同等学力申硕翻译讲座.ppt

1、By 周莉,翻译部分,讲 座 内 容,考试介绍 翻译技巧 翻译练习,大纲对翻译的要求,同等学力研究生英语对考生的翻译能力的要求是：能在不借助词典的情况下，把一般性题材的文章及科普文章中的句子或段落从英译汉或汉译英，能准确表达原文的意思，语句通顺，用词基本准确，无重大语言错误。英译汉译速每小时应达到400个英语单词，汉译英每小时能达到250300个汉字。,翻译题型旨在通过翻译测试考生正确理解英文原文的能力及英汉语的书面表达能力。 本部分分为英译汉、汉译英两节，共20分，每节10分。考试时间30分钟 按照考试-大纲的规定，翻译的出题方式有以下几种：1、英译汉段落翻译2、英译汉段落划线单句翻译3、英

2、译汉单句翻译4、汉译英段落翻译5、汉译英单句翻译,翻译丢分的原因,A、对原文理解不够。譬如：在划线句往往是要根据上下文才能理解透彻，而考生由于时间紧张，看到句子便草率翻译，对原文的主要框架结构，互相指代关系理解不够准确，这样以来翻译的准确度就有问题了。 B：考生不懂得英汉句式结构的差异，对翻译技巧方法更是知之甚少，因此在考试中甩不开原文的句式结构，不敢进行必要的语序调整，句序、语序转换，不敢进行词类转换，不会用增词法、减词法之类的基本翻译处理方法。 C、中文表达能力有限，不能将对原文的理解了的东西遂心所欲地用汉语清楚地表达出来，甚至还出现错别字现象。,综上所述，翻译考试要想立足于不败之地，就必

3、须克服上述三大问题，关键有两点： 一是要加以重视，投入一定地时间做翻译练习； 二掌握必要的翻译技巧方法，提高英汉表达手段。 正确理解英文原文是确保翻译无误地前提，而通顺清楚地表达则是获得高分地保证！,翻译地应试策略步骤,1、迅速阅读原文、清楚大致方向 2、紧抓考题结构、把握主次关系 3、选定主谓结构、注意前言后语 4、仔细检查译文、确保语句通顺,迅速阅读原文、清楚大致方向,英译汉可用23分钟地时间把整体文章通读一遍，大致搞清楚原文地主旨大意，积极调动相关地思维活动，使头脑进入最佳考试状态。阅读只要了解大意即可。遇到生词一略而过，千万不要被与所考地句子无关地一些生词、短语，甚至人名地名缠住，汉译

4、英则需要抓住主谓结构，抓句式框架。,紧抓考题结构、把握主次关系,在粗读一遍，大致搞清原文地主旨大意地基础上逐句处理。读第二遍做题之前，重点则应放在这需要翻译地句子地结构分析上。首先确定句子地意思，再考虑译文地结构，那是主语，那是谓语，句子地重点再那里，然后再根据表达地需要来确定译文地句型，如果是复合句，句式结构比较长，应分清从句之间地主次关系，界定各修饰成分的位置。为节省时间，做翻译题不要打草稿，用铅笔直接在试卷上划出译文的大致框架就行了。,选定主谓结构、注意前言后语,选定主谓结构是下笔翻译的关键。 译文的主语不一定采用原文的主语，而是需要根据汉语的表达习惯来决定。同样，原文的谓语动词也不一定

5、就译为动词，在很多情况下，需要进行词类转换，语态转换等，有些词语有可能一时想不出恰当的汉语字眼，这就必须通过上下文或前言后语来确定他们的含义。 利用语境分析判断词义，是获取有用信息的主要途径，通过分析具体的词与全文的关系，特别是从前言后语中寻找有用的信息，我们便能确定某一代词确切的含义，甚至句子中出现的超纲词的词义也很有可能从上下文中搞得清清楚楚。 汉译英尽量用自己掌握的简单句，不用没有把握的词语和句式结构。,仔细检查译文、确保语句通顺,做完翻译后，对照原文检查，先看译文与原文在意思上是否有出入，有无漏译，然后再丢开原文，检查译文是否通顺。 如果遇到英汉因表达差异，而造成译文语句不通顺，便可考

