中国海洋大学通识课程西方文明史3.ppt

1、,Part Four Bourgeois Revolutions,A History of Western Civilization,Triumph of Capitalism:First Bourgeois Revolutions,Dutch Revolution English Revolution American Revolution French Revolution,Prelude:The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (156811648),William I, Prince of

2、Orange (April 24, 1533July 10, 1584), or simply William of Orange He was the main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish,Territory of the United Provinces c. 1590 (in orange),1607 - Battle of Gibraltar the recently expanded Dutch navy engages a Spanish fleet at Gibraltar,I. English Revolutio

3、n (also called English Civil Wars),Absolute Monarchy,Rule of the House of Stuart,Social and Economic Background 社会经济背景 Manufacture and Commerce 工商业 Manufacturing Putting out system 制造业，分散工场 Agricultural Revolution农业革命 Enclosure , Capitalist Farming 圈地，资本主义农场 Foreign Trade 国际贸易,Social Classes before

4、the revolution 社会阶级 1. Merchants 商人 2. Gentlemen and New Gentry 绅士和新贵族 3. Yeomanry (free-holders Parliament; Noble system,The Reign of Stuarts Feudalist Land system, Taxes and financial policy, foreign policy, Religious prosecutions, conflicts between the monarch and the bourgeois.,From Civil Wars t

5、o the Restoration从革命到斯图亚特王朝复辟,From Civil Wars to Commonwealth 从两次内战到共和国 Royalists or cavaliers vs roundheads Protectorate 护国政体 Restoration 斯图亚特王朝复辟,Charles I,Oliver Cromwell,Oliver Cromwell,Royalists or cavaliers vs roundheads Levelers Diggers The Lord Protector The Restoration,Charles II, detail of

6、 a painting by Sir Peter Lely, c. 1675,Glorious Revolution,Consequences of Civil Wars,Collapse of Feudal Social Relations Development of Capitalist Economy Change of Landownership Political theories of Bourgeoisie,Glorious Revolution 1688,Establishment of Bourgeois Political System Constitutional Mo

7、narchy,James II,William of Orange and Marry, Protestant daughter of James II,The Crowning of WilliamandMary,Bill of Rights,The king could not suspend law. No taxes without the consent of Parliament Freedom of speech in Parliament Right of petition and free of excessive fines, bail, or cruel punishme

8、nt,Anne of England, the last monarch of the Stuartoil on canvas c. 1690,George I, 1714-27 The first of the Hanover 1714;,Robert Walpole, c. 171015 (Sir Robert Walpole )The Whig LeaderBritish statesman (in power 172142), generally regarded as the first British prime minister.,Pitt, William, 1759- 180

9、6, British prime minister (17831801, 180406) The Tory Leader,Significance of English Revolution,The first major political victory of Capitalism Revolution ended in Compromise Revolution in religious disguise, so also called Puritan Revolution,II. American Revolution,Social and Economic Development o

10、f British North American Colonies,Thirteen colonies: north, middle and south; proprietary; autonomous and crown,North: small farmers and manufacturing; Middle: Large scale farming; South: Slave plantation,British North American Colonies,Mayflower,Landing of Mayflowers immigrants,Origins of People in

11、 the British Colonies,Puritans and Pilgrimage Mayflower Compact,Merchants and big landowners Indentured servants Black Slaves,Nation in the making美利尘民族的形成,Benevolent negligence有益忽视 Formation of National market民族市场的形成 Sense of nation民族意识的形成 Conflicts between colonies and the mother nation殖民地与宗主国的矛盾,T

12、he end of 7 years war 1763七年战争结束 Colonial policies of the Great Britain英国殖民政策,Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Townshend Acts,Boston Massacre 1770,波士顿惨案 The First Continental Congress 第一次大陆会议,Boston Tea Party and Intolerable Acts波士顿茶党和不可容忍的法律,Shots heard round the world: Lexington and Concord, 1775战争的第一枪,Thoma

