of study.ppt

1、Of Studies,Francis Bacon,About Francis Bacon (1561-1626),Francis Bacon, a representative of the Renaissance in England, is a well-known philosopher, scientist and essayist. He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than a

2、uthority as a basis for obtaining knowledge.,Life,Born in London in 1561 in the family of Sir Nicholas Bacon. Educated at home when he was a child. In 1573, at the age of just 12, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge.,1604 Kings Counsel. 法律顾问 1607 Solicitor General. 副检察长 1613 Attorney General. 检察长

3、1616 Made a member of the Privy Council.枢密院司法委员会成员 1617 Lord Keeper of the Royal Seal (his fathers former office). 掌玺大臣 1618 Lord Chancellor. 英国大法官 1621 Be charged with bribery and betrayal of justice 1626 died supposedly of a cold or pneumonia.,Position,the first important English essayist. He is b

4、est known for his essays which greatly influenced the development of this literary form; the founder of modern science in England. His writings paved the way for the use of scientific method. Thus, he is undoubtedly one of the representatives of the English Renaissance.,Works of Bacon,The philosophi

5、cal: The Advancement of Learning 学术的进步(a great tract小册子 on education) Novum Organum 新工具(a successful treatise written in Latin on methodology) The New Atlantis 新大西岛，published in latin in 1924. 这是培根最后一部著作，是一部为完成的乌托邦式的作品，作者在书中描绘了自己追求和向往的理想社会蓝图。 The literary: The Essays 随笔(it studies the simple natures

6、 of such things as ambition, beauty, studies, wisdom, revenge, love and the like|),The Advancement of Learning is a great tract (小册子 )on education. Here Bacon highly praises knowledge, refuting the objections to learning and outlining the problems with which his plan is to deal. Also he answers the

7、charge that learning is against religion. Novum Organum (The New Instrument) is a successful treatise(论文；专著 ) written in Latin on methodology. The argument is for the use of inductive method of reasoning (归纳推理的方法) in scientific study.,Bacons Essays,His Essays is the first example of that genre in En

8、glish literature. Bacon borrowed the term “essay” from Montaigne, the first great modern essayist, the predecessor of Bacon. Ten of these he published in 1597, and then they reissued and extended in 1612 and again in 1625 . 58 essays,His literary style,simple precise compact aphoristic（格言式的) rhetori

9、c: parallism and elliptical sentence,Of Studies is the most popular of Bacons essays. It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character. Forceful and persuasive, compact and precise, the

10、essay reveals to us Bacons mature attitude towards learning.,This essay can be divided into three parts: 1. The first part is from “Studies serve for delight, won by observation. The author points out what studies mean (the definition of studies). Studies can be used: a. For delight, for ornament an

11、d ability. b. Perfecting the nature,2. The second part is from “Read not to contradict and confute, he had need have much cunning to seem to know that he doth not”. The author tells us how to read books, the method and benefit of reading.,3. The third part is from “Histories to the last sentence. Th

12、e author advocates that the functions of the reading should be making the reader a full man, ready man, exact man, wise-witty, subtle, deep and grave. Studies can be also used as the medicine to cure mind, and keep the mind from wandering away.,Language neat, weighty, clear and exact, full of epigra

13、ms like a poem. short and compound sentences. co-ordinate conjunctions than the subordinated ones, such as “as, since, because”. Parallelism. His style is conciseness of expression and simplicity of diction. Of Studies is forceful, persuasive, compact and precise.,Part 1,What are the use and functio

14、ns of reading?,Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.,Reading has three functions.It delights you;it beautifies you; and it strengthens your ability.,Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and

15、disposition of business.,The delight of reading lies in your private life and retirement. The beautifying of reading lies in how you talk to others.The way reading strengthens your ablity lies in your act of judging, how you assess a person or situation or event and how you deal with it.,privateness

16、: private life,discourse: carrying on a conversation,For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned.,for: although, despite,expert men: men of experience(the English a

