Alex阅读课件.ppt

1、出国考试TOEFL版权引进重点图书,新托福阅读,一、IBT三大特点 1. Internet-based TOEFL（基于网络化的考试） 2. 取消语法，增加口语 3. Integrated Skills（综合技能）,二、考试结构 1. 目标：总分80-100分，阅读23-27分 2. 3-5篇文章 3. 20分钟+40分钟（+40分钟） 4. 700-750字/每篇文章 5. 12-14道题目/每篇文章,三、快速阅读概述 关键因素：速度=阅读速度+做题速度,四、要求 1. 克服五大阅读忌讳：指读、声读、回读、头读、译读 2. 复习笔记和例题至少三遍 3. 完成作业,十种题型,1.Factual

2、 Information Questions,Negative factual information Questions,解题方法:归纳四个选项的意思，分别带四选项回到原文中寻找 例：1.未被原文提及型（OG）.,示例：2.不真实型,Passage Excerpt: Determined to portray life as it was, with fidelity to real life and accurate representation without idealization, the realist writers studied local dialects, wrote

3、stories which focused on life in specific regions of the country, and emphasized the true relationships between people. Realist writers took an interest in all of the following EXPECT A.human relationshipsB.characteristics of different regionsC.the idealization of life D.socail and historical theori

4、es 选C,注意,与原文相矛盾的选项或原文未提到的选项是正确答案。注意问题中的否定词Not 和EXCEPT。 ) 一般找列举处 2列举的两种形式 1）集中列举 2）分散列举,1）集中列举,They used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a way that ancient people used pottery? (A) To hold

5、 food. (B) To wash clothes. (C) To cook. (D) To transport objects. 选B,2）分散列举,3. Inference questions,特点就是:四个选项在原文中都没有被明显说明OG P23,一，推理题的标志 二，推理题主要有下列思路： 1一般对比推理,。问其中一个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。,例如： It should be obvious that cetaceanswhales, porpoises, and dolphinsare mammals. They breathe throu

6、gh lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses w

7、hose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.(,Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters? (A)It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.(B)There were great numbers of them.(C)They lived

8、 in the sea only. (D)They did not leave many fossil remains. 选A,2. 时间对比推理 当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了 例一： Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the countrys impressive population growth ,It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with t

9、he trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.,It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution (A)families were larger.(B)population statistics were unreliable.(C)the population grew steadily.(D)

10、economic conditions were bad.,例二：Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the fir

11、st public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes.,At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of pl

12、aying lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the compositions.,What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films made after 1927?(A) They were truly “silent.”(B) They were accompanied by symphon

13、ic orchestras.(C) They incorporated the sound of the actors voices(D) They corresponded to specific musical,3集合概念推理,例一：A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly dev

14、eloped rituals. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada. By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing.,22.What does the author imply about the United States and Can

15、ada (A) They value folk cultures.(B) They have no social classes. (C) They have popular cultures.(D) They do not value individualism. 选C,4. Rhetorical purpose questions,一、例子题如：Male swans will engage in ferocious contests, with their necks entwined as they attempt to cause mortal injure to each other

16、.The author mentions their necks entwined in paragraph 2 in order to Ato indicate that swans are really rather affectionate! B.to emphasize how long swans necks are C.to make the point that the swans are only pretending to hurt one anotherD.; to create a mental image for the reader of fighting swans

17、. 选D,注意：1）、如果原文有多个例子都是为同一主题服务的，则总结在第一例子出现处。,2）插入式举例 二、下定义式的考题 例1 In many species, members of the species exhibit aggressive behavior toward one another, often with a focus on territoriality, the fight for exclusive control of a particular area,Why does the author include the fight for exclusive cont

18、rol of particular area in paragraph 1?A.It presents an argument against a previously stated pointBIt provides a definition of a previously stated C.It presents a second area of focus of aggressive behavior D.It introduces a new idea to be further developed in the paragraph. 选B,三、逻辑关系词的题*,Unfortunate

19、ly, Hubble telescope was initially delayed in relaying its first pictures back from space due to a simple mathematical miscalculation.Why does the author begin paragraph 2 with Unfortunately,A.it indicates that NASA has been unhappy with all of Hubbles photograph.B.It shows that NASAs plan to use st

