考研英语作文素材.ppt

1、主讲人：薛忠,Word Formation: Derivation,I Introduction,Language elements: 1) phonetic 2) grammar 3) vocabulary Significance : 1) Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed. -Wilkins, 1972,Significance of Vocabulary,Significance: 2) No matter how well the studen

2、t learns grammar, no matter how successfully he masters the sounds of a L2, without words to express a wide range of meanings, communication in that language cannot happen in any meaningful way. -McCarthy, 1990,Objective,了解词汇形态(analysable)， precede, proceed, recede, succeed, secede pre cede, pro cee

3、d, re cede, suc ceed, se cede 加深词义理解，subject: throw under 1) Armed resistance showed that a minority at least was not prepared to be subjected to foreign rule. be dominated by, be submissive to 2) He who is subject to temptations tends to err. cannot resist, at the mercy of,Objective,3) This plan wi

4、ll be subjected to approval. be submitted 4) Our exports are subjected to a tariff rate of 50% in Canada. impose, levy 3 提高词汇运用能力。 可再生能源 renewable energy 可采储量 recoverable reserve,Derivation,What is derivation? Examples: 1) unprecedent un-pre-ced-ent 前缀：-un (not), -pre(before) 词根：-ced- (go) 后缀：ent,De

5、rivation,2) inflexible in-flex-ible 前缀：in (not) 词根：-flex- (bend) 后缀：-ible (can be done) Derivation: The formation of words by adding affix (prefix and suffix) to root. Affixation 派生法，词缀法,Composition & Significance,派生词的构成： position & function 1) prefix: change word meaning slightly 2) root: determine

6、 word primary meaning 3) suffix: indicate word class 1) 最主要的构词方法 (30%-40%) 2) 最有效的记忆方法 (invisibility) 3) 最实用的理解方法 (deburacratization),II Prefix,Features: 1) Polysemy(多义) : de- 1 dehydrate, decapitation, depollute, defrost (remove, away from) 2 descendent, devaluation (downward) 3 decentralization, d

7、ecompose (reverse) 4 deformed, defect (wrong),2) homonymy(同义): Numerous prefixes can express the same meaning. Example: disobey, unequal, injustice, atypical, nonexistent 结合具体单词分析, 记忆和联想,1 Negative Prefixes,1) asocial, apolitical 2) disorder, disobey, distrust 3) inaudible, illegitimate, irresistibl

8、e 4) non-classical, NGO 试翻译：1）无性繁殖 2）不健全 3）非理性 4）不存在 1）asexual reproduction (multiplification) 2）incomplete 3) irrational 4) nonexistent,2 Reversative Prefixes,1) de-: reverse action, deprive of, downward deorbit, defamation, decntralize, 2) dis-: reverse action, lack disallow, disunite, disinterest

9、ed 3) unlock, unmask 翻译：1）砍伐森林 2）火车脱轨 3）掉色 4）揭示 1)deforestation 2) train derailment 3) discolored 4) unveil,3 Pejorative Prefixes,1) mal-: bad malnourishment, malinterprete, maladministration, malpractice 2) mis-: wrong, astray mistrust, misconduct 3) pseudo-: false, imitation pseudo-science, pseudo

10、-girl 翻译：1）虐待 2）功能错误 3）拼写错误 4）假名牌 1) maltreat 2) malfunction 3) misspell 4) pseudo-brand,4 Prefixes of Degree or Scale (1),1) arch-: top, most arch-criminal, arch-rival, arch-capitalist 2) co-: jointly co-author, co-owner, cohabit 3) extra-, ultra-: very, outside, extra-strong, ultrasonic 翻译：1）主要敌人

11、2）联合演出 3）特别明亮 4）紫外线 1)arch-enemy 2) co-star 3)extra-bright 4) ultraviolet rays,4 Prefixes of Degree or Scale (2),4) hyper-: extreme hypercautious, hypercreative 5) macro-: large macroecnomics, macrostructure, macrocosm 6) micro-: very small microsurgery, microparticle 翻译：1）愤青 2）高分子 3）显微镜 4） 微波炉 1) h

