salient 2010-11 Unit 5__ reading.ppt

1、1,Unit 5,Japanese and American Workers: Two Casts of Mind,2,cast,模型; 模具 a cast of her face made in wax 用蜡做出她的脸部模型 类型 sbs cast of mind 他的思维方式不寻常。 He has an unusual cast of mind.,3,Main idea,Firstly, the author points out with examples that Japanese workers attach more importance to collectivism while

2、 American workers emphasize individualism. Then the author explains how Japanese collectivism and American individualism evolved.,4,organization, (1-4) general introduction and 2 examples (5-9) two interpretations of the 2 examples (10-14) how Japanese collectivism and American individualism evolved

3、 (15) conclusion,5,P1-4,Two examples,6,orientation: 倾向 anecdote: 轶事，趣闻 approach: N method V 靠近 corporate:公司的/团体的 incentive: 刺激; 诱因; 动机 piecework: 计件工作 appraisal: appraise 评价 assembly:装配; 安装 wire: 用金属丝将sth捆在一起 piece rate: 计件工资 forelady / forewoman: 女工头 compensation: salary automatic: 自动的; 当然的 humilia

4、te:使屈辱，使丢脸 a fraction of: 一小部分 submit: 提交或呈递(以供考虑裁决等) commitment: 致力, 献身；loyalty come up with:找到或提出（答案 办法等） single out: 选中 bonus:奖金,Vocabulary P1-4,7,Skim the first two paragraphs and then complete the following table:,compensation system,8,compensation system,piece-rate system: salary increases are

5、 tied to individual performance.,improve productivity and reward individual achievement and initiative,humiliating / threaten to quit work,change to the Japanese compensation system: salary increases are tied to age.,Seniority plays an important role in the compensation system. a strong sense of col

6、lectivism,9,Skim the 3rd and 4th paragraphs and then complete the following table:,10,Collectivism plays a vital role in Japan.,individual suggestions system reward the individual with a bonus,improve productivity / encourage participation, inventiveness,suggestion system,group suggestion system rew

7、ard the group with a bonus,No suggestion was submitted.,11,difficult expressions in P1,the strong orientation to collective values 强烈的集体主义价值观取向 The American company frequently attracts attention within the business community for its novel approaches to planning, organizational design and management

8、systems. 由宗教信仰/种族/职业等方面相同的人构成的集体 这个美国公司以其在计划，组织策划和管理系统上的新颖手段经常引起业内的关注。,12,In their study they discovered that Japanese firms almost never make use of individual work incentives, such as piecework or even individual performance appraisal tied to salary increases. 激励人努力工作的措施 基于个人工作表现的评价制度 与个人工作表现挂钩的工资

9、制度,difficult expressions in P1,13,We are embarrassed to be so forward. Bold, presumptuous To have this happen, of course, would be a great disaster for all concerned. Affected, involved,difficult expressions in P2,14,To single one person out as being more productive is wrong and is also personally h

10、umiliating to us. 将某个人单独挑出来，表彰她生产效率比其他人高这种做法是不对的，同时对是我们个人的羞辱。 If one of us was singled out for being responsible for such an idea, it would embarrass all of us. 如果将我们中的某个人单独挑出来，表彰她提出了某个建议，这将让我们难堪。 这么多人都旷课了，为什么只惩罚我？ Why do you single me out for punishment while many others were also absent?,15,instal

11、l a suggestion system place suggestions to improve productivity into special boxes For an accepted idea, the individual received a bonus amounting to some fraction of the productivity savings realized from his or her suggestion. amount to: 等于，相当于 saving：节省的花销或成本 若员工的某条建议被采纳，并提高了公司效益。那么他就可以得到一笔奖金。该奖金

12、与(因他的建议而)节省下来的成本成一定比例。,difficult expressions in P3,16,The suggestions and productivity improvements rained down on the plant. rain down: flow or come down in large quantities大量落下: 她泪流满面。 松动的岩石大量滚下（山坡）。 Tears rained down her cheeks. Loose rocks rained down (the hillside). rain down (on sb/sth) 来访的这位作

13、家收到了许多邀请信。 Invitations rained down on the visiting writer.,difficult expressions in P4,17,shower (down) on sb/sth; 阵雨般地降落: 小石块阵雨般地落在我们身上。 大家纷纷向新娘新郎祝福。 Small stones showered (down) on us from above. Good wishes showered (down) on the bride and bridegroom. snow sb under (with sth) (usu passive) overwh

14、elm sb 使某人不胜负荷: 我正为博士毕业论文忙得不可开交。 该公司收到的求职申请书多得接应不暇。 I am snowed under with my doctoral dissertation. The company was snowed under with job applications.,18,Filling in the blanks with the suitable words:,Praise on the singer. Her _to work is beyond question. No doctor has a cure for the swine flu. Mo

