chapter 8 semantic shift.ppt

1、Session 11,Chapter 8 Semantic shift,Review Chapter 7 Extension of meaning Lady Place AtomicSandwich Narrowing of meaning GirlRoomCity (the City) Memory Elevation of meaning Minister, angel, paradise Deterioration of meaning Silly, sad, crafty, artful ,Ex. 8 p.222 Ex.1 p.231,Teaching focus,Semantic s

2、hift Metaphor 隐喻 Metonymy 借代，转喻，换喻 Synecdoche 提喻 英sinekdki 美snkdki,Semantic Shift,Definition Words which have transferred from literal meaning to figurative meaning have experienced the semantic shift. 1. Metaphor 隐喻 2. Metonymy 借代，转喻，换喻 3. Synecdoche 提喻,1. Metaphor 隐喻 隐喻一般用于通过A 事物理解或解释B 事物，涉及到两个概念领

3、域的映射。 2. Metonymy 借代，转喻，换喻 换喻基本上是利用A 事物的某一显著特征来指认该事物，基本不涉及事物特征的转移。 3. Synecdoche 提喻 局部代替整体,E.g. the tongue of a bell 铃舌 to have a sharp tongue 说话刻薄 new faces in our class 班级里的新学生,1. Metaphor隐喻 Metaphor is pervasive in life. Life is not a bed of roses. 1.1 Definition Aristotle(300 BC), who is regarde

4、d as the earliest researcher on metaphor in western countries, gave the following definition in his Poetics and Rhetoric,“Metaphor consists in giving the thing a name that belongs to something else; the transference being either from genus to species, or from species to genus, or from species to spe

5、cies, or on grounds of analogy.”,Metaphor: One subject is used to refer to another subject because of the likeness between the two subjects. It is based on the likeness and association between two subjects. 隐喻的主要功能在于以A 说B，即通过相对熟悉的事物来理解另外的事物,E.g. The teeth of a comb 百科全书是一座金矿。 百科全书是一种词典。 Can you poin

6、t out the likeness between the two subjects?,A metaphor can be defined as an incomplete simile: She is (as pretty as) a rose. - She is a rose. Mr. White is (like / as strong as) an ox. - Mr. White is an ox.,simile 英smli: 美smli 父母想念子女就像流水一样，一直在流；而子女想念父母就像风吹树叶，风吹一下，就动一下，风不吹，就不动。（读者2003 年第21 期）,1.2 exa

7、mples of metaphors: A car may “lie down and die”, the wind “kisses” our cheeks, the waves are “angry” and “roar” against the cliffs, the roads are icy and “treacherous”, the mountains “look down” on the seas, machine-guns “spit”, revolvers “bark”, volcanoes “vomit” fire, and the engine “gobbles” coa

8、l.,1.2.1 The metaphorical sense of nearly all human organs人体各个部分 1.2.2 The metaphorical sense of animals and their organs动物及其器官 1.2.3 The metaphorical sense of plants and their organs职务及其器官 1.2.4 The combination of the metaphorical use of equipments and objects in the body parts of human beings工具和物品

9、的名称,1.2.5 The metaphorical sense of animal words动物名称 1.2.6 The metaphorical animals words can be converted to verbs to represent their characteristics含有隐喻的动物名词转化为动词 1.2.7 The names of some flowers are metaphors花卉名称,1.2.1 The metaphorical sense of nearly all human organs: P.235,the head,the head of a

10、 cane the head of an arrow the head of a bed,the face,the face of a cliff the face of a watch the face of a building the face of the earth,the mouth,the mouth of a river the mouth of a pocket the mouth of a bottle the mouth of volcano the mouth of a bag the mouth of a tunnel,the lip,the lip of a bow

11、l the lip of a wound the lip of a cup the lip of a crater,the tongue,the tongue of a shoe the tongue of a balance the tongue of fire the tongue of a buckle,The tooth,The teeth of a saw The teeth of rake The teeth of a gear The teeth of a leaf The teeth of a comb,The nose,The nose of an airplane The

12、nose of a missile A projectile nose The nose of a ship The nose of a hose,The eye,The eye of a potato Hook and eye The eye of a needle The eye of the target The eye of a needle The eye of the target The eye of a cyclone The eyes on a peacocks tail The eye of a flower,1.2.2 The metaphorical sense of

13、animals and their organs:,Wing chair Wings of an airplane The wings of a stag Gooseneck lamp Hare lips The beak of a vessel The crest of a hill The crest of a wave paw foot A claw hammer,1.2.3 The metaphorical sense of plants and their organs:,The nut of a screw A check nut A grip nut The root of a

14、tooth The root of a hair The root of the tongue The stem of a glass,The stem of a pipe The stem of a watch The stem of a word Show tree A family tree,1.2.4 The combination of the metaphorical use of equipments and objects in the body parts of human beings,The bridge of the nose The roof of the mouth

15、 The arch of the foot Eye-ball Knee-cap The canal of a tooth Alimentary canal Shoulder blade Armpit 耳朵里面的三块听骨是由hammer, anvil, stirrup组成的. 耳朵里面还有ear drum, labyrinth of the ear,1.2.5 The metaphorical sense of animal words: 汉语: 地头蛇, 走狗, 过街老鼠, 狐群狗党 English:,Fox Wolf Ass Bear Chicken Lamb Duck Dog Bee, d