12、ypercritical 2) macromolecule 3) microscope 4) microwave oven,4 Prefixes of Degree or Scale (3),7) mini-: small, medi-, mid-, mod-: middle, maxi-: large miniature, minimize Mediterranean, medium, middleweight, moderate, accomodate maximum, maximize 翻译：1）最低价 2）爱管闲事的人 3）修饰 4）这所学校最多招收2000名学生。 1）minimum

13、 price 2)meddler 3)modify 4) The school enrolls the maximum of 2000 students.,4 Prefixes of Degree or Scale (4),8) out-: surpass outnumber, outsmart, outclass 9) over-: excessive overestimate, over-anxious 10) sub-: secondary, less important subnormal, subtitle, sub-contractor,4 Prefixes of Degree o

14、r Scale (5),11) super-: more than, beyond, very supernatural, supersophiscated 12) under-: insufficient, beneath undernourished, undergrowth 翻译：1）人数占优 2）保护过度的 3）低水平 4）过于简单 5）差生 1) outman 2) over-protective 3) substandard 4) super-simplification 5) underachiever,5 Orientation & Attitude,1) anti-: aga

15、inst, opposed to anti-abortion, anti-nuclear, anti-inflation, anti-aging, anti-matter, anti-quark 2) counter-, countra-: opposite, in opposition to contraflow, counter-espionage, counterstrike 3) pro-: for, one the side of, support pro-feminism, pro-gun, pros and cons 翻译 1）抗日战争 2）抗生素 3）反驳 4）反作用 5）亲美

16、政府 1)anti-Japan war 2) antibiotics 3) contradict 4)counterreaction 5) pro-America government,6 Location (1),1) extra-: outside extramarital, extra-territorial 2) fore-: front part of forearm, forefather 3) inter-: between, among interweave, inter-city express 4) intra-: within intranet, intra-party

17、supervision, intra-office love 翻译：1）课外活动 2）人际关系 3）公司内部交流 1）extracurricular activity 2) interpersonal relation 3) intra-company exchange,6 Location (2),5) super-: above supernatural force 6) tele-: distant telecast, telegraph 7) trans-: across, from one place to another transatlantic, transcultural c

18、ommunication, transcontinental 翻译： 1）导师 2）望远镜 3）心脏移植 1) supervisor 2) telescope 3) heart transplant,7 Time & Order (1),1 ex-: former ex-lover, ex-husband, ex-convict 2 fore-: before foreword, foreknowledge 3 post-: after post-election, post-Hu era 4 pre-: pre-historic, pre-schooler,7 Time & Order (2

19、),5 re-: again, back redistribution, reorgnization 翻译 1）退伍军人 2）算命 3）后现代主义 4）退休前 5）中华民族的伟大复兴 1) ex-serviceman 2) foretell ones fortune 3) post-modernism 4) pre-retirement 5) great renewal of Chinese nation,8 Numbers (1),1 mono-, uni-: one unisex, unidirectional, monocentric, monologue 2 bi-, di-: two

20、 biannually, bilingual, diameter 3 multi-, poly-: many multi-purpose, multi-dimensional, polytechnic, polysemy 翻译 1）单边主义 2）单调的 3）二氧化物 4）双月刊 5）多功能 1) unilateralism 2) monotonous 3) dioxide 4) bimonthly 5)multifunction,8 Numbers (2),4 semi-, hemi-: half semi-automatic, hemisphere, semiconductor 5 tri-

21、: three triangular, tricolor 翻译： 1）三人合唱团 2）离婚率上升了三倍。3）半清醒 4）半圆 1) a trio 2) The divorce rate has been tripled. 3) semiconscious 4) semicircle,9 Conversion (1),Prefixes of this category differs from others in having little semantic value. Conversion: change from one word class to another 1 a-: added

22、to verbs to produce predicative adjectives asleep, aglow, astir 2 be-: with nouns to form transtive verbs or with nouns plus -ed to yield adjectives: beware, befriend, beloved,Conversion (2),3 en-, em-: with nouns or adjectives to create transtive verbs: endanger, empower, enforce 翻译：1）他躺了一夜没睡着。2）他的双手冻僵了。 3）文章如何命名? 4）派生法是扩大词汇量的最有效方式。 1) He lay the whole night, awake. 2) His hands got benumbed with cold. 3) How to e