第十四章主谓一致.ppt

1、L14 Concord 一致,主谓一致Subject-Verb Concord 代词一致Pronoun Concord,主谓一致,三大基本指导原则 具体方法 坚持三大原则 坚持一分为二 实事求是 慧眼识主语 其他杂项,三大基本指导原则,语法一致原则 按主语的语法形式(单复数)确定谓语的形式 主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。 意义一致原则 主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。如：The crowd were shouting. 主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。如：The news was so surprising. 就近原

2、则 谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。 如： Either your students or Mr. Wang knows this.,具体方法,（一） 坚持三大原则 向前看原则 向后看原则 整体看原则,向前看原则,看下面的结构,谓语动词的单，复数形式取决于“A”部分的单，复数形式 e.g.The boy together with his parents goes to the museum once a week.,向后看原则（就近原则的一大部分，还有一小部分是存在句中）,看下面的结构,谓语动词的单，复数形式取决于“B”部分的单，复数形式,e.g. Either you or I

3、 am wrong,整体看原则,从整体上看，一般情况，谓语用复数形式，但有特殊情况。 e.g. Reading and writing are very important.,注意： 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。 （c.f. 340） a/the+名词+and+名词 The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. A knife and fork is on the table.,the+形容词+and+形容词+单数名词 the

4、 tenth and last book第十本即最后一本书 the tenth and the last book 第十本和最后一本书 名词+名词，如主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词用单数。Pride and prejudice is a famous novel. 典型例题The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. isB. was C. are D. were答案B. monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本

5、题主语为一个人，所以应选B。,（二） 坚持一分为二 这里所介绍的名词或名词短语,都要一分为二的 看：同一词在不同语境中谓语动词单复不定。 有些集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如以下词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。His family isnt very large. 他家不是一个大家庭。His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。,A: army, audience B: brood(一个家庭的全部孩子；雏鸡等的一窝) C: cast (剧组班底), class, college, committee,

6、community, company, council(理事会), crew(机组人员), crowd D: data, department E: enemy F: family, flock（畜群） G: gang (歹徒等的一帮), government, group H: herd (牧群，esp.羊群) J: jury M: majority, media, minority N: navy, nobility O: opposition (反对党) P: personnel S: staff（全体员工） T: team,一些表示组织机构的专有名词，也适用于该原则：集体的整体概念-

7、单数；集体的个体概念-复数 The BBC was to send him Hong Kong. The BBC are planning on changing some program schedules. 用none of, half of, part of, most of, a portion of ,some of, plenty of, rest of, all of, a lot of, lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of, the majority of百分数,分数等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。,如果他们修饰的

8、是可数名词复数, 谓语用复数形式 如果他们修饰的是不可数名词, 谓语用单数形式None of the books satisfy the students. None of this meat is fit to eat. The majority of the damage is easy to repair. The majority of criminals are non-violent. 当a series of, a species of, a chain of 结构作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如： A series of tapes has been prepared fo

9、r language lab use.,some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。 All is right. (一切顺利。) All are present.(所有人都到齐了。) 名词+s既可能是单数也可能是复数 works ：作品, 工厂 e.g. The chemical works(工厂) lies at the foot of the hill. politics:政治学，政治观点 e.g. His politics (political opinions) are different from mine. mathematics:数学

10、/数学应用能力 e.g. Her mathematics are awful. (c.f Chapter 3以-ics结尾的表学科名称的名词),“The+形容词 （包括-ed分词形容词）”用作主语时， 动词可用单数，也可用复数。 a. 表示一类人或物时，动词用复数。 The poor are getting poorer, the rich richer. b. 表示抽象概念，动词用单数。 The beautiful only has value confirmed by the ugly. c. “the +某些个别的-ed分词形容词”（如deceased, accused等），指个人时，动

11、词用单数。 The deceased was his grandfather.,表示时间、金钱、距离或度量衡等词语作主语时，其意义若是指总量应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果其意义是指“有多少数量”则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数。例如：Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month.人们常大约地将四个星期看成一个月。Twenty years stands for a long period in ones life.二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期。Eighty RMB are enough for a stu

12、dent to spend on food for one week 八十块钱给一个学生吃一个月的伙食是足够的了。 Three pints isnt enough to get me drunk.,（三） 实事求是： 这里主语意义表复数，谓语形式用复数; 主语意义表单数，谓语形式用单数。 集合名词cattle, militia, people, vermin, police, poultry等表示总称意义,在任何情况下都用复数形式。 e.g. Are there any police around? The police were searching for the thief in the

13、hotel. 有的集合名词在任何情况下都用单数形式： cutlery, equipment, foliage, furniture, jewelry, machinery, merchandise等无生命物。,成双，成套，成对的名词作主语时，谓语用复数形式。（参见第三章-只用作复数的名词-一些由两部分构成的物体名称）trousers, shoes, glasses, compasses, gloves等e.g. My gloves were broken. 注意： 但如果这些词有类似于 a pair of 的词或短语修饰时，谓语的形式就得看 pair 的形式了，因为中心词，已经变为 pair

