高中英语的部分语法知识归纳

1、各种进行时态表示的非进行意义英语中，“be 现在分词”构成进行时态，表示动作正在发生或进行，这是一条人所共知的语法规则，但是由于语言表达的灵活性，使这种结构也具有许多别的意义和用法。本文拟就这方面的问题作一初步探讨。 （1）运动动词 go，come，drive，fly，travel，arrive，leave，start，set off及表示位置的动词 stay，remain等的进行时态表示将来时，通常指没有确定安排的决定或计划。如：He is coming to New Jersey.他打算到新泽西州来。They are not going back to work until they ge

2、t a rise.他们要到加了薪水才复工。现在这一使用范围已扩大到别的一些动词。表示最近将来的确定安排，但往往有一个表示未来时间的状语。如：Im seeing my guest off at the station tomorrow.明天我要到车站为客人送行。The court is hearing evidence this afternoon.法庭今天下午听取证词。（2）频度副词always，constantly，continually和forever等和进行时连用时，给现在或过去的动作披上一层感情色彩，并不强调动作在进行。表示讨厌、不满，带有埋怨情绪，指责某人一贯的行径。如：He is

3、forever boasting.他老爱说大话。表示赞许、高兴。带夸奖口吻，称赞对方的一贯表现。如：You are always doing well.你总是干得很不错。（3）某些瞬间动词如：hit，jump，kick，knock和see（看见）等的进行时可以表示动作的重复。如：The child was jumping with joy.这孩子高兴得直跳。Im seeing a lot of Joan at the library.我常在图书馆看见琼。（4）用hope，find，want，wonder等的进行时态是一种婉转的说话语气，如是过去进行时形式则更显得客气、委婉。如：We are h

4、oping you will get well soon.我们希望你很快康复。What were you wanting？您想要点什么吗？在问到一段时间怎么度过，过去进行时要比一般过去时有礼貌。What were you doing before you came here？你来这儿之前做些什么工作？（这比What did you do？听起来更有礼貌。）（5）某些心态动词或情态动词的进行时表示“几乎”、“差一点”等含义。相当于nearly do/be on the point of doing。如：Im forgetting（=nearly forget）that I promised to

5、 take you to Shanghai.我差一点忘了我曾答应过要带你去上海的。He was believing what the cheat said.他差一点听信了那个骗子的话。（6）进行时还可以表示动作的暂时性，并不是说话时在进行的动作。如：My watch is working perfectly.我的表走得很准。（强调手表目前走得准，如果是说：My watch works perfectly.在于说明手表走得准这一优点。）状态动词be的进行时态（be being）后面接行为形容词，如 brave，careful， stupid，clever，foolish，polite，kind和

6、shy等时为主语所表现的非一贯性特点或故意的行为。如：You are being very clever today.你今天表现得很聪明。（表明这是例外。）He is being polite.他装模作样地客气起来了。（故意行为）。（7）进行时态可以表示动作发展的过程，可接时间状语从句，但不接具体时间状语。如：The wind was rising.起风了。I think the cats going mad.我认为那只猫发疯了。（8）在一定场合和语气中，进行时态有否定意义。You are telling me.这事不用你说。（我早就知道了。）You are wasting time！别浪费时

7、间了！（不耐烦了。）（9）过去完成时还可表示到过去某段时间为止刚刚开始的动作。By the time he was ten，Edison was already doing his experiments in Chemistry. 爱迪生十岁时，已经开始做化学实验了。（10）用于描绘文字中，展现出生动的景象；或用来描述故事发生的背景，此时须用过去进行时并和一般过去时（仅为叙述）连用。One car after another is speeding by on the freeway.在高速公路上车子穿梭般地一辆接一辆飞逝而过。英语中的部分否定几种表示方法英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如

8、下一些表示方法： 一、 all 的否定式：not all（或：allnot）表示“并非都”、“不是所有的都”例如：Not all men can be masters. （= All men cannot be masters.） 并非人人都能当头头。Not all bamboo grows tall. 并非所有的竹子都会长得很高。二、 both 的否定式：notboth （或：both not） “并非两个都” 例如：I dont want both the books. 我不是两本书都要。Both （the） windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着。三、 every

9、的否定式：“不是每都” 例如：Not every book is educative. （或：Every book is not educative.） 不是每本书都有教育意义的。Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书。This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的。四、 always的否定式：“并非总是（并非一直）” 例如：He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤。五、 entirely， altogether， completely 和quite 的否定式：“不完全”，“