13、s Gage, The governor,Boston Massacre波士顿大屠杀,Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶案,The Battle of Concord, the first battle of the American Revolution (1775-1783), took place at the North Bridge on April 19, 1775.,Battle of Lexington,Declaration of Independence,Washington crossing the Delaware,Banker Hill Battle,Sieg

14、e of Yorktown,A New Nation,Shays Rebellion Federalists and Anti-Federalists 1787 Constitution Convention Bill of Rights,The Map of Continental USA,The Map of Continental USA,Shays Rebellion,Thomas Jefferson,AlexanderHamilton,James Madison,美国宪法之父,Constitutional Convention,Constitutional Conference立宪会

15、议,Constitution美国宪法原件,Principles of Governmental System,Legal Basis of the Political System: Rights of People Federal System Civil Government Check and Balance,Bill of Rights权利法案（前十条修正案）,Right of expression, assembly, petition, of religion, etc. Right to bear arms. Right of just trial. Rights of peop

16、le: Internal laws vs. International practice.,Central Government,Federal System of Government,Civil government,Civil vs. Military Is President Clinton a serviceman?,国会对其他两权的限制Congress POWERS CHECKS ON EXECUTIVE CHECKS ON JUDICIARY Passes federal laws Controls appropriations， Passes federal budget, l

17、evies taxes and funds executive functions Senate approves appointments of judges,Can override executive vetoes of legislation with a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress; Possesses power to impeach and remove judges Approves treaties and federal appointments; Senate can deny confirmation to exe

18、cutive appointees or to treaties with foreign governments ;Can curb judicial power by adding new judges and creating new court systems,Declares war; Possesses oversight powers; Writes rules that may limit powers of judicial review in certain legislation Establishes lower federal courts, judicial pos

19、itions; Can impeach and remove president,Adminstrations checkson legislature and judicial power总统权力及对其他两权的限制,Executes laws passed by Congress; Veto over legislation; Appoints judges and other employees of the federal government;,Power to convene special session of Congress; Can pardon individuals co

20、nvicted in federal courts; Commander-in-chief of armed forces; Negotiates treaties with foreign governments; Vice president presides over Senate, with tie-breaking vote,Rules on constitutionality of Congressional legislation and Executive acts Chief justice presides over presidential impeachment hea

21、rings; Chief justice presides over presidential impeachment hearings,Supreme Court,Supreme Court of the United States,Marbury v. Madison (Feb. 24, 1803), landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision, the first instance in which the high court declared an act of Congress unconstitutional, thus establishing t

22、he doctrine of judicial review.,Chief Justice John Marshall,III. French Revolution,III. French Revolution,I. Ideological Background: Enlightenment II. The Crises of the Old Regime III. Estates: classes before the Revolution III. The Revolution The first Stage IV. From the Constitutional Monarch to t

23、he Republic - The second Stage V. The Terror - The Third Stage,I. The Enlightenment,1. What is Enlightenment?French: Sicle De Lumires a European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and man were synthesized into a worldview that gained w

24、ide assent and that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics.,2. The Characteristics of the Enlightenment,1. Reason - Science as the highest human pursuit. 2. Deism - natural God against Catholic Church 3. Social Contract Democracy against despotism 4. Romanticism,Volta

25、ireFranois-Marie Arouet1694-1788 One of philosophes of 18th-century France who believed in the supremacy and efficacy of human reason.,Rousseau, Jean-Jacques1712-1778,A Discourse Upon the Origin and Foundation of the Inequality Among Mankind,Diderot, Denis1713-1784,Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Seco

26、ndat, 1689-1755,His major work: The Spirit of Laws,Liberty Equality Fraternity,Allegory of Truth,II. Crisis of the Old Regime,1. Financial Crisis Classes and Estates 2. Aristocratic Revolt: Parlement and the laws 3. Estates General Sieyess What is the Third Estate?,The meeting of the Estates General

27、: May 5, 1789,The First Stage of the French Revolution, 1789-1792,Storming of the Bastille,Storming of the Bastille,The Tennis Court Oath at Versailles by JacquesLouis David,Engraving of the Womens March on Versailles, 5 October 1789,The Achievements of the Revolution of this period. The Declaration

