, requested, r

13、ecommended, suggested, settled) that.,例1：It is important that we (should) speak politely. 我们说话要有礼貌，这是很重要的。 例2：It is advisable that a general announcement be made to the staff. 最好给全体人员发个总通知。 例3：It is desired that this rule be brought to the attention of the staff.希望这条规则引起全体职员的注意。 例4：It is required th

14、at the machine should be oiled.需要给这台机器加润滑油了。 例5：It is a pity that she should fare so badly.她竟吃得那么差，真可怜。,1. It is essential that these application forms back as early as possible. A) must be sent B) will be sent C) are sent D) be sent 2. It is vital that enough money _to fund the project. A) be colle

15、cted B) must be collected C) is collected D) can be collected,练 习,宾语从句:,(1)当主句动词为ask, arrange, beg, advise, command, deserve, direct, desire, demand, determine, move, prefer, propose, intend, recommend, request, require, suggest, suppose, urge, vote等后面接宾语从句时，从句的谓语用“should+动词原形(其中should可省略)”来表示虚拟语气。,

16、例1：The judge ordered that the prisoner (should) be remanded. 法官命令被告还押。 例2：Mr. Chairman, I move that the money be used for library books.主席先生，我提议把那笔钱用来购买图书馆书籍。,1. Mikes uncle insists in this hotel. A) staying not B) not to say C) that he would not stay D) that he not stay 2. It is recommended that th

17、e project_until all the preparations have been made. A)is not started B)will not be started C)not be started D)is not to be started 3. The manager of the hotel requests that their guests_after 1100 p.m. not to play loud music B)shouldnt play loud music dont play loud music couldnt play loud music,（2

18、）虚拟语气用于wish后的宾语从句中 句型“wish that”在wish后的that宾语从句中： 动词wish后的宾语从句中，谓语动词须用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反或不大可能实现的愿望。通常有三种形式： 对将来发生的事情表示祝愿或愿望时，宾语从句的谓语用：would (could, might)+动词原形。 例1：I wish he would try again.我希望他再试一次。 例2：I wish I could be of some use.我希望我能有点用处。, 表示与现在事实相反的愿望时，宾语从句的谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时。 例1：I wish I wasnt going to

19、 Paris.我真希望不是去巴黎。 例2：I wish I knew how to program the new computer.我真希望我懂得如何给这台新计算机编程序。, 对过去发生的事情表示遗憾或后悔时，宾语从句的谓语用“过去完成时或could/would have done”的形式。 例1：I wish you had come to our New Years party.我真希望你来参加了我们的新年联欢会。 例2：I wish I could have gone with you last night.我真希望昨天晚上能够跟你一起去。,经典考点1：Sometimes I wish

20、 I in a different time and a different place.(CET-4，2000年1月) A) be living B) were living C) would live D) would have lived 巧解答案B。当对现在发生的事情表示一种愿望时，从句中的谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时，如果是动词be,则用were。在本题的四个选项中，只有B项符合时态要求。本题句意是：有时候我真希望自己生活在另一个时代和另一个地方。,经典考点2：I wish I longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to

21、class.(CET-4，1995年6月) A) could have slept B) slept C) might have slept D) have slept 巧解答案A。从句中时间this morning可知，本题表示对过去发生的事情表示遗憾，宾语从句的谓语须采用过去完成时或could have done形式来表示虚拟语气，故A项为正确答案。本题句意是：我真希望今天早晨能多睡一会，但我不得不起床去上学。,虚拟语气用于would rather, would just as soon后的宾语从句中,would rather, would sooner, would as soon和wo

22、uld just as soon等短语表示“但愿”、“宁愿”等意思，其后的宾语从句中的谓语要用虚拟语气，常用过去式或过去完成式表示与现在或过去事实相反。,例1：Id sooner she left the heavy end of the work to someone else.我宁愿她把重活留给别人。 例2：Id just as soon you didnt take those important papers with you.我希望你不要把那些重要文件带走。,经典考点1：The manager would rather his daughter in the same office.

23、(CET-4，2000年6月) A) does not work B) not to work C) had not worked D) did not work 巧解答案D。本题句意是：经理宁愿他女儿不和他在同一个办公室工作。would rather后的宾语从句的谓语动词用过去时来表示虚拟语气，符合语法规则的只有D项。又如：He would rather it were winter now.他但愿现在是冬天。,经典考点2：Wouldnt you rather your child _to bed early?(CET-4，2000年1月) A) go B) went C) would go

24、 D) goes 答案B。would rather后的宾语从句须采用虚拟语气，其谓语用一般过去时，故B项为正确答案。本题句意是：你难道不愿意让孩子早点上床休息吗?,三、虚拟语气用于表语从句及同位语从句中,1. 当表语从句的主语和同位语的先行词是能够引起虚拟语气的抽象名词时，从句必须用虚拟语气.其形式为：从句的谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形”的形式。 2. 能够引起虚拟语气的抽象名词 （1）一般名词：idea, motion, plan 等等。 （2）与那些能够引导虚拟语气的动词相对应的名词。比如：advice, demand, desire, order, proposal, pref