17、djective being used in its Latin sense,experti),Although men with great experience could judge the affairs from each situation and accomplish them well,men who are learned always are the best one to have command of the general direction,the plan and the arrangement.,execute: carry through, accomplis

18、h,counsel: direction,plot: plan,marshal: arrange in logical order,To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar.,sloth: laziness, inactivity,affectation: a deliberate pretense or exaggera

19、ted display,humor of a scholar: mannerism,implying absurd error,Spending too much time in reading makes you exhausted and lazy.Using reading as a tool to beautify yourself is pretending. Making decisions to your hearts content is too subjective and silly.,They perfect nature, and are perfected by ex

20、perience; for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.,perfect: make perfect or complete,(studies),Reading makes up for your natural disadvantages,and experience

21、is needed to compensate for the disadvantages of reading.We read and know how to weed out the unwanted parts of plants. So does knowledge. We read and we delete what we dont need.It is reading that gives us detailed directions, except for some directions that are only guided by experience.,prune: we

22、ed out unwanted or unnecessary things,at large: in general,Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.,crafty men: craftsman=a person skilled in a job,contemn: look

23、 down on with disdain,Men skilled in a job look down on reading.Men who lack intelligence look up to reading.Men with wisdom apply reading to their life.However, books do not convince others by their usage.The wisdom of reading doesnt lie inside a book,but outside the book.You could just get it by o

24、bservation.,Part 2,How shall we read books? What is benefit of reading?,Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Dont disagree hostilely when you are reading, dont believe it wholly. We should not only focus o

25、n the words and sentences, but also think about it back and forth.,superstition,Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.,Three methods of reading,1. Taste -,To read in the way that you test the taste of food, to read bits here and there,To read the

26、 whole book or story, but with little attention or without through understanding,2. Swallow -,To read carefully and slowly and then think about and understand the meaning or importance of ,3. Chew and digest -,Different books, different attitudes. Some books are just for appreciation, some for enter

27、tainment, howover, some should be digested.,that is some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attetion.,extremly, carefully. its archaic meaning. In modern usage is eagerness to learn more,Reading maketh a fu

28、ll man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. Reading fulfills a man, discussion makes a man witty, note makes a man clear,conversations,elliptical sentence,And therefore,if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if h

29、e read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.,parallelism,Therefore, men who dont take notes often should strengthen the memory, men who dont discuss often should be smarter, and men who dont often read should be more sophisticated.,The author tells how to study. So

30、me books are: a. to be tasted b. to be swallowed c. to be chewed and digested d. Some should be read only in parts e. Some should be read only for entertainment f. Some should be read by deputy,Part 3,Different human characters coined by studying various subjects; The conquest of human defects throu

31、gh effective studies.,Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep, moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.,witty: imaginative, inventive,subtle: able to make fine distinctions,moral: concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to

32、 standards of behavior,grave: serious,Learning histories makes men clear-minded; learning poems makes men clever; learning mathematics makes men careful and cautious; learning natural philosophy, your mind will be broadened, your principles will be regulated, and your way of thinking will be serious

33、; learning logic and rhetoric, you will be able to argue with others clearly and effectively.,rhetoric: using language effectively to please or persuade,contend: have an argument about something,Abeunt studia in mores. Nay, there is no stond or impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit stu

34、dies; like as diseases of the body, may have appropriate exercises.,Abeunt studia in mores: This sentence is adapted from the verse Horoides by the Roman poet Ovid. You may cultivate your own temperament while reading.,nay: not this merely but also; not only so but;,stond: difficulty;,impediment: an

35、y structure that makes progress difficult;,wit: the ability to say or write things that are both clever and amusing,wrought: the past tense of WORK,You may cultivate your own temperament while reading. However, there may be obvious difficulty or disadvantages in your mind. You may solve this problem

36、 by proper reading. Just like doing physical exercises could get rid of the diseases. They are the same.,Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head, and the like.,Playing bowling strengthens your bladder and kidney.