14、了e.g. There is a pair of shoes under the desk.,（四）慧眼识主语：特定主语决定谓语形式 由代词each, every和 no等构成类似于each . and each . 结构，虽有and连接，谓语需用单数。 Every drop of tears, every moan out of pain and every cry for help was like a knife cutting deep into my heart. Each man and woman was asked to complete a form.,有些代词只能指单数可数

15、名词，谓语动词用单数形式。either, neither, each, one, the other, another, somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等。例如： Neither likes the friends of the other. (两人都不喜欢对方的朋友。) Everything around us is matter. (我们周围的所有东西都是物质。),在neither of与eith

16、er of的结构里，一般用单数形式。例如： Neither of them was in good health. Has either of them been seen recently? 在一些短语，如 many a （许多）或 more than one（不止一个） 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。 Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。,（五） 其他杂项 非谓语动词作主语， 如动词不定式、动名词短语、主语从句以及句子 ，谓语用单数形式，如 两个或两个以上，谓语形式用复数。 e.g.Reading and writing ar

17、e very important.Reading is very important. 名词所有格之后的名词经常会省略，谓语形式一般用单数。 The doctors is on the side of the street.,从句中的主谓一致问题 what引导的主语从句，主句的谓语常用单数，可是，如果主句的补语是复数名词，谓语还得用复数形式。e.g. What we need is more time.What we need are doctors. 几个主语从句作主语，表示几件事，主句谓语用复数形式。What I say and what I think are no business o

18、f you.What I think, say and do are none of your business.,关系代词who, that, which在定语从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语的数应与先行词保持一致Those who want to go please stand up.Some of energy that is used by man comes from the sun. “one of 复数名词 +who/that/which+从句”的结构中，要看准先行词，它应该是靠近关系代词的复数名词而不是one,因此从句的谓语应用复数形式。 This is one of the mo

19、st interesting questions that have been asked.,但如果one 前有the, the only, the very等修饰强调时，关系代词的先行词就是one ,从句用单数形式： She is the only one of the girls who was late for the meeting.,倒装句中的主谓一致 There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students i

20、n the class. 当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。 Between the two windows hangs a window. such is our plan. such are his books.,A number of +名词复数+复数动词；The number of +名词复数+单数动词。A number of books have lent out.The number of students is increasing. quantity of + 不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式; quantities of + 可数与不可

21、数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。例如： Great quantities of milk are needed in this city. There is a large quantity of milk. 数学等式中， 加法的动词用单复数都行，减乘除法一般用单数。 e.g. P343),代词一致,代词指代一致是指句中的代词应该在人称、数、性等方面与所指的词保持一致。 当代词指代名词或另一个代词时，须在人称，性，数上与所指代的词保持一致。例如： I recognized one of the girls, but I didnt speak to her. That woman said tha

22、t she was over fifty. They asked who they should apply to.,当代词指代集合名词时，用单数人称代词强调整体，用复数人称代词强调个人，例如： The committee requested its vote on this issue. The audience are raising their hands to signify their approval. 当everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody等作主语时，相应的代词一般采用单数形

23、式。例如： If anyone calls, tell him Ill be back later. Everyone thinks he is the center of universe.,注：由于没有与anyone， anybody， everyone， everybody, nobody 相对应的、既可以指男性也可以指女性的单数形式的人称代词,在非正式文体中，特别是在会话体里，常用代词的复数形式是为了故意不具体说出所指的那个人的性别。例如： Everyone has read the notice， havent they ？ No one could blame themselves

24、.,“either / neither + 复数名词” 也有类似的情形。例: Neither of them could make up his mind. （正式语体 ） Neither of them could make up their minds. （口语体） 由neither nor, not only but also, either or, not but, or等连结的并列主语，其后的附加疑问部分主语用复数代词。例如： Neither you nor I am wrong, are we? Either Tom or Jack came, didnt they?,当or或no

25、r连接阳性名词或阴性名词时，代词一般和近者保持一致。例如： Neither John nor Mary has got what she wanted. If you should see Mary or Thomas, tell him the news. 单数名词由and连接时，相应的代词一般用复数形式。例如： Food and rent are more expensive than they used to be. Jim and Mary spoke on the subject as if they were experts.,和one 照应的代词是one， ones, onese

26、lf，但 当one要在句子中多次出现时，一般用第三人称单数代词即he， him， his， himself来代替。例如: One should wash ones hair regularly. One should never blame his friends when he finds himself in trouble. 当one在句子中泛指人时，在反意疑问句中也可用 you来代替，例如： One cant be too careful, can you /one?,名词解释,Concord：also termed “agreement”, can be defined as the relationship between two grammatical units such that one of them displays a particular feature that accords with a displayed feature in the other. 一致，顾名思义指一句英文句子里各部分之间的协调、合符语法