15、ney is still a major in most occupations. The country was by defeat. He is unhappy with the commercial _ of many tourist sites. We her from the list of applicants. Students should _their papers before the deadline.,rained down,commitment,come up with,incentive,humiliated,orientation,submit,19,commit

16、ment: devotion anachronism: 被视为过时的人习俗 思想: fit with: suit/match inimical: harmful maverick: 独立思考/行事的；未打烙印的小牛；独行其是者/不随俗者 exemplify:举例说明 excel: surpass. 优于；超过 far-reaching implication: 深远的影响 accountability: accountable（乐意）负责任,Vocabulary P5-6,20,P5-6,different interpretations of the two examples Japanes

17、e collectivism doesnt fit with modern industrialism. Japanese collectivism is economically efficient.,21,paraphrase,Perhaps the Japanese commitment to collective value is an anachronism that does not fit with modern industrialism but brings economic success. The Japanese loyalty to collective value

18、may be considered as something out of date and incompatible with modern industrialism, but it brings economic profits.,22,translation,Collectivism does not seem to provide the individual incentive (to excel) which has made a great success of American enterprise. 集体主义好像并不能起到激励个人超越他人的作用，而正是这种对个人的激励给美国

19、企业带来极大的成功。 Collectivism seems to be inimical to the kind of maverick creativity exemplified in Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Edison and John D. Rockefeller. 集体主义似乎会遏制富兰克林，爱迪生，洛克菲勒等人所展示的独创精神。,23,P6,24,But a less obvious yet far-reaching implication of the Japanese collectivism for economic performance ha

20、s to do with accountability. 日本集体主义对经济虽不那么明显却深远的影响与责任制度有关。 far-reaching implications/impact for sth The fall of Soviet Union has had a far-reaching impact for world politics. 奥巴马的成功当选对美国的民主进程有着深远的影响。 Obamas success in the presidential election has profound implications for the future of U.S. democra

21、cy.,25,Politically, shes a bit of a _. Excessive managerial control is _to creative expression. The cooks dishes are always very good, but this time hes _ himself. In this consumerist society, simple lifestyle seems to be _. The newly-invented anti-plagiarism software will have far-reaching _ for th

22、e academic research in China. The rising unemployment rate _the seriousness of the global economic downturn.,maverick,inimical,excelled,an anachronism,implications,exemplifies,26,P7P9: vocabulary,remark: comment 评论 Unfounded: groundless 无根据的 Profit center:利润中心：公司的一个部门 ，负责分别计算成本、收入以及利润 particular: de

23、tail 详情，细节 transaction: 办理，业务; 交易 untangle: to free from a tangle; 解脱；解开 Raise: pay raise/rise 加薪 like-minded: 有同样的想法 light-colored; spindly-bodied elaborate: intricate and rich in detail 复杂精美的 Unfeeling: hard-hearted or unsympathetic Aggravate: to make worse or more troublesome 加重；加剧 Aggravating：an

24、noying fit: match, compatibility协调；兼容,27,Difficult expressions,Rather, the nature of things operates so that nothing of consequence occurs as a result of individual effort. Rather, the nature of things operates in such a way. 事物发展的客观规律决定了任何重要的成就都非个人之功，而是集体努力的结果。,28,Therefore, to attempt to assign in

25、dividual credit or blame to results is unfounded. credit: praise 称赞; 表扬 blame: responsibility(对做坏的或做错的事所负的)责任 把.归因于 将失败归因于懒惰 assign ones failure to idleness 该报告认为事故是由于司机的粗心导致的。 The report assigned the blame for the accident to the drivers carelessness. 将（成或败）结果归因于某个人是没道理的。,29,P8,one accounting syste

26、m in U.S. companies.,30,Difficult expressions,One system summarizes the overall financial state to inform stockholders, bankers, and other outsiders. 一种会计制度总结出整个公司的财务状况以通知持股者，银行家及其他局外人。 That system is not of interest here. Your private problems are of no interest to me. Be of importance/relevance Ra

27、ther, the nature of things operates so that nothing of consequence occurs as a result of individual effort.,31,managerial or cost accounting system It measures in detail all of the particulars of transactions between departments, divisions, and key individuals in the organization, for the purpose of

28、 untangling the interdependencies between people. 它详细地计算出公司内部各个部门各单位之间以及重要职员之间的交易细节，以厘清他们之间的财务往来(计算出各部门各单位及各重要职员的收入和支出以对个人业绩进行评价)。,32,assessment of individual performance;,managerial accounting system,Western individualism provides constant conflicts.,money-consuming; spark arguments,It measures in