6、虑打破原文结构，用意译的方式翻译出原文的意思即可。 因为翻译得分的关键是通顺、无误、无漏，而不在于语句的优美，文采的华丽。,翻译常用的八种技巧,常用的翻译技巧,1. 重复法 (repetition) 2. 增译法 (amplification) 3. 减译法 (omission) 4. 词类转移法 (conversion) 5. 词序调整法 (inversion) 6. 正说反译, 反说正译法 (negation) 7. 分译法 (division) 8. 语态 变换法 (the change of the voices),1. 重复法,汉语重复,英译时也重复; 根据两种语言各自的习惯用法,以

7、不同的表达方式进行重复,这种重复通常是为了传达原文的生动性.,We have to analyze and solve problems. 我们要分析问题，解决问题。 Lets revise our safety and sanitary regulations. 我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。 Gentlemen may cry, peace, peace - but there is no peace. 先生们尽管可以高呼和平，和平！但是依然没有和平。 Nels had it all written out neatly. 纳尔斯把它写得清清楚楚。,这种人闹什么东西呢?闹名誉,闹地位,闹

8、出风头。 What are they after? They are after name, after position, and they want to cut smart figure. 2. 大(家庭)有大(家庭)的难处。 A large family has its difficulties. 3. 天苍苍,野茫茫,风吹草低见牛羊。 The sky is blue, blue; And the steppe wide, wide; Over grass that the wind has battered low; Sheep and oxen roam.,2. 增译法,为了使译文

9、忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯,必须增加一些词语,这就叫增译法. 增词义增加虚词为多，也可酌量增加实词。 英译汉时经常增加的词有结构词、数量词、概念词、语气词等。 从增补的功能来看，可以分为结构增补、意义增补和修辞增补。,I am looking forward to the holidays. 我们等待假日的到来。 Much of our morality is customary. 我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。 Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人

10、充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。 Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。,没有调查研究就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. (No investigation, no

11、right to speak.) 2. 子曰:“学而不思则罔, 思而不学则殆。” Confucius said: “He who learns without thinking is lost. He who thinks without learning remains puzzled.” 3. 虚心使人进步, 骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.,4. 交出翻译之前,必须读几遍,看看有没有要修改的地方. 这样你才能把工作做好。 Before handing in your

12、 translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only thus can you do your work well. 5. 只许州官放火, 不许百姓点灯。 The magistrate are free to burn down houses, while the common people are forbidden even to light lamps.,(One man may steal a h

13、orse, while another may not look over the hedge.) 6. 班门弄斧 Showing off ones proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter. 7. 三个臭皮匠, 顶个诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind. 8. 留得青山在, 不怕没柴烧。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a sh

14、ortage of firewood.,3. 减译法,增译法的反面 减译法是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来,因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意,或者在译文中是不言而喻的; 减译法是删去一些可有可无的, 或者有了反而累赘或违背译文习惯表达法的词, 并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。,省译和增补是相辅相成的两种翻译技巧。省译和分为结构省译和精炼压缩。 所谓结构省译是由于英汉两种语言在句子结构上的差异造成的。在英译汉时经常省略的词有代词、系词、介词、连词、冠词、先行词等。 作主语和定语的人称代词以及做定语的物主代词均可省译。 如果把结构省译看作是消极的省译手段，那么精炼压缩则是积极的省译手段，前者明显，后者

15、隐晦。,A book is useful. 书（是）有用（的）。 The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕太阳转。 On Sundays we have no school. 礼拜天我们不上学。 If you write him, the response would be absolute silence and void. 你写信给他，总是石沉大海。 A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainments but no virtue. 聪明的人是不会娶有才无德的女子为妻的。,It isnt rum for a

16、woman to want her old husband back, for respectability, though for a man to want his old wife back well, perhaps it is funny, rather! （一个）女人为了体面（的关系）而要（她的从）前（的那个丈）夫回来，这并不（是）奇怪（的事），虽然（一个）男人要（他从）前（的那个）妻（子）回来，也许是很有趣的事。,我们要培养分析问题、 解决问题的能力。 We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems. 2.