16、rone P. 236-237,1.2.6 The metaphorical animals words can be converted to verbs to represent their characteristics:,To ape To dog To duck To fox To leech To monkey To parrot To pig To snail To weasel To wolf To worm,1.2.7 The names of some flowers are metaphors: Eg.,Cockscomb Bluebell Crowfoot Cranes

17、 bill Larkspur,鸡冠花 吊钟华 毛莨 天竺葵 飞燕草,Chinese examples,马尾松 喇叭花 鸡冠花 cockscomb 蛇瓜 snake gourd 木耳 agaric 猫头鹰 owl 带鱼 hairtail 剑麻 sisal 英sisl 美sasl,1.3 Three kinds of “likeness” between objects: 1.3.1 Likeness in shapes 1.3.2 Likeness in functions 1.3.3 Likeness in affection,1.3.1 Likeness in shapes P.237,Cr

18、ane Branch Forest A forest of chimneys A forest of red flags Neck The neck of a gourd The neck of a bottle,1.3.2 Likeness in functions P.238,Root The root of the matter Fruit Reap the first fruit of ones research Balance A balance of payments Flash A flash of hope,Firebrands Mouthpiece Coat A coat o

19、f paint Puppet Scourge英sk:d 美skd,1.3.3 Likeness in affection P.239,Beast Bitch Pig Lamb Jewel Peach,隐语的语义场 Time is money. Save, waste, cost, invest, budget, use, borrow 和 time连用 This gadget will save you hours. Youre wasting my time. That flat tire cost me an hour. Ive invested a lot of time in her.

20、 You need to budget your time. Hes living on borrowed time.,1.4 亡隐语 dead metaphor Magazine storehouse Complicated folded together Debate beat down,2. Metonymy 借代， 换喻，转喻 2.1 Definition Metonymy: to use the name of one subject to replace another related subject, or to use one concept to replace anothe

21、r related concept. 换喻的功能在于以A 代B，在于指称，即通过某一事物的显著部分或特征，或有特殊关系的邻近事物来理解整个事物。,E.g The kettle is boiling. He took to the bottle. Im reading Shakespeare. 何况现在学的不是孔夫子，学的是新鲜的国语、历史、地理和自然常识，这些文化课学好了，到处有用。 （毛泽东整顿党的作风） 红领巾,2.2 More examples: 2.2.1 Human organs used to refer to their functions: To have a good eye

22、 for distance Have a sharp eye,To have an ear for To turn a deaf ear to To have a good nose To develop a good nose for To have a loose tongue To have a bitter tongue a silver tongue,To be off ones head To be weak in the head To have a cool head To have a good head for To have a head like a sieve 记忆力

23、极差,2.3 Types of metonymy,以人或事物的特征或标记来代替人或本体事物 以事物的所在或所属来代替本体事物 以人名来代替作品或发明物 以抽象来代替具体 以结果来代替原因 P.241,E.g. 用事物工具名称或原料来代替事物或者使用工具的人 An iron A copper First violin,用容器的名称来代替所盛的东西 He ate another bowl. Dish Wardrobe Repertory 以一事物来象征另一事物 To apply to the sword The Crown The throne verge,换喻涉及的两个事物属同一个范畴或相近的范

24、畴，有时A 事物甚至是B 事物的一部分，用A 替代B 是因为两者之间存在一种“唤起”（evoke）和“被唤起”的关系。 你盯住那鸭舌帽，别让他跑了。 卖菜的 杀猪的 穿红衣服的,Giraffe “长颈鹿” Crane “丹顶鹤” Kangaroo “袋鼠”,利用符号之间的邻近性来构成换喻的情况很普遍。一般可以通过语音邻近或词性活用等。例如，有些歇后语利用语音邻近来制造幽默效果： 老太婆喝稀饭无耻（齿）下流； 孔夫子搬家尽是输（书）。,汉语中有好多“忌讳语”或“吉祥语”实际上都是利用的这种语音符号上的相关，如： 碗（完）、钟（终）、瓜（寡）、伞（散）、梨（离）、四（死）、八（发）、蝙蝠（福）福倒

25、（到）等等。,许多绰号是通过换喻构成的，它们由于突出了有关事物的显著特征而往往引人注目，产生特殊的修辞效果，如: “独眼龙” “跷脚” “双鞭呼延灼” “菜园子张青” “行者武松” “花和尚鲁智深” “豹子头林冲” “大刀关胜”,2.4 Difference between metaphor and metonymy,语言学家雅各布逊提出，隐喻metaphor和换喻metonymy机制的根本区别在于: 隐喻根据的是相似性, 而换喻根据的是邻近性（contiguity）。,a good eye for distance eye of a needle Metaphor: on the basis of likeness Metonymy: on the basis of contiguity （邻近性）,2.5 Transferred epithet 转移的修饰语，移就,Definition 通常修饰某事物的修饰语有时因为该事物与另一事物之间存在着现实关系而移来修饰第二个事物。 人: glad, sorry, hopeless, doubtful, curious 现在也可以说: glad tidings; a sorry state of affairs; a hopeless