Part Two.ppt

1、. The meaning of words,The meaning of words has two aspects:,Denotative meaning: a words denotation is what it literally means, as defined in the dictionary; Connotative meaning: the feeling or idea it suggests,Compare the following words:,country nation state land,Generally speaking, words of Anglo

2、-Saxon origin are more formal than those of Latin and French origin.,Look at these words:,ask time rise question age mount interrogate epoch ascend In each group the first word is from Anglo-Saxon and the second and third from French or Latin. The first one is clearly more informal or colloquial tha

3、n the other two,. General and Specific words,Color green red white blue grey The words green, red, white, blue, etc. are color terms, that is, they have the feature color indicating a category to which they all belong.,Vegetable potato cabbage carrot Such sets of words are called hyponyms. The relat

4、ionship of hyponymy is between the more general term such as vegetable and the more specific instances of it such as potato, cabbage and carrot.,Comparatively speaking, some words are more general or more specific in meaning than others.,Professionals scientists doctors teachers lawyers journalists

5、chemists physicists biochemists,Sample sentences,Mrs. Goodwin is very old. Mrs. Goodwin is seventy-two years old. Jimmy was funny. Jim tells jokes constantly, ones that leave a person rolling on the floor in laughter.,Specific words help to make writing exact, vivid, and striking, for they are more

6、informative and expressive than general words.,Tip,1.Jack went to the window and looked at the crowd outside. Jack tiptoed to the window and peeped at the crowd outside. 2.Trees surround the water near our summer place. Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin.,3.Tom is a lazy boy. Tom usual

7、ly gets up late in the morning and does little work after he gets up. 4.When I have problems, I always turn to my friends for help. If my girlfriend breaks up with me, my roof needs repairing, or my dog needs surgery, I always call my friends for advice.,He saw the accident himself; he saw it all. w

8、itnessed She looked at the list of names. glanced down Stop looking at me like that. eyeing She saw through the mist, trying to find the right path. peered,In order to write precisely, we need to expand our vocabulary and watch for vague words,注意哦,Different ways of laughing,Guffaw: 哄笑；狂笑 Cackle: 嘎嘎地

9、笑(with delight)；（母鸡等）咯咯叫 Roar: 哈哈大笑；放声大笑(with laughter) Chortle: 开怀大笑(with delight)多是当众的 Chuckle: 轻声笑，尤指想到滑稽事时发笑 Snigger/snicker: 窃笑、暗笑，尤指对无礼行为或他人问题、错误发笑 Titter: 窃笑，尤指紧张或者尴尬地笑 Giggle: 因为感到有趣、尴尬或紧张而傻笑,Exercises:,1. 他想起捉弄他们的事就忍俊不禁。 He chuckled to himself when he remembered the trick hed played on them

10、. 2. 他们排队等候时，紧张地傻笑着。 They giggled/tittered nervously as they waited for their turn. 3. 当我开始讲话时，听众中有人嘎嘎地笑了起来。 When I began to speak, someone among the audience cackled. 4. 听到这个笑话，男孩子们哄笑起来。 All the boys burst out into a guffaw/roar at the joke. 5. 他看上去那么滑稽，我们都哈哈大笑起来。 He looks so funny, we all roared/c

11、hortled.,6. 那些女生常聚在一起窃笑他浓重的口音。 Those girls often got together and sniggered/snickered at his strong accent. 7. 我发现他正在抄袭我的作文，他不好意思地冲我笑了笑。 When I found/caught him copying my composition, he tittered/giggled at me.,In order to write precisely, we need to form the habit of thinking concretely and analyt

12、ically.,Tip,The beggars hair is extremely dirty. It seems that he never washes his hair .he keeps scratching his head, and the passers-by watch “snowflakes” fall continuously. Suddenly a bird flies by and rests on his head, for it takes his hair for a comfortable nest.,Sample paragraph,General It is

13、 often windy and dusty here in spring. Specific In spring there is often a very strong northwest wind. It carries so much fine dust with it that some times the sun becomes obscure. There is no escape from the fine dust; it gets into your eyes, your ears, your nostrils and your hair. It goes through

14、the cracks of closed windows and covers your desks and chairs. 春天，那里常刮起强西北风。有时，肆虐的大风扬起尘灰，遮天蔽日，让人无处可躲，眼睛，耳朵，鼻孔中，头发上全是尘土。即便窗子紧闭，它也能透过缝隙钻进来，在桌椅上覆盖厚厚的一层。,General:,月色下的荷塘是那样的美，比之白天又别有一番风致。,曲曲折折的荷塘上面，弥望的是田田的叶子。叶子出水很高，像亭亭的舞女的裙。层层的叶子中间，零星地点缀着些白花，有袅娜地开着的，有羞涩地打着朵儿的；正如一粒粒明珠，又如碧天里的星星，又如刚出浴的美人。这段描写中，作者用细致的工笔和绝妙的