37、 Shooting strengthens your lung and breast. Gentle walking strengthens your stomach. Riding strengthens your head and brain. They are in the same rule.,reins: gall bladder and kidneys,So if a mans wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never

38、 so little, he must begin again.,wander: move about aimlessly or without any destination,demonstration: the act of presenting something to sight or view,Therefore, if a man cant concentrate his mind, let him study the mathematics. He should pay great attention during the process. Once his attention

39、runs miles away, hell have to restart.,If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen, for they are Cymini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over matters and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers cases. So every defect

40、 of the mind may have a special receipt.,apt: proper,schoolmen: The schoolmen were philosophers and divines of the Middle Ages, who spent much time on points of nice and abstract speculation.,cymini sectores: splitters of hairs,beat over: investigate,defect: a failing or deficiency,If he is not prop

41、er to find out the differences, let him learn from the philosophers and divines of the Middle Ages, because they are splitters of hairs. If he is not proper to investigate matters, prove things, or make examples, let him dig into the lawyers cases. As a result, every disadvantages of mind can have a

42、n appropriate solution.,Appreciation,1. Parallelism and elliptical sentences,In this part, parallelism and ellipsis have also been used. For example: Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep, moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. With thes

43、e two rhetorical devices, the sentences have become more simple and the important points are highlighted. In such sentences, parallelism and ellipsis bring great help to express Bacons strong emotions.,Appreciation,2. Analogy,In Bacons essays, except for using a great deal of parallelism and ellipsi

44、s, the analogy are also used quite often. For example: Nay, there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body, may have appropriate exercises. In this example, he made an analogy with the solutions of diseases of the body and the disadvan

45、tages in mind. It contains the profound truth in the simple and common-sense examples, and this can help to reduce the difficulty of understanding and avoid being too dull.,Questions:1. What are the 3 chief uses of studies?2. What is affectation concerning books?3. Which type of people admire books?

46、4. Which sorts of books can be studied through extracts made by others?5. What makes a man ready?6. What is the use of books of moral philosophy?7. Which sport is proper for curing the disease of lungs?8. What should a person, whose mind wanders, read to cure him of this wandering?9. Why are Schoolm

47、en called “hair splitters”?10. What sort of people should study the Schoolmen?,Comments on Bacons essays,In summary, based on the former brief analysis of the three aspects of language, the style of the essay can be described as concise, forceful, and elegant. And considering the general attitude or

48、 tone of the work, we can draw a conclusion that it is predominantly subjective, positive and formal. Being subjective means that the central topic or the main arguments are built on Bacons personal ideas and opinions rather than on some objective data such as facts or details from experiments or so

49、mething like that.,And observing the sentence pattern, we shall find that there are many sentences in predicate plus predicative structure, that is, “ what is what” structure, for example,(1) “There chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability,

50、 is in the judgment and disposition of business.”, (2)“To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; .”,(3) “They perfect nature, . for natural abilities are like natural plant,”, (4) “Some books are to be tasted,.”, (5) “Some books also may be read by

51、 deputy and extracts.”.,This type of sentence, in deep structure or in Stylistics, suggests a more conclusive connotation than a hortative meaning. Being positive means that in attitude Bacon intends to educate or inspire or instruct in order to help those from the noble or aristocratic families how

52、 to build up good manners, morals and methods. Being formal can be strengthened from both the diction and sentence pattern and rhetorical devices.,Rhetorical analysis,Similes: Metaphors: Allusions: Parallelism :,Similes: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning by study. els

53、e distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. Metaphors: So every defect of the mind, may have a special receipt. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. Allusions: Abeunt studia in mores. Parallelism: Crafty men contemn studi

54、es, simple men admire them, and wise men use them Ellipsis: Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. Antithesis: Crafty men c

55、ontemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them,论学习弗朗西斯培根王佐良译,读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然

56、书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。,读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。 书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所

57、学，皆成性格。,人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题需全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特效可医。,Famous quotations from Bacon,Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtile; natural philosophy, deep; moral,