29、detail all of the particulars of transactions between divisions and key individuals.,33,P9,The accounting system in Japan,34,Save the considerable expense of collecting and processing all of that information,no short-run assessment of individual performance,Japanese collectivism fits naturally into

30、an industrial setting.,Maintain harmony,35,Difficult expressions,Companies still keep track of which department uses a truck, how often and for what purposes, but like-minded people can interpret some simple numbers for themselves and adjust their behavior accordingly. 公司还是会跟踪记录哪个部门出于什么目的使用货车及使用的次数。

31、但是具有相同想法的人们可以根据那些简单的数据来判断本部门和其他部门的货车使用情况，并对本部门在使用货车方面的行为做相应的调整。,36,Difficult expressions,Those insisting upon clear and precise measurement for the purpose of advancing individual interests must have an elaborate information system. L109 那些为了促进个人利益而坚持对个人业绩进行明确精细评价的企业必须有复杂的信息系统。,37,The 3-G mobile tel

32、ephoneproject involves a very _ telecommunications network. There should be a _ between the needs of the society and the education college students receive. He gave full _ of the stolen property. The club offers an opportunity for _ people to get together. The bank charges a fixed rate for each _. S

33、he tried to _ her skirt from the wire fence. Critics _that the play is not original. Constant interruptions are very _ when youre trying to concentrate.,elaborate,fit,particulars,like-minded,transaction,untangle,remark,aggravating,38,Vocabulary 10-12,Shinkansen: 新干线 Cluster: 群, 堆, 组, 团, 串 Paddy: 稻田

34、By chance: 偶然地 Staple: 主食 Maintenance: maintain 保养；维修 Irrigation: 灌溉 Surplus: 过剩; 盈余 trade surplus Disintegration: 解体；分裂 Suboceanic: 海底的 Terrace: 把（山坡或坡地）修成梯田 Terraced hillside: 有梯田的山坡 Arable:可耕的 Occupant: occupy 居住者; 占有者 Feudal: 封建的 Meiji Restoration: 明治维新 (1866-1869) Edo Period (1600-1867 江户时代/德川幕

35、府); Meiji Era Sought: seek, sought, sought Subject: 臣民; 国民 Characteristic: 独特的 Homogeneous: 由同类部分组成的 With respect to: 在X方面 In (close) proximity (to): near Dwelling:住所,39,P10-11,How did Japanese collectivism evolve?,40,contributory factors in the formation of Japanese collectivism,agriculture geograp

36、hy politics,41,P10,agricultural requirements,42,What factors led to the pattern of clusters of farmhouses surrounded by rice paddies ?,The growing of rice, the Japanese staple, requires construction and maintenance of an irrigation system which takes many hands to build. The efficient planting and h

37、arvesting of rice is impossible without cooperation with neighbors.,43,The “bottom line” is that a single family working alone cannot produce enough rice to survive, but a dozen families working together can produce a surplus. 账本底线，（账目上）盈亏一览线 How will the rise in interest rates affect our bottom lin

38、e? 不得不接受的现实/局面 不得不接受的现实是单干的话，一个家庭是不能够生产出自给的稻米，但很多家庭一起协作生产不仅能够自给还能有盈余。,44,Thus the Japanese have had to work together in harmony, no matter what the forces of disagreement or social disintegration, in order to survive. Therefore, in order to survive, the Japanese have had to get along well and cooper

39、ate with each other, no matter how great the differences are or how split the society is.,paraphrase,45,P11,Geography Politics,46,How did geographic features contribute to the formation of Japanese collectivism?,on the tips of _ rugged terrain(崎岖不平的地形) _ insufficient arable land high _ to conserve r

40、ice paddies natural disasters cooperative _ among people,few flat plains,household concentration,relief operation(救灾行动),Suboceanic volcanoes,47,How did politics contribute to the formation of Japanese collectivism?,The feudal lords restrained the farmers from moving between villages. Farmers had to

41、stay in the same village almost for life. In order to survive, farmers had to cooperate with their neighbors.,48,ING分词分句 做 后置定语,For an accepted idea, the individual received a bonus amounting to some fraction of the productivity savings. L42-43 Those insisting upon clear and precise measurement for

42、the purpose of advancing individual interests must have an elaborate information system. L109 But a dozen family working together can produce a surplus. L130 So a house falling down during a disaster will not crush its occupants. L139,49,ING分词分句 做 后置定语,窗外有小鸟在唱歌，蝴蝶在飞舞。 There are birds singing and but

43、terflies dancing outside. 教室角落有空调。 There is an air-conditioner standing in the corner of the classroom. 这些是日夜折磨她的问题。 These are the problems torturing her day and night. 尊重他人的人会得到他人的尊重。 A person respecting others will be respected. 我们教不会拒绝学习的学生。 We cannot teach students refusing to learn.,50,P12,51,T