28、 of Rights of Man and Citizen On August 4, 1789 the National Assembly agreed to abolish the principle of privilege. Feudal Land system was abolished.,Transportation of Voltaire at the French Panthon, 8 July 1792,Arrest of Louis Capet at Varennes, June 22, 1791,National Assembly Relinquishes All Its

29、Privileges,The King Accepting the Constitution amid the National Assembly, 14 September 1791,Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen,Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen1789 Adopted by the National Assembly during the French Revolution on August 26, 1789, and reaffirmed by

30、 the constitution of 1958.,Article first-Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on considerations of the common good.,Article 2-The aim of every political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights a

31、re Liberty, Property, Safety and Resistance to Oppression. Article 3-The source of all sovereignty lies essentially in the Nation. No corporate body, no individual may exercise any authority that does not expressly emanate from it.,Article 4-Liberty consists in being able to do anything that does no

32、t harm others: thus, the exercise of the natural rights of every man has no bounds other than those that ensure to the other members of society the enjoyment of these same rights. These bounds may be determined only by Law. Article 5-The Law has the right to forbid only those actions that are injuri

33、ous to society. Nothing that is not forbidden by Law may be hindered, and no one may be compelled to do what the Law does not ordain.,The EstatesGeneral, reborn as the National Assembly, finished its work by completing a new constitution. This document provided for an executivethe Kingas well as a l

34、egislative body. Suffrage was male and restricted to certain economic levels. Overall, it was a moderate document that created a constitutional monarch and privileged the wealthy to a considerable degree at a time when the monarchy had discredited itself and popular classes wanted more.,Constitution

35、al Monarchy After two years of consideration, the Constitution of 1791 was finished. The new constitution was designed to prevent the return of despotism by making all government officials subject to the rule of law. The eighty-three districts called departments, would elect administrators to execut

36、e laws, maintain public order, levy taxes, and oversee education and poor relief. The powers of the national government were divided among separate, independent branches. As the only law-making body, the single-chambered,Legislative Assembly was the heart of the state, enjoying wide powers. Although

37、 the right to vote was extended to more than half the adult male populationcalled active citizens, very restrictive qualifications made only about 50,000 men (out of about 26 million French people) eligible to serve as deputies. The chief executive was to be the king, who would continue to inherit h

38、is office, but his powers were to be limited.,Civil Liberties The Revolution exterminated all titles of nobility. Protestants and Jews were persecuted under the old regime, but liberated in the days of the Revolution. Those who did not have freedom of thought and worship and full civil liberties wer

39、e granted these rights. The slave rebellion in Saint Dominguez (modern-day Haiti) was supported by Paris revolutionaries even though black independence would harm French interests.,The Church Stripped of Its Power On November 2nd, 1789 legislation nationalized church lands. Three months later, all m

40、onasteries and convents were dismissed, except those that aided the poor or that provide education service. In July 1790, the government approved the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and priests now were equivalent of paid agents of the state. Catholics were required to choose to support or reject t

41、he Revolution. Many “nonjuring” priests refused to take an oath and ran into hiding.,In this caricature, monks and nuns enjoy their new freedom after the decree of 16 February 1790.,The Triumph of Liberty1790,In the summer of 1792, the first stage of the French Revolution ended with problems both at

42、 home and abroad. In these years, however, the Revolution had made great accomplishments. It abolished aristocratic privileges and established the political principles of liberty, equality and fraternity. Constitutional monarchy failed, but a new political atmosphere that was based on participation,

43、 property and civil liberty had formed. No one knew how to solve the problems, but it was certain that there was no way to turn back.,The Second Stage of the Revolution,The Internal and External Threats to the Revolution Fiscal crisis, inflation and foreign war were in front of the revolutionary gov

44、ernment. War threats of foreign reactionary forces from the fall of 1791 also challenged stability.,The Fatherland in Danger,On August 10, 1792, the people of Paris broke into the Tuileries Palace. They demanded “equality” and “nation” and no longer loved or respected the king. Both wealthy and poor

