Week1_Introduction.ppt

1、3S 技术的发展及其应用,吴长山 哈尔滨师范大学特聘教授 美国威斯康辛大学密尔沃基分校地理系副教授,一、3S技术的重要性,地理信息系统 遥感技术 全球定位系统,1、地理学的特性以及发展 1）地理学的研究领域（人文、自然、地理技术） 2）试图运用3S 技术与研究方法连接地理的各个学科 3）定量地理学革命的功与过,科学？ 技术？,二、GIS的历史,Mid-eighteenth Century: cartography (accurate base maps) and statistics 1940s - beginning of computer era 1960s - CAD and autom

2、ated thematic mapping early 1960s - United States Forest Service developed MADS (grid cell GIS),Before early 1960s,late 1960s Canada Geographic Information System (information on agriculture, forestry, recreation, census divisions, . . .) U.S. Census GBF DIME (Geographic Base File Dual Independent M

3、ap Encoding) file concept was developed Utility companies started using automated mapping and facilities management systems (AMFM) 1970s - Wide spread government and private sector use,二、GIS的历史,1980s and 1990s- maturation of the technology Display devices evolved from storage tubes to refresh graphi

4、cs and from vector to high speed raster Color graphics displays allowed more features and attributes to be displayed printers provide inexpensive and fast output GIS infrastructure emerges-books, journals, organizations, NCGIA web based data and GIS applications,二、GIS的历史,GIS is a multi-billion-dolla

5、r industry (ESRI, Intergraph) It employs hundreds of thousands of people worldwide GIS is taught in schools, colleges, and universities throughout the world. Professionals in every field are increasingly aware of the advantages of thinking and working geographically.,Now,二、GIS的历史,1826 Joseph Niepce

6、makes the first permanent photographic images on metal plate coated with an emulsion of bitumen of Judea (a kind of asphalt).,三、RS的历史,1858 Gaspard Tournachon (Nadar) made the first aerial photograph near Paris from a balloon tethered at an altitude of 80 meters.,(1,700ft, 1868),三、RS的历史,1862 During t

7、he Civil War in America, the Union Army tried to utilize balloon photography for tactical reconnaissance.,“Intrepid”,三、RS的历史,1863-1903 Aerial photo acquisition using kites, rockets, pigeons, and gliders.,三、RS的历史,1903 Wright brothers first flight,三、RS的历史,1909 The first aerial photograph from an airpl

8、ane was taken over Centocelli, Italy. Wilbur Wright was the pilot. 51 years after the first airphoto from a balloon. 1914-1918 Aerial photography played a decisive role as a tactical reconnaissance tool during World War I.,Aerial remote sensing,三、RS的历史,1936 Eastman Kodak Company and Agfa introduce c

9、ommercially-available color film. 1937 USDA began photographing selected counties in the U.S. on a repetitive basis.,三、RS的历史,1939 - 1945 Aerial reconnaissance during World War II provided over 90% of all the intelligence information gathered by the Allies. 1942 the Eastman Kodak Research Laboratorie

10、s developed a false-color film color infrared (CIR) film.,三、RS的历史,1950-60s Photogrammetry and photo interpretation become firmly institutionalized in a variety of disciplines The Cuban Missile Crisis high-Altitude aerial photographs from U-2 aircraft documented the emplacement of Soviet medium-range

11、 ballistic missiles in Cuba,三、RS的历史,1957 Sputnik I, the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth, was launched by the Soviet Union. “open skies” policy. 1960 The first successful Corona (the 1st US spy satellite) flight covered more than 1.65 million square miles of Soviet territory and produced

12、3,000 feet of film.,Spaceborne remote sensing,三、RS的历史,Early Corona images had resolutions from 25 40 feet,The first Corona photo showed a Soviet air base on the shores of the Arctic Ocean,三、RS的历史,Later Corona images had a resolution of about 6 feet,三、RS的历史,1965Multispectral camera systems (multiband

13、 photography) become commercially available 1969Multispectral Photographic Experiment (SO-65) was flown onboard Apollo 9,electronic remote sensing,三、RS的历史,1972 The Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-1) was launched by NASA. Later renamed Landsat 1. 1975 Landsat 2 was launched and nine-day re

14、petitive imagery coverage becomes possible. 1978 Landsat 3 was launched.,三、RS的历史,1979 NOAA-6 was launched. Its AVHRR imager begins routine, wide-swath (2400 km), coarse-resolution (1.2 km2) earth resources monitoring SEASAT launched (the beginning of radar remote sensing) 1982 Landsat 4 is launched.

15、 Its new sensor - Thematic Mapper (TM) provided 7 spectral channels and 30-meter resolution (120 m in the thermal band). 1984 Landsat 5 was launched ahead of schedule due to equipment problems with Landsat 4.,三、RS的历史,1986 France launches SPOT-1 from Kourou, French Guiana. Its imagers provide 20 m mu

16、ltispectral and 10 m pan data.,1990 SPOT-2 is launched. 1991The European Space Agency (ESA) launches ERS-1.,三、RS的历史,1992 Japan launches JERS-1 featuring an 18 x 18m-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor .,1993 SPOT-3 is launched. 1995 ESA launches ERS-2. Canada launches RADARSAT carrying

17、a SAR system with variable look angles, resolutions, and swath widths.,三、RS的历史,1998 France launches SPOT-4, with its new SWIR band for vegetation monitoring.,三、RS的历史,1999 LANDSAT 7, featuring a 15m resolution panchromatic band and a 60m TIR sensor, is launched. IKONOS, the first commercial, high-res

18、olution satellite (1-meter panchromatic and 4-meter multispectral imagery) is launched. NASA launches the Terra spacecraft which carries five separate earth-resources sensors: ASTER, CERES, MISR, MODIS, and MOPITT.,三、RS的历史,one-meter resolution (sharpened 4 meter) satellite image 11:46 a.m. EDT Sept. 12, 2001,IKONOS image,SpaceI,三、RS的历史,2001 QUICKBIRD, the highest-resolution commercial, earth-resources satellite is launched. Its Ball high-resolution camera produces 2.44 m multispectral and 61cm panchromatic images.,三、RS的历史,2002 ENVISAT-1 was launched by ESA. It include