17、郭沫若同志曾说: “中国人历来是勇于探索、勇于创造、勇于革命的。” Comrade Guo Moro once said: “The people of China have always been courageous enough to probe into things, to make inventions and to make revolution.” 3. 他们为国家做的事, 比我们所做的多得多。 They have done much more for the state than we have.,4. 词类转换法,英译汉时词类转换的核心是根据需要将具有动作性的名词转换为汉语

18、的动词，或者将可表示概念的动词转换为汉语名词。 汉译英时则反其道而行之。,For students of composition, an awareness that rhetorical patterns differ from one culture to another can help them become more quickly proficient in a writing pattern that is not native to them. 学习写作的人若能意识到各种文化在修辞模式上的差别，则有助于他们迅速掌握对他们来说是外在的写作模式。,In those years th

19、e Republicans were in. 那些年是共和党执政。 The music is a gas. 这音乐妙极了。 Saud was a frustrated man at that time. 沙特那时已受挫折。 Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them. 他们之间一直有着传统的友好关系。 This experiment is a great success. 这次实验是极为成功的。,1) 语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的, 非下苦功不可。 The mastery of language is no

20、t easy and requires painstaking effort. 2) 一定要少说空话,多做工作。 There must be less empty talk and more hard work.,3. 徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。 Xu Beihongs drawings (paintings) of horses are exceptionally good. 4. 林则徐认为, 要成功地禁止鸦片买卖,就得首先把鸦片焚毁。 Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the trade in opium must be preceded

21、by the destruction of the drug itself.,5. 词序调整法,1 发生了这样的事不是你的错。 Its not your fault that this has happened. 2 她，一个瘦弱多病的女孩子，以她坚强的毅力写出了一部催人奋进的小说。 A thin and weak girl susceptible to diseases, she wrote one inspiring novel after another with her strong will. 3 一直在一旁观看的小学生们开始鼓起掌来。 The pupils that had bee

22、n watching started to applaud.,会议没能取得一致意见就结束了。 The meeting ended in disagreement (without reaching a consensus). 这所大学现有计算机科学、高能物理、激光、地球物理、遥感技术、遗传工程六个专业。 This university has six faculties, namely, Computer Science, High Energy Physics, Laser, Geo-physics, Remote Sensing and Genetic Engineering.,6. 正说

23、反译、反说正译法,反说 英语词句中含有 “never”, “no”, “non-”, “un-”, “im-”, “ir-”, “-less” 等成分； 汉语词句中含有 “不，没，无，未，甭，别，休，莫，非，勿，毋” 等成,我想小李明天不会来了。 I dont think Xiao Li will com tomorrow. 2 我们的人民解放军无愧于伟大的人民军队的称号。 Our PLA is worthy of being called a great army of the people. 3 雷锋的高尚行为是赞扬不尽的。 Lei Fengs noble deeds are above

24、all praise. 她光着脚走进房间。 She came into the room with no shoes on. 5 法律面前人人平等。 Law is no respecter of persons.,She refrained from laughing. 她忍住了，没有发笑。 She was refused admittance by them. 他们不许她进去。 An opportunity is not likely to repeat itself. 良机难再。 All that glitters is not gold. All is not lost. 并非全失。 B