10、并非完全” 例如：The businessman is never to be entirely trusted. 不可以完全信任商人。He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全满意。I dont agree completely. 我并不完全同意。What he did was not quite proper. 他做的不十分妥当。六、 all the time 的否定式：“并非一直”、“未必老是” 例如：A foolish man doesnt make a mistake all the time. 笨人未必老是犯错误。七、 notand的否定式，被否

11、定的往往是and后面的那一部分。 例如：He did not speak clearly and correctly. 他讲得清楚但不正确。This film is not interesting and instructive. 这部电影有趣但无教育意义。She cannot sing and dance. 她会唱歌但不会跳舞。如果将and 换成or，not 对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了。He did not speak clearly or correctly. 他讲的既不清楚也不正确。如要对上述的all， both， every， always， 以及entirely， altogeth

12、er， completely， quite 和 all the time 等词作完全否定，那就分别要用与之相对应的全否定词，如no， none， neither， no one， never， not （never） at all 等。例如：All of them can do it. None of them can do it.Both are good.Neither is good.Everybody likes it. Nobody likes it.He is always late. He is never late.We dont trust them entirely. We

13、 never trust them at all.He was here all the time. He was never here表达数目与数量的特别方法大家知道，不可数名词没有表示复数的“-s”标志，因此前面不可有数目字，只可以有数量词。例如我们可以说，不可以说： There is not much furniture in the office. There are not many furnitures in the office.这是不是说不可数名词就不可数呢？不然。相反的，不可数名词也是可数的，主要方法是借重单位词（unit word），如：a piece of，a cup o

14、f，a drop of，a lump of，a handful of，a flash of，a blade of，a head of，a bar of，an ear of等。如果数目是超过“一”，就以确实数目取代“一”。例如：two pieces of，three cups of 和 five lumps of 等。现在试试把上述这类单位词和适当的不可数名词连用。 Mr Li has just bought a piece of new furniture. Give me a cup of cold water，please. Please put two lumps of sugar in

15、 my coffee. The boy picked up two handfuls of sand from the beach. We saw a flash of lightning in the sky. The gardener pulled out blades of wild grass from the garden. She gave bars of chocolate to the visiting children.有些名词如 scissors，trousers，spectacles，tongs，pliers 等，都以复数形式出现，如： The scissors are

16、lying on the table. The spectacles fit me nicely.如果要给这些名词表示单数“一”的意思，就要借重单位词了。例如： Mary has just bought a pair of scissors.（11） The mechanic repaired the machine with a set of pliers.现代英语注重简洁，合成形容词便应运而生，其中有一种是用来表示数目的，方法是：“数目 名词”，如：a five-year plan，a ten-dollar note，a two-hour meeting，a three-day confe

17、rence等。必须注意的是，这种合成形容词中的名词，只能以单数形式出现。如果用复数，就错了，如：a five-years plan，a ten-dollars note，a two-hours meeting，a three-days conference.这类错误，虽然频率不是很高，但也是要留意才好。如果没有把握，不妨用完整的表达方式，如：a five-year plana plan of five yearsa ten-dollar notea note of ten dollarsa three-day conferencea conference of three days 等。一般将

18、来时三部曲第一部曲一般将来时的概述一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也可以表示将来经常或反复发生的动作。常常和表示将来的时间状语连用，如：tomorrow，next week，in 2008等。请看表演秀：Li Lei will visit her grandmother tomorrow morning. 明天上午，李蕾将去看望她奶奶。第二部曲常见结构大比拼1. “be going to动词原形”结构用来表示按照主观意图打算或按计划，安排将要做的事，有“打算、就要”的意思。也常用于表示从迹象上表明将要发生的事情，多指个人主观臆断的推测。如：Look at the cloud

19、s. Its going to rain. 看这些云，要下雨了。2. “shall或will动词原形”指对将来事物近期或远期的预见，表达个人主观意图以及征求对方意见或表示客气的邀请。在书面语中，shall多用于第一人称；在口语中，will可以用于任何人称。如：I shall/will show my photos to you next Monday. 我下周一给你看我的照片。第三部曲句型转换秀1. “be going to动词原形”结构的一般疑问句是将be的相应形式前移到句首，即“Are/Is/Am主语going to动词原形其它？”。其否定句是在be动词的相应形式后加not.如：（1）Th

20、ey are going to play football this afternoon.（肯定句）（2）Are they going to play football this afternoon？（一般疑问句）（3）They are not going to play football this afternoon. （否定句）2. “shall/will动词原形”结构的一般疑问句是将shall或will前移到句首，即“Shall/Will主语动词原形其它？”。其否定句是在shall或will后加not.如：（1）Our teacher will come back very soon.