20、ars to orient the Hubble telescope was misguidedC.It emphasizes the need to have telescopes on Earth. D.: It indicates that high expectation were not initially met. 选D,5. Vocabulary,熟词偏意类 整体的思路就是把选项代进去看,方法1.本句内处理，填空式的做法,示例1：Among the species of sea birds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic

21、 coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets The word rear is closest in meaning toA visit B watch C reverse D raise,方法2：句间处理，找重复的逻辑关系 ( OG locomotion),常考的关系如下,1） 直接反义rather thaninsteadunlike

22、 contraston the contrary For example: The main conflict in the novel is between a mother who places a high value on hard work and honor anda son who repudiates his mothers values instead preferring the easier path to fortune and celebrity 问题： the word repudiates in the passage in closest in meaning

23、to A) refuses to accept B) lives up to C) tries to understand D) makes the best of,2） 利用并列关系去判定：,并列关系词如下：and not only .but alsoasasandboth and either or neither nor,3)解释关系,:后面的句子或短词,单词来解释前面的词常见的标志词:contribute tobe responsible foraccount for sincetherefore for becausein which,4)动宾关系判定,看看宾语能否受动词去配，或从动

24、词短语搭配去判定,6. Reference questions,考查读者认定代词与篇章中其他词语的指代关系的能力。 解题步骤 1 根据解题技巧确定答案 2 代入原文验证，看语义、逻辑和语法上是否通顺,基本原则.,1 就近指代 The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are ev

25、aluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem The phrase this problem in the passage refers to,2 数格一致,主要思路,1 主从复合句中的指代 在主从复合句中，第二句的代词主语经常指代第一句的名词主语。 The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, th

26、e fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.The word they in the passage refers to,如果主从复合句中一个句子（可以是主句，也可以是从句）使用被动语态，包含被动语态的句子中的主语常指代另一句中的宾语。 Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a

27、 big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.The word none in the passage refers to,2并列动词中的指代 如果一个句中有两个并列的动词，第二个动词的代词宾语经常指代前一个动词后的名词宾语Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when execut

28、ing their public commissions.The word “that” in line 27 refers to,3 平行结构中的指代,平行结构主要包括some/most/many/such/each, others; not onlybut also; the formerthe latter等。在这种结构中，平行结构两个部分的两个代词经常指代同一对象：前一句中的名词主语,In Southwest France in the 1940s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave

29、chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down. The word others in the passage refers to-,4 所有格的指代, 所有格代词经常指代其前面与其最接近的名词。 Folk-made

30、 objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner.The word “their” in line 1 refers to,5 指代的接力,指被考的代词对应前面一个相同的代词，而前面的代词指代更前一句中的名词 While such interviews can be highl

31、y entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location The word “they” in line 8 refers to,7. Sentence simplication questions,抓住逻辑关系，在15秒内解决问题。 1.Highlight部分： The structure of the backb

32、one shows, however, the Ambulocetus swam like modern whales bu moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing A. Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.B. The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provide

33、s evidence of its missing fluke.,C. Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whalesD. By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam,2.Highlight部分： He refused to develop project

34、ion technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projections, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine- a projector - form him instead of several.,A.Edison was more interested in develping a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one. B.Edison refused to work on p

35、rojection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projections with newer machines C.Edison did not want to develop projection of machines because he limited the number of machines he could sell.D.Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to pu

36、rchase more than one projector from him.,8. Insert text questions,1.分析要插入的句子的主干，重点看的是这句话的开头和结尾， 2、读四个方块的开头和结尾寻找相关信息，采取关键词同义复现原则 3、双击被选中的方块,9+10 Prose summary + Fill in a table,主旨=主题+方向+关系词例 Why you may wonder should spiders be our friends? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include so

37、me of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world. They would devour all our crops, and kill our flocks and herds, ,二、如何掌握主旨（How）,例2： All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is t

38、he largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilisers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied

39、by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. ,例3： Drama is sometimes seen as a branch of literature because plays，like literature, are often printed in book form. However, there is an important difference between the two forms. Unlike a novel，a play is written to be performed, and the script of a play is not a finished work；it is an outline for a performance. ,三大原则,1 选项不能有细节，有细节丢掉 2 选项含有主题词 3 选项中含有文章以外的内容，丢掉,一）主体词排除错误选项法二）细节信息排除法 OG P44 三）新信息出现排除,清楚文章的论证类型,详细阅读的内容:,1) 主题结构 2) 非举例