25、ut all men are not born to reign. 并非人人生来就都是作帝王的。 All that flatter you too much are not faithful friends. 吹捧你的人并非都是你的忠实朋友。 Both children are not clever. 并非两个孩子都聪明。,Private. 闲人莫入。 Keep upright. 切勿倒置。 Wet paint. 油漆未干。 Urban clearway. 市区通道，不准停车。 Inflammables - keep away from fire. 易燃物品，请勿近火。 No deposit

26、will be refunded unless ticket produced. 凭票退还押金。 These visits will operate only if weather permits. 以上参观项目遇雨停止或改期。,If you forward the transcripts yourself, they can be considered official only if the school envelope has remained sealed. 如果你本人递交证件，只有校方信封保持密封才可以被认为是正视的。（误） 如果证件由申请人本人递交，则本人不得擅自启封，否则证件将

27、视为无效。（正）,7. 分译法,分译法主要用于长句的翻译。 以毛泽东选集英译本为例，说明汉语长句的分译法。,如果长句以一表示判断或小结的从句结尾，可使用分译法。例如： 这些国家的共产党和进步党派，正促使它们的政府和我们作生意，以至建立外交关系，这是善意的，这就是援助。 The communist Parties and progressive groups in these countries are urging their government to establish trade and even diplomatic relations with us. This is goodwil

28、l. This is help.,2. 如果汉语句子较长，其中有语气或话题的转折， 为了使英译文明确，可进行分译。例如： 蒋介石说，中国过去没有内战，只有剿匪；不管叫什么吧，总之要发动反人民的内战。 Chiang Kai-shek says there has never been any “civil war” in China, only “bandit suppression”. Whatever he likes to call it, the fact is he wants to start a civil war against the people.,3. 如果汉语长句中含有反

29、问句（或反诘句）或感叹号，英译时通常要分译。 不和中国的人民民主专政的当局好好地打交道，却要干这些混帐工作，而且公开地发表出来，丢脸！丢脸！ Instead of dealing with the authorities of the Chinese peoples democratic dictatorship in the proper way, Acheson and his like are doing filthy work, and what is more, they have openly published it. What a loss of face! What a lo

30、ss of face!,蒋介石说要建国，今后就是建什么国的斗争，是建立一个无产阶级领导的人民大众的新民主主义国家呢，还是建立一个大地主大资产阶级专政的半殖民地半封建的国家呢？ Chiang Kai-shek talks about “building the country”. From now on the struggle will be to build what sort of country. To build a new-democratic country of the broad masses under the leadership of the proletariat? O

31、r to build a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country under the dictatorship of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie?,4. 如果汉语长句中含有从一般到具体或从具体到一般的过渡，英译时应分译。例如： 这一点现在就必须向党内讲明白，务必使同志们继续地保持谦虚、谨慎、不骄不躁地作风，务必使同志们继续地保持艰苦奋斗地作风。 This must be made clear now in the Party. The comrades must be taught to remain

32、modest, prudent and free from arrogance and rashness in their style of work. The comrades must be taught to preserve the style of plain living and hard struggle.,5. 如果汉语长句中含有几个平行的句子，各讲一方面的内容， 英译时最好分译。例如： 我军的现代化，就是要有一支强大的陆军海军空军，要有现代化的武器装备，包括导弹和核武器，要严格训练，要按实战要求苦练过硬的杀敌本领，熟练掌握使用现代化武器装备的新技术，以及随之而来的新战术。,O

33、ur armys modernization calls for powerful ground, air and naval forces and modern arms and equipment, including guided missiles and weapons; it calls for rigorous and hard training to develop the ability to wipe out the enemy as required in actual combat; it calls for mastery of the new techniques i

34、nvolved in handling modern arms and equipment and of the new tactics entailed.,8. 语态变换法,被动变主动 主动变被动 英语比汉语用更多的被动语态； 英语中用被动语态的句子翻译成汉语时，我们可根据汉语的语言习惯吧被动语态转换成主动语态； 汉语中用主动语态的句子也可根据具体情况转换成被动语态。,说话时，已摆了茶果上来。（红楼梦，第三回） Meanwhile refreshments had been served. 当下茶果已撤，贾母命两个老嬷嬷带了黛玉去见两个母舅。（第三回） Now the refreshment