15、比喻，对荷叶的形神、荷花的资质进行一番令人神往的描绘，荷花、荷叶的优美形象似已展现眼前。,All over this winding stretch of water, what meets the eye is a silken field of leaves, reaching rather high above surface, like the skirts of dancing girls in all their grace. Here and there, layers of leaves are dotted with white lotus blossoms, some in

16、 demure bloom, others in shy bud, like scattering pearls, or twinkling stars, or beauties just out of the bath.,General: But after a light fall, it is the deciduous trees that are the most beautiful. Specific: They are so fragile, so ethereal, that it seems even the sound of the rivers might shatter

17、 them as they appear to drift like crystal smoke along the banks. The bushes are silver filigree, so light, so much on tiptoe in this enchanted world. Even the slightest breeze sends the snow shimmering down from them, leaving the branches brown and bare and rather pitiful. -初雪（选段）吉丽安道格拉斯,小雪过后，落叶树木最

18、为动人。 它们那样纤弱，那样轻盈，像晶莹剔透的烟雾沿河飘动，仿佛潺潺水声也会将它们震得粉碎。低矮的灌木丛犹如银丝饰物，踮着脚尖立于这个令人沉醉的世界。最轻柔的微风拂过，也会把雪花从它们身上吹散，闪着银光飘落地上，露出光秃秃黑乎乎的枝条，可怜兮兮的。,. Idioms,An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from the meanings of the words that form it.,play football “play” + “football” “踢足球” bask

19、etball Ping-Pong tennis “read a book” “read a newspaper” “read a novel”,Common types of English idioms,Phrasal verbs: Her parents came down on her when they learned she had failed the test. 当她父母得知她考试不及格时狠狠地训了她一顿。 We should all get behind the mayor. 我们都应该支持市长。 come across (偶然地)碰到；想到 look forward to 期

20、待；盼望；高兴地等待,(2) N. + prep. + n. He has ants in his pants today. Is something wrong? 今天他一直坐立不安，出了什么事？ ants in ones pants 坐立不安 We had a whale of time last night. 昨晚我们度过了一段美好的时光。 The doctors worried face was a straw in the wind. 医生脸上的忧虑神情表明病人病情不妙。 a straw in the wind (预示未来迹象的)苗头，动向，预兆,(3) As as Our comp

21、uter lab is as clean as a whistle. 我们的计算机实验室一尘不染。 The final exam is as easy as pie. 这次期末考试非常简单。 The printer is as sound as a dollar. 这台打印机经久耐用。 as sound as a dollar very reliable or dependable(非常可靠),(4) V. + n. Youd better beat it before she comes back. 在他回来以前你最好马上离开。 -How much does it cost? -Beats

22、me! -这多少钱？ -我不知道。 Its very important to keep your head during an emergency. 在紧急情况下保持冷静的头脑非常重要。,(5) Prep. + n.,When lily won first prize in the National English Contest for College Students, she felt as if she was sitting on top of the world. 当莉莉获得全国大学生英语竞赛一等奖时，她感到心满意足on top of the world 非常幸福；心满意足 Th

23、at joke was out of line. 那个玩笑开得出格了。,(6) Pairs of words,He arrived home safe and sound. 他安然无恙地到家了。 She is all at sixes and sevens about what to do. 她心绪混乱，不知所措。 sixes and sevens 乱七八糟 Mr. Lawrence is a successful businessman who wheels and deals all around the world. 劳伦斯先生是一位在全世界谈判桌上游刃有余的成功商人。 wheel an

24、d deal 巧妙、强硬地谈判,(7) Sayings,A friend in need is a friend in indeed. 患难识知已 Justice has long arms. 天网恢恢，疏而不漏 Man proposes, God disposes. 谋事在人，成事在天 Penny wise, pound foolish. 小事聪明，大事糊涂 A man is known by his friends. 视其友，知其人,Translate the following sentences,1. 给我们讲讲你去年夏天的非洲之旅吧，我们洗耳恭听。 V-1 Please tell u

25、s something about your travel in Africa, well listen with respectful attention. V-2 Go ahead with your story in Africa last summer. We are all ears. all ears；洗耳恭听；全神贯注地听 2.她被解雇时依旧很冷静。 V-1 She appeared quite calm when she was fired. V-2 She was as cool as a cucumber even right after she was fired. as

26、 cool as a cucumber；冷静沉着，泰然自若,3.他的女朋友给他写了一封分手信，然后搬去了美国。 V-1 His girlfriend wrote him a letter to end things with him, then moved to America. V-2 His girlfriend wrote him a Dear John letter and moved to America. 4.这个周末我要好好努力读书，为了期末考试做准备。 V-1 Ill work hard this weekend to prepare for the final exam. V-2 Im going to hit the books this weekend to prepare for the final exam. 5.他和他老板的关系很危险，他有可能被解雇。 V-1 He might be fired, for he has a poor relation with his boss. V-2 Being on bad terms with the boss, he might be fired. V-3 He has been in hot water with his