25、erence, requirement, suggestion, decision, recommendation 等等,例1：The professor gave order that the test be finished before 1030.教授指示考试须在十点半以前结束。 例2：Our idea is that the match be put off.我们的意思是比赛延期举行。,经典考点1：The suggestion that the mayor_the prizes was accepted by everyone.(CET-4，2000年6月) A) would pres

26、ent B) ought to present C) present D) presents 答案C。名词suggestion后有一同位语从句，根据虚拟语气的语法要求，that从句中的动词用动词原形或“should+动词原形”的形式。故C项为正确答案。本题句意是：大家都接受了由市长来颁发奖金的建议。,经典考点2：One of the requirements for a fire is that the material to its burning temperature.(CET-6，1996年1月) A) is heated B) will be heated C) be heated

27、D) would be heated 巧解答案C。requirement后接一表语从句，从句的谓语用“(should+)动词原形”的形式来构成虚拟语气。四个选项中只有C项符合语法规则。本题句意是：产生火的必要条件之一是物质被加热到它的燃点。,虚拟语气用于状语从句 由as if/though 引导的方式状语从句 用过去时表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑；用过去完成时表示对过去事实的假设。,-He looks as if he were ill. 他看上去仿佛病了。 -This machine operated as though it had been repaired. 这机器运行良好，

28、仿佛修理过一样。 -They talked as if they had been friends for years. 他们交谈起来似乎是多年的朋友一样。 -It seems as if it were spring already. 现在仿佛已经是春天了。,经典考点1：That tree looked as if it for a long time. A) hasnt watered B) didnt water C) hadnt been watered D)wasnt watered 答案C。本题句意是：这棵树看起来像是很长时间没浇水了。as if引导一个表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气

29、的句子。主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，所以as if后虚拟语气的谓语动词要用过去完成时，故C项正确。又如：The old couple loved the orphan girl as if she had been their daughter.那对老年夫妇很喜爱那个孤儿，视她为亲生女儿。,让步状语从句 在让步状语从句中，谓语动词多用动词原形来构成虚拟语气。 例1：All magnets behave the same whether they be large or small.所有磁体无论大小，其性质都一样。 例2：Be he rich or poor, I will marry him

30、all the same.无论他是富还是穷，我都要嫁给他。 注：由even if或even though引导的让步状语从句，其从句的谓语动词形式与含有非真实条件从句的主从句中的谓语动词一样来构成虚拟语气。,条件状语从句 1可以引导含有虚拟语气的条件状语从句的连词有：in case(假使，说不定) unless（除非，如果不）supposing（假如）providing（倘若）on condition that（如果） 2.这类条件状语的谓语动词可用动词的过去时形式，也可用“（should）+动词原形”或“may (might, could, would)+动词原形”的形式。,举例 -I wil

31、l get some beer in case John should come here. 我会弄些啤酒，以便约翰来这里。 -Unless he were my friend, I should not expect his help. 如果他不是我的朋友，我不会期待他的帮助。 -Supposing he never came! What would you do then? 假设他不来！你们将怎么办呢？ -Providing you had the opportunity to go abroad. Where would you go? 假若你有机会出国，你会上哪儿去？,目的状语从句 在

32、lest,for fear that,in case等引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词用“(should+)动词原形”来构成虚拟语气；在so that,in order that等引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词除了用“should+动词原形”外，还可用“might,could+动词原形”来构成虚拟语气。,经典考点1：The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he himself.(CET-4，1998年1月) A) injure B) had injured C) injured D) would injure 巧解答案A。lest后的从句

33、应用动词原形或“should+动词原形”来构成虚拟语气，四个选项中符合规则的只有A项。本题句意是：这个疯子被关进了墙上装有衬垫的病房，以免他伤害自己。,虚拟语气用于定语从句中,一、在It is (high, about)time(that)句型中，that引导的定语从句中的谓语常用一般过去时来构成虚拟语气。 例1：Its about time that we put an end to this controversy. 现在该是我们停止这场争论的时候了。 例2：It is time we went to bed.我们该去睡觉了。,经典考点1：“You are very selfish. It

34、s time you _you are not the most important person in the world,” Edgar said to his boss angrily.(CET-4，1999年1月) A) have realized B) should realize C) realize D) realized 巧解答案D。在it is time结构中，其后的宾语从句须用一般过去时来构成虚拟语气。因此，只有D项符合语法规则，为正确答案。本题句意是：爱德佳生气地对他的老板说：“你太自私了。你应该认识到你并不是世界上最重要的人。”,经典考点2：Its already 5

35、oclock now. Dont you think its about time ?(CET-4，1996年6月) A) we are going home B) we go home C) we went home D) we can go home 巧解答案C。在its about time that句型中 ，定语从句的谓语动词应用过去时来表示虚拟语气，故C项正确。本题句意是：现在已经五点了。你难道不认为我们该回家了吗?,其他用法 1.句型“had hoped/thought +宾语从句” 表示“过去未实现的愿望或想法”，有“本来希望，本来以为”之意，从句谓语要 用“would+动词原形