44、aken all together, this characteristic style of living paints the picture of a nation of people who are homogeneous with respect to race, history, language, religion and culture. Japan is a homogeneous society while U.S. which is called a melting pot, is heterogeneous. 综上所述，这种独特的生活方式描绘了一个在种族，历史，语言，宗

45、教和文化等方面同质的国家。,52,In this situation, it was inevitable that the one most central social value, which emerged, the one value without which the society could not continue, was that an individual does not matter. In this situation, it was unavoidable that the idea that an individual is of little importa

46、nce emerged and became the core social value . The society cannot function properly without this central value.,paraphrase,53,The practice of chewing areca nut is not _ to Hunan Province. Bananas and sugar are the _ of Jamaica. The _ is that we have to make a decision today. We have a trade _ of 400

47、 million. Large scale of building orgy has led to a steady decline in _ land. Real estate tycoons are _ fabulous wealth. The _ fragrance of Osmanthus flowers can be smelled all over the campus in autumn. The population of the village has remained remarkably _. We can afford to buy a car. But we cann

48、ot afford the cost of _.,peculiar,staples,bottom line,surplus,arable,amassing,characteristic,homogeneous,maintenance,54,Vocabulary: P13-15,Chilling: frightening Subordinate A to B: 认为A 没有B 重要；使A服从B Take precedence over: 比X 更重要 优先, 居先 Repellent: repulsive; very unpleasant Plato: Greek 柏拉图 Platonic lo

49、ve 柏拉图式的恋爱 Hobbes, Thomas: 霍布斯; Human beings are fundamentally selfish and behave badly, it is best if they are ruled by one powerful authority. B.F. Skinner: 斯金纳 behavioral psychologist Institution: organization Automatism: 自动行为 Totalitarianism:极权主义 Kinship:亲属关系 Homestead:家宅（包含房子周围的建筑和土地） Substitut

50、e A for B: 用A 取代B Catch: 陷阱，圈套 Complex:综合性大建筑 Cope with：deal with Hold sth. in check: control 抑止; 约束,55,P13,We should strike a balance between collectivism and individualism. Work organizations serve as the mediating force between collectivism and individualism.,56,Subordinating individual tastes to

51、 the harmony of the group and knowing that individual needs can never take precedence over the interests of all is repellent to the Western citizen. give way to; conform to Westerners find it unpleasant that personal interests should give way to / conform to group interests and that individual needs

52、 should give way to / be less important than social needs.,paraphrase,57,Individual freedom exists only when people willingly subordinate their self interests to the social interests. 只有人们自愿将自己的利益服从于社会利益时，个人的自由才有可能。 在封建时代，女人被要求服从男人。 毒奶粉事件表明，很多企业将商业利益置于公众健康之上。 In feudal times, women were subordinated

53、 to men. As is shown by the tainted infant formula scandal, many companies subordinate public health to commercial interests.,58,The question of understanding which contemporary institution lies at the heart of the conflict between automatism and totalitarianism remains. 今天我们还是需要了解是哪种社会机构在协调着自动化和极度集

54、权之间的矛盾。 automatism:自动化，自动力 autonomy: 自主，自治 anarchy: 无政府主义 anarchy totalitarianism individualism collectivism 今天我们还是需要了解是哪种社会机构在协调着极度自治/自由和极度集权之间的矛盾。,59,In some ages, the kinship group, the central social institution, mediated between these forces to preserve the balance in which freedom was realized

55、; In other times the church or the government was most critical. Perhaps our present age puts the work organization as the central institution. 在某些时代，以血缘为基础的组织作为社会的中心机构，协调这两股冲突的力量，以达到平衡，而正是这两股力量的平衡才能使个人的自由成为可能。 在有些时代，教会或政府是协调这两股力量的最重要的机构。在今天，也许公司是协调这两股力量的核心机构。,60,ED分词分句 做 后置定语,Let me illustrate with

56、 an anecdote about a visit to a new factory in Japan owned and operated by an American electronics company.L10 Japan is a nation built entirely on the tips of giant suboceanic volcanoes. L134 Small homes built very close together further conserve the land. L137 A society composed entirely of self-in

57、terested individuals is a society in whichL162,61,ED分词分句 做 后置定语,这是一列装载着救灾物质的火车。 This is a train loaded with relief supplies. 周恩来是深受中国人民爱戴的总理。 Zhou Enlai is a premier fondly loved by Chinese people. 这是个饱受内战之苦的国家。 This is a country torn by civil wars. tear 那些被她的美貌陶醉的人想方设法讨好她。 These captivated by her beauty try every means to please her.,62,P14,how individualism developed in America,63,How did people in Kansas develop self-reliance and independence?,It was virtually impossible for people to help each other because they lived many miles away from each other on the Great Plains 美国中部大平原