21、（肯定句）（2）Will our teacher come back very soon？（一般疑问句）（3）Our teacher wont come back very soon. （否定句）一般将来时五种表达方法一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作。常常与表示将来的时间状语连用。常用的表达形式共有五种，现归纳如下： 一、用will或shall表示。“助动词will或shall动词原形”这一形式，表示将来发生的事情，用于征求对方的意见或表示客气的邀请。在口语中will用于所有人称，书面语中第一人称常用shall.如：1. Tomorrow wi

22、ll be Sunday. 明天就是星期天。2. The rain will stop soon. 雨很快就要停了。3. Shall we go there at five？ 我们五点钟去那儿，好吗？4. Will you please open the door？ 请你把门打开，好吗？二、用be going to结构表示。“be going to动词原形”用来表示近期或事先考虑过的将要发生的动作以及已有迹象表明必将发生某事，意为“打算；就要”。如：1. Were going to meet outside the school gate. 我们打算在校门口见面。2. Look！ Its go

23、ing to rain. 瞧！快下雨了。三、用现在进行时表示。表示位置转移的动词（如：go， come， leave， start， arrive等），可用现在进行时表示将来时。如：1. Uncle Wang is coming. 王叔叔就要来了。2. Theyre leaving for Beijing. 他们即将前往北京。四、用一般现在时表示。根据规定或时间表预计要发生的动作，在时间和条件状语从句中，都可用一般现在时表示将来时。如：1. The new term starts （begins） on August 29th. 新学期八月二十九日开学。2. If it doesnt rain

24、 tomorrow， we will go out for a picnic. 如果明天不下雨，我们将出去野餐。五、用“be动词不定式”或用“be about to 动词原形”的结构表示。如：1. He is to visit Japan next year. 明年他将访问日本。2. Theyre about to leave. （=Theyre leaving.） 他们就要走了。作文经典句型总结（一）一、上升增长1.add up to 增加了 eg. The total amount of added up to 14 billion pounds（14%） in 1994.2. to ju

25、mp to / to soar to 一跃达到/ 猛增到eg. The total working days lost soared to 10 million in 1979.3.an increase of aboutpercent as compared with 与相比大约增加了eg. In August as many as 39 car accidents were reported， indicating an increase of about 79% as compared with the number of January.4.to experience an incre

26、ase/incline 有了增长eg. Tobacco consumption is experiencing an incline.二、下降，减少1.to sink/drop/reduce to 减少到eg. The rate of strikes sank/dropped to the lowest point in 1979.2.to experience a decrease/decline 有了减少eg. Tobacco consumption is experiencing a decrease. 注意：修饰上升/减少的副词有：rapidly slowly dramatically

27、 respectively 表达上升/减少的最后状态的词有：the highest peak the lowest point 10 million 10%三、起伏1.to go up and down 起伏不定eg. The strike rate went up and down during the period from 1952 to 1967.2.There be ups and downs 有起有伏eg. Between 1972 and 1979， there were several ups and downs in （某方面）。四、稳定1.to remain steady/

28、level/unchanged 保持稳定，几乎不变eg. The rate of remained steady （fairly level/almost unchanged） during the four years from 1963 to 1967.2.to level off （vi.）eg. After a steady decline for a whole decade， the rate shows signs of leveling off.注意：修饰起伏或稳定状态的副词有：almost fairly 可以用于表达起伏，稳定状态的句子中的词组或句型：the general

29、situation was not worseningshow indications of improvementit can be predicted thateg. The rate of remained steady during the four years from 1963 to 1967，and it can be predicted that the general situation was not worsening.eg. The rate of remained steady during the four years from 1963 to 1967，showi

30、ng signs of improvement in 五、成正比，反比1.be in direct /inverse ratio to/with 与成正比/反比eg. Male illustrations are in direct ratio to /with the advancement of grades， while female illustrations are in inverse ratio.六、占百分之几，几分之几1。to form/comprise/make up/constitute 。percent 占百分之eg. Women comprise more than 5

31、0% of the US.population.eg. Females make up only 24% of the illustrations whereas males constitute 76%.2.to form/comprise/constitute a half/third/fourth of占的1/2，1/3，1/4eg. Female illustrions form less than a fourth of the total.3.account forpercent 占百分之几eg. ， accounting for approximately 20 percent

32、of七、倍数1.A be times as much/many as Beg. The annual rainfall of Hunan is 5 times as much as that of Sichuan.2.A doubles/is half/triples B A是B的两倍，一半，三倍eg. The annual rainfall of Jidda doubles that of Janta， but is only half the amount of rain Kuwait receives each year.附一 圆盘比例型图表 例： 一个圆盘显示了大学生在food， bo