35、s had been cleared away and the Lady Dowager ordered two nurses to take Daiyu to see her two uncles.,林如海已葬入祖坟了，诸事停妥，贾琏方进京的。（16） Lin Ruhai had been buried in the ancestral graveyard and his obsequies completed, Jia Lian was able to start back for the capital. 至晚饭后，宝玉因吃了两杯酒，眼饧（xing）耳热之际，若往日则有个袭人等大家喜笑有

36、兴，今日却冷冷清清的一人对灯，好没兴趣。（21） After dinner, flushed by a few cups of wine, Baoyu would normally have amused himself with Xiren and the others; but this evening he sat all alone, disconsolate, by the lamp. 当下众人七言八语。(25) By now proposals of all kinds were being made.,注意英语常用被动句型的汉语习惯译法,It is hoped that 希望 I

37、t is reported that 据报道 It is said that 据说 It is supposed that 据推测 Its must be admitted that 必须承认 It must be pointed out that必须指出 It is asserted that 有人主张,It is believed that 有人相信 It is well known that 众所周知 It will be said that 人们会说 It was told that人们曾说 I was told that 我听说,翻译补充练习,1到公元去怎么走？ How shall

38、I go to the park？(误) 2那个讲座是在星期五从两点种开始。 The lecture is from two oclock on Friday. (误) 3中国的风景很美。 The sceneries of China are very fine. (误) 4他们没有房子住。 They have no houses to live. (误) 5比起福克纳他更喜欢海明威。 He likes better Hemingway than Faulkner. (误) 6这块表要修理。 This watch wants to mend. (误),1. What way / Which w

39、ay shall I go to the park? 2. The lecture begins /starts at two oclock on Friday. 3. The scenery of China is very fine. 4. They have no houses to live in. 5. He likes Hemingway better than Faulkner. 6. This watch wants repairing.,7全家人在九点种上教堂做礼拜。 The family go to the church at 9 oclock. (误) 8那年我身体很好，

40、但在那前一年我生病了。 I was quite well that year, but ill the last year. (误) 9那条沉没的船不可能捞起来。 It is impossible to raise the sunk ship. (误) 10. 你早上来吧，不要晚上来。 Come in the morning instead of the evening. (误) 11他的女儿嫁给了一个阔人。 His daughter married to a rich man. (误) 12这样一个好天气，你为什么要呆在家里？ Why are you at home on such a fi

41、ne weather? (误),7. The family goes to church at 9 oclock. 8. I was quite well that year, but ill the year before. 9. It is impossible to raise the sunken ship. 10. Come in the morning instead of in the evening. 11. His daughter married a rich man. His daughter was married to a rich man. 12. Why are

42、you at home on such a fine day? Why are you at home on such fine weather?,13赶快，不然就赶不上了。 Make haste, and you will be behind time. (误) 14除旧迎新。 Get rid of the old and bring in the new. (误) 15我从星期一前开始就生病了。 I have been ill since a week ago. (误) 16你小时候读过的那些有趣的故事还记得吗？ When you were a boy do you remember al

43、l the interesting stories you read? (误) 17从汽车的挡风玻璃望过去，我们远远地就看见了那宝塔。 Looking out of the windshield, the pagoda would be seen by us in the distance. (误) 18兔子的耳朵比猫的长。 The ears of a hare are longer than that of a cat. (误),13. Make haste, or you will be behind time. 14. Bid farewell to the old and usher

44、in the new. 15. I have been ill for a week. I have been ill since last Monday. 16. Do you remember all the interesting stories you read when you were a boy? 17. Looking out of our windshield, we could see the pagoda in the distance. 18. The ears of a hare are longer than those of a cat.,19你去过美国吗？ Ha