36、”的形式。 -Mike had hoped that she would answer his letter. 迈克本来以为她会回他信的。,2.句型“would rather/would sooner/would (just) as soon +从句” 这种句型后面常接省去that的从句，从句谓语用过去时表示还不是事实，用过去完成时表示发生在过去的但没有实现的事情。 -I would rather they came tomorrow. 我希望他们明天来。 -I would rather they had come yesterday. 我真希望你昨天来了。（其实没有来） -I would j

37、ust as soon you posted the letter right away. 我真希望你立即把这封信寄出去。,3.句型 If only If only 表示“但愿”、“要是就好了”之意，其用法和句型“I wish” 基本相同，只是更富有感情色彩，与should连用，表示一时很难实现的愿望。 -If only I could fly! 我要是会飞就好了！ -If only I would pass the final exam! 但愿我能通过期末考试！ -If only the rain would stop. 这雨要是停下来就好了。,4.虚拟语气可以用于otherwise 或or

38、引导的并列分句 -I dont know his address; otherwise I would write him earlier. 我不知道他的地址，否则我早就给他写信了。 -I didnt know his address; otherwise I would have written him earlier. 以前我不知道他的地址，否则我早就给他写信了。,5.虚拟语气用于表示祝福、愿望、诅咒、禁止等意义。 -May you be happy! 祝你幸福！ -Long live the Peoples Republic of China! 中华人民共和国万岁！ -God bless

39、 you! 上帝保佑你！ -God damn you! 该死的！ -Heaven forbid! 天理不容！ -So be it. 但愿如此就这样吧。 -Devil take him! 混蛋！,6.虚拟语气用于使语气变得委婉和客气 -Would you mind opening the window for me? 你能给我打开窗子吗？ -Id like to go with you. 我和你去。 -You might as well put the meeting off for a few days. 你们不妨把会议推迟几天。 -The leadership wouldnt allow i

40、t. 领导上恐怕不会同意。,近几年虚拟语气在英语四六级中的考查情况： 主要体现在翻译题型中,【CET-4:2006.12】 The victim _(本来会有机会活下来)if he had been taken to hospital in time. 【CET-6:2007.12】 But for mobile phone, _ _(我们的通讯就不可能如此迅速和方便)（含蓄条件句 P198） 【CET-6:2007 】 If you_ _ (听从了我的忠告， 你就不会陷入麻烦).,would have survived,our communication would,not have bee

41、n so efficient and convenient,had followed my advice/suggestion,you would not have been in trouble.,【CET-4:2006.6】 The professor required that _ _(我们交研究报告)。 【CET-6:2007.6】 It is absolutely unfair that these children _ _(被剥夺了受教育的权利).,our research report(s).,we hand in,(should) be deprived of the righ

42、t,to receive education,听 力 练 习锁定听音重点,1.综合各题选项推测对话主题,19. A. The benefits of strong business competition. B. A proposal to lower the cost of production. C. Complaints about the expense of modernization. D. Suggestions concerning new business strategies. 20. A. It cost much more than its worth. B. It s

43、hould be brought up-to-date. C. It calls for immediate repairs. D. It can still be used for a long time. 21. A. The personnel manager should be fired for inefficiency. B. A few engineers should be employed to modernize the factory. C. The entire staff should be employed to modernize the factory. D.

44、Better-educated employees should be promoted.,19. A. By listening to the morning news. B. By seeing a commercial on TV. C. By reading a newspaper ad. D. By calling an employment service. 20. A. She could work close to her family. B. She could use her pervious experiences. C. She could improve her fo

45、reign languages. D. She could travel overseas frequently. 21. A. Studying for a degree in French. B. Working as a secretary. C. Taking management courses. D. Teaching English at a university.,22. A. Send in a written application as soon as possible. B. Read the advertisement again for more details.

46、C. Prepare for an interview in a couple of days. D. Get to know the candidates on the short list.,19. A. By listening to the morning news. B. By seeing a commercial on TV. C. By reading a newspaper ad. D. By calling an employment service. 20. A. She could work close to her family. B. She could use h

47、er pervious experiences. C. She could improve her foreign languages. D. She could travel overseas frequently. 21. A. Studying for a degree in French. B. Working as a secretary. C. Taking management courses. D. Teaching English at a university.,22. A. Send in a written application as soon as possible

48、. B. Read the advertisement again for more details. C. Prepare for an interview in a couple of days. D. Get to know the candidates on the short list.,2. 利用选题特点推测问题内容,19. A. By listening to the morning news. B. By seeing a commercial on TV. C. By reading a newspaper ad. D. By calling an employment service. 20. A. She could work close to her family. B. She could use her pervious experiences. C. She could improve her foreign languages. D. She could travel overseas frequently. 21. A. Studying for