linguistics 14.ppt

1、A New Concise Course On Linguistics,Chapter 5 Pragmatics (IV) Relevance theory therefore he is honest., 非论证性推理以百科知识为基础，是较随意的模糊的推理，具有或然性。 Eg. A: Is there anything on TV? B: Nothing. (Nothing on TV set./Nothing is being shown in any TV station./ Nothing worthy of seeing./ There are some programs that

2、are interesting to me, but I am not sure if they are to you./ There are some exciting shows but I dont want you to see them now for you have a pile of homework to do.) question: please use the following inference model for nothing in the above example., 非论证性推理先推导出implicated premise（隐含前提），再推导出implica

3、ted conclusion（隐含结论），即说话人的交际意图。 A: Did the Jonsons buy a Crown? B: They are not rich.,Rich people can buy expensive cars. Crown is an expensive car. (implicated premise) They are not rich. (explicated premise) They did not buy a Crown. (implicated conclusion),A: Can you type? B: I used to be a typis

4、t. 推理过程如下： Typists can type fast. And a person who used to type well must be able to type now. (implicated premise) B used to be a typist. (explicated premise) He/she can type. (implicated conclusion),非论证性推理的语境补足 A: Would you like a cup of coffee? B: Coffee would keep me awake. 推理过程如下： When you stay

5、 awake in the night you cannot go to sleep. (implicated premise) It is late night and B wants to bed in time (supplemented context) Coffee would keep B awake. (explicated premise) B refuses to take coffee. (implicated conclusion),另推理过程如下： When you stay awake in the working hours you can work effecti

6、vely. (implicated premise) It is working time and the boss may come over any time. (context) Coffee would keep B awake. (explicated premise) B accepts coffee. (implicated conclusion),运用非论证性推理理解下面句子，请说明各自推理过程。 （1）Even John can play the flute （2） Dennis isnt here yet. （3）同样的一瓶饮料，便利店里2块钱，五星饭店里60块，很多的时候

7、，一个人的价值取决于所在的位置。 （4）Rick: Hey, coming to the wild party tonight? Tom: My parents are visiting. （5）Bert: Do vegetarians eat hamburgers? Ernie: Do chickens have lips?,Politeness Principle,Politeness, in an interaction, can be defined as the means employed to show awareness of persons face. In this sen

8、se, politeness can be accomplished in situations of social distance or closeness. (Yule, 2000: 60),Politeness is one of the major social constrains on human interaction regulating participants communicative behaviour by constantly reminding them to take into consideration the feelings of the others.

9、 (何自然, 2008: 82),1. A: Well miss Mr. Jiang and Mr. Yang, wont we? B: Well, well all miss Mr. Jiang. 2. Parent: Someones eaten the icing off the cake. Child: It wasnt ME.,3. A. Excuse me, Mr Jiang, but can I talk to you for a minute? B. Hey, Yongjun, got a minute?,Self other/ benefit cost,(a) Clean t

10、he house for me! (b) Buy me a stamp! (c) Sit down (d) Have another cup of tea! (e) Come and join us in the picnic!,4. a) Lend me some money! b) I want you to lend me some money. c) Will you lend me some money? d) Can you lend me some money? e) Could you lend me some money? f) Would it be possible fo

11、r you to do me a favour by lending me some money? g) I would be very appreciated if you could lend me some money?,Question 2: 礼貌的程度和语言的间接程度一致？ 礼貌的程度和“他人”受损（或受损的可能性），或和“自身”受惠（或受惠的可能性）成反比例关系。,The Politeness Principle 1. to minimize (other things being equal) the expression of impolite beliefs 2. to ma

12、ximize (other things being equal) the expression of polite beliefs.,Leechs classification of speech acts petitive(竞争类）; 2.Convivial（和谐类）; 3. Collaborative（合作类）; 4. Conflictive（冲突类） (Leech, 1983: 104),1. Competitive 语言的言外功能与社会目标相互竞争的那类言语行为，如“命令”、“请求”、“要求”、“乞求”等。这类行为本质上就是“不礼貌”或“失礼的”。 2. Convivial 听话人是

13、受益的那类言语行为。本质上是礼貌的。,3. Collaborative 以交换信息为主要目的的那类言语活动，如“声音”、“报告”、“宣布”、“传授”等。交际双方关注信息本身，高度合作，礼貌无关紧要。 4. Conflictive 言外功能与社会功能相互冲突，如“威胁”、“指责”、“咒骂”等，本质上不礼貌。（？）,Limitations deficiencies of PP,1. “有些言语行为（如命令）具有内在的不礼貌性，有些（如提供）具有内在的礼貌性“（Leech, 1983: 83) 忽视了语境因素、文化因素、社会因素 礼貌的得体性（社会地位、身份、言语行为本身所具有的难易程度等因素） 用

14、“最大”、“最小”、“尽力缩小”、“尽力夸大”提法比较极端,You would be doing me a great favour if you could keep that job for me.( boss to clerk) .if you could pass me the newspaper. (to a colleague),Face,礼貌就是“典型人”（model person)为满足面子所需求所采取的各种理性行为。,As a technical term, face means the public self-image of a person. It refers to

15、that emotional and social sense of self that everyone has and expects everyone else to recognize. (Yule, 2000: 59),Face is a sacred thing for every human being, an essential factor communicators have to pay attention to. Face wants are reciprocal. ( Goffman, 1959),Face is an individuals self-esteem.

16、 Face theory (Brown Levinson, 1978),Face threatening act: act representing a threat to another individuals expectations regarding self-image. Face saving act: Act lessening the possible threat.,2. A. I am going to tell him to stop that awful noise right now! B. Perhaps you could just ask him if he i

17、s going to stop soon because its getting a bit late and people need to get to sleep.,Positive face & Negative face A persons positive face is the need to be accepted, even liked, by others, to be treated as a member of the same group, and to know that his or her wants are shared by other. A persons

18、negative face is the need to be independent, to have freedom of action, and not to be imposed on by others.,In simple terms, negative face is the need to be independent or the desire to be unimpeded in ones actions. Positive face to be connected or the desire to be approved of.,我说以下威胁了谁的什么面子？ Sorry.

19、 Pease come at five for dinner. I cannot agree. You fool. You must not forget.,Key: Sorry.（说者正面） Pease come at five for dinner.（听说者负面） I cannot agree.（听方正面） You fool.（同上） You must not forget. （听方负面）,Face Threaten Act (FTA),威胁说话人消极面子的言语行为主要有： 表示感谢，接受听话人的感谢或道歉，请求原谅，接受提供，对听话人过失的反应，不是出于本人意愿的许诺和提供等等。 威胁说

20、话人积极面子的言语行为主要有：道歉，接受赞誉，自相矛盾，忏悔、承认有罪或有错等。,Factors to calculate Face threatening power,1. Social distance (D) 2. Relative power (P) 3. Absolute ranking of imposition (R) the speech act itself inherently has in a particular culture.,Wx = D (S,H) + P (H, S) + Rx Wx: 面子威胁行为的大小； D（S,H)表示说话人和听话人之间的社会距离； P(H,S)表示听话人相对于说话人所拥有的权势； Rx表示在一种文化中面子威胁行为的强加级别。,E.g. 10. A1: Excuse me, do you by any chance have the time? A2: Got the time, mate? (D) 11. A1: Excuse me, would it be all right if I smoke? A2: Mind if I smoke? (P),12. A1: Look, Im terribly sorry to bother you but would there be