45、ve you gone to America? 20他来过此地一两次。 He has come here once or twice. (误) 21我昨天看见过他。 I have seen him yesterday. (误) 22我觉得那菜很好，吃的很满意。 I found the food very good, and enjoyed to eat it. (误) 23我想很快就回家去。 I think to go home very soon. (误) 24. 一个普通信都不会写的人,对这样重要的是不能胜任的。 A man who is unable to write a letter

46、is incapable to hold an office of such importance. (误),19. Have you been to America? 20. He has been here once or twice. 21. I saw him yesterday. 22. I found the food very good, and enjoyed eating it. 23. I think of going home very soon. I think I will go home very soon. 24. A man who is unable to w

47、rite a letter is incapable of holding an office of such importance.,25他好像很不喜欢说实话。 He seems to an aversion to speak the truth. (误) 26中国人是吃苦耐劳的民族。 The Chinese are hard-working and industrious people. (误) 27我可以借用你的电话吗？ May I borrow your telephone. (误) 28他被选为议员了。 He was elected councilman. (误) 29王先生昨天返回

48、新加坡了。 Mr. Wang returned back to Singapore yesterday. (误) 30这份报告必须在下月六日提出。 This report must be presented by 6th next month. (误),25. He seems to have an aversion to speaking the truth. 26. The Chinese are a hard-working and industrious people. 27. May I use your telephone? 28. He was elected a council

49、man. 29. Mr. Wang returned to Singapore yesterday. Mr. Wang went back to Singapore. 30. This report must be presented by the 6th of next month.,31. 请你记着要我交还。 Please remember me to give it back. (误) 32我在纽约订购了十本书。 I ordered ten books in New York. (误) 33我确信我的英语可以使人听懂。 Im sure I can make myself understa

50、nd in English. (误) 34我确信我可以使你理解我的意思。 Im sure I can make you understood what I mean. (误) 35汽车朝着公园的方向驶去了。 The motor car ran to the direction of the park. (误) 36我不能信赖他的坦城。 I have no reliance in his honesty. (误),31. Please remind me to give it back. Please remind to return it. 32. I ordered ten books fr

51、om New York. 33. Im sure I can make myself understood in English. 34. Im sure I can make you understand what I mean. 35. The motor car ran in the direction of the park. The motor car ran towards the park. 36. I place no reliance upon his honesty. I have no confidence in his honesty,37他把大笔钱交给我保管。 He

52、entrusted a large sum of money in me. (误) 38小孩子总是这样那样的顽皮。 Children are always in some mischief or another. (误) 39. 我对他的悲伤深表同情。 I sympathize him deeply on this sorrow. (误) 40他就所犯的过失向我道歉。 He apologized me on his mistake. (误) 41有人这样说，但我忘记是谁了。 Somebody said so, but I forget whom. (误) 42他除了想发财以外别无他愿。 He

53、has no other desire but to make a fortune. (误),37. He entrusted a large sum of money to me He entrusted me with a large sum of money. 38. Children are always in some mischief or other. Children are always in one mischief or another. 39. I sympathize deeply with him in his sorrow. 40. He apologized t

54、o me for his mistake. 41. Somebody said so, but I forgot who it was. 42. He has no other desire than to make a fortune. He has no desire but to make a fortune.,43她的服装不大入时。 Her dress does not conform to the fashion. (误) 44如你所知的，人生常比做航海。 As you know, life is often compared with a voyage. (误) 45她如不敷出。

55、Her expenditures do not correspond with her income. (误) 46. 我去悼念了他的父亲。 I condoled him about his fathers death. (误) 47学生到了多少？ How many students did come? (误) 48这些就是他们说是傻瓜的人。 These are the people whom they say are fools. (误),43. Her dress does not conform with the fashion. 44. As you know, life is often compared to a v