45、 sans-culottes wanted a popular democracy.,The new government also faced a foreign threat. In April 1792, it went to war against Austria and Prussia. These nations wished to restore the king and emigrs to their positions. The foreign armies defeated French forces in the early fighting and invaded Fr

46、ance.,August 10, 1792,Day of 10 August 1792,Once in control, the Girondins rapidly led France into war in the spring of 1792, but this strategy backfired when French forces performed badly for most of that year and as a consequence France was invaded by Prussian and Austrian troops. These defeats pa

47、nicked Parisians, contributing to the radicalization that culminated in the overthrow of the constitutional monarchy in August 1792. The Assembly then called for a National Convention to be chosen in an election open to nearly all French males aged 21 or older, and for a new constitution.,Geoges-Jac

48、ques Danton (1759-1794) persuaded the National Convention to take most unconventional measures: “To Dare, to Dare Again, Ever to Dare!” to save the Revolution. On September 20, French forces defeated a Prussian army in the Battle of Valmy. This victory, which prevented the Prussians from advancing o

49、n Paris, helped end the immediate dangers and the monarchy.,Danton: To Dare, to Dare Again, Ever to Dare!,Triumph of the Parisian Army and the People,In September 1792, the Legislative Assembly was replaced by the Convention, On September 21, 1792, with the news of French victory in the Battle of Va

50、lmy reaching the Convention, the monarchy was doomed in France; the next day the Republic was founded when the Convention adopted a new revolutionary calendar. It made September 22, 1792 the first day of Year I. Louis XVI was tried for treason and sentenced to death by guillotine by the Convention i

51、n January 1793.,the Battle of Valmy,Last Meeting of Louis XVI with His Family at the Temple Prison,Image of the Execution of Louis XVI,Image of the Queens Execution,Brumaire,Revolutionary Calendar,French Republican Calendar of 1794,Robespierre and the Reign of Terror In June 1793 the Jacobins effect

52、ively removed their political opposition and proclaimed a “republic one and indivisible,” in which legislative power would be predominant. In July 1793 Robespierre became leader of the Committee of Public Safety. Threatened by internal unrest and external war, the National Convention yielded politic

53、al power to the Committee of Public Safety. This twelve-man group was, as its title suggests, responsible for the well being of the state.,Assassination of J. P. Marat,The Death of Marat,Charlotte Corday,The Days of 31 May and 12 June 1793,On August 17, 1793, the convention voted for the leve en mas

54、se (mass conscription), which mobilized all citizens to serve as soldiers or suppliers in the war effort. By the summer of 1793, when the Jacobins had reorganized the Committee and effectively controlled the government, the revolutionaries were exhibiting a political ruthlessness unlike any seen bef

55、ore. The convention quickly enacted more legislation.,The French Revolutionary Wars are usually divided between the First Coalition (17921797) and the Second Coalition (17981801), although France was also at war with Great Britain continuously from 1793 to 1802. Hostilities ceased with the Treaty of

56、 Amiens (1802).,On September 5 it approved the Reign of Terror, a policy through which the state used violence to crush resistance to the revolution. On September 9 the convention established sans-culotte paramilitary forces, the so-called revolutionary armies, to force farmers to surrender grain de

57、manded by the government.,On September 17 the Law of Suspects was passed, which authorized the charging of counter-revolutionaries. Guillotine: between 18,000 and 40,000 people were executed during the Reign of Terror,On September 29 the convention extended price-fixing from grain and bread to other

58、 essential goods and fixed wages. On December 4 the national government resumed oversight of local administration. On February 4, 1794, it abolished slavery in the colonies.,To preserve the Revolution, the Jacobin government reorganized and strengthened the army. The Jacobins expanded the size of th

59、e army and promoted younger soldiers who had demonstrated their ability and patriotism to leading positions. These greatly strengthened French military force, which eventually threw back the Austrians, Prussians, English, and Spanish during the fall of 1793 and expelled the Austrians from Belgium by the summer of 1794.,During this period, the convention and the sans-culottes also revolutionized culture. These groups sponsored the use of revolutionary and republican propaganda in the arts, public festivals, names of streets or cities and