33、oks， transportations， entertainment， clothes， unknown中的开销，它们各自占的比例依次是60%，3%，5%，10%，10%，12%，要求你描叙这个圆盘图。 描述：The above pie chart consists of 6 segments， the largest one representing food， which accounts for 60% of the total. Clothes and entertainment each takes up 10%. 5% goes to transportation and 3%

34、books. All the rest expenses， 12% of all ，is spend on unknown items.总结写作模式：pie chart consists ofsegments， the largest one representing，which accounts for of the total.each takes up。goes to。All the rest， of all，。 .八、原因结果1（结果）， owing to （原因） owing to 为分词结构2（结果）， attributable to（原因） attributable to为形容词

35、短语3（结果） lie in the fact that（原因） 同位语从句4（结果）result from（原因） 句型一般5. It is precisely because （原因）that （导致结果） 强调结构6. ， as a result， （导致结果） as a result做插入语7. （原因）be responsible for（结果） 常见句型8. （原因），which in turn（结果）eg. They give rise to unfair competition， which in turn throws original businesses into a c

36、ommercial panic.九、采取措施，提出建议1. My suggestion to deal with/solve/relieve the problem are as follows. In the first place，。 Secondly，。 Finally， 常见句型2. If we let the situation go as it is， 。 By that time， 。 如果让这种情况继续发展下去，那么。到那个时候，。比较好的句型3. More and more people are realizing the importance of进行时态， more an

37、d more比many好4. Great efforts/More measures/Due attention must be taken/paid to do 被动语态，due attention 和be paid to 搭配5. If， will there be anything that can make me even happier？ 如果（我们怎么怎么做），那将没有比这令我更高兴的了。条件句，反问句6. It is important/necessary/urgent/desirable（希望）/advisable（明智） for sb. to do sth. It is fo

38、r to do句型7. enhance the awareness of people that8. The first nut for us to crack is 我们首先要解决的是。 比The first thing we should do is 句型 高级的多，精彩的多，生动的多9. as soon as possible 常见句型10. sth. be of the utmost importance be of n. 结构， 比sth. be much important好十、方式，比较1. （Just） as ， so 正如 比较句型 eg. Just as water is

39、the most important of liquids， so air is the most important of gases.2. in much the same way/manner that 正如， 和一样eg. The Americans spend Christmas Day in much the same way that the Europeans do.作文经典句型总结（二）一、让步1. now that 既然 让步从句eg. Now that the decision has been made， we must try our best to carry it

40、 out.2. unlessnot 让步从句eg. It is a vicious cycle and unless you consider these social， economic and environmental problems in one context， you are not serious about meeting the challenges. 注意例句中的consider sth. in one context句型：把什么事情放在一起加以综合考虑二、强调句1. only 既是强调句，又是倒装句eg. Only in this way can you hope to

41、 improve the present situation.2. It is thateg. It is because he was too careless that he failed in the exam.3. nothing but 只不过；只有eg. If what we have been striving for is nothing but pleasure-seeking， our nation will be deprived of the right to rise.（这里nothing but 可以去掉，不影响句意，但有了nothing but，就强调了后面的名词

42、）三、假设1. Supposing， it is likely that。 假设， 那么很可能 假设， 虚拟语态eg. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine， it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance， price， etc. from an advertisement.四、反问1. What else can ？ 还能做什么呢？eg. What else can the poor parents do but obey？ 这些可怜的家长除了听

43、从外还能做什么呢？2. How could ？ 怎能。eg. How could I put the English books aside to read pastime books？五、比较1. A is to B what X is to Y. A对于B 就象X对于Yeg. Food is to man what oil is to machines.2. more， lesseg. The closer to Christmas， the crazier they get； they become more agitated， less patient.六、否定1. 双重否定not u

44、ncommon = common 平常的，普通的not unusual = usual 平常的，通常的not inevitable=evitable 可以避免的（尽量把要强调的普通的形容词改成双重否定， 为文章多增加亮点）2. by no means 并没有；当然不3. no longer/more 不再eg. I am no longer that ignorant girl.七、程度1. all the more 更加eg. That makes London all the more fascinating， doesnt it？eg. It is all the more surpri

45、sing therefore that2. more than 做副词， 意为 “多过”， “比以上”， “比更”eg. I am more than happy to hear from you.3. more than you can 远超过你eg. The situation is very abominable more than you can stand.环境非常恶劣，你无法忍受。八、论相互关系1. A have much（nothing） to do with B2. A be closely related to B3.A be directly bound up with B

46、4. a definite link between and九、直陈观点1. more thancan 简直不，无法，难以eg. The beauty of the city is more than I can describe.2. beyond description 无法描述eg. The beauty of the city is beyond description.3. There is no point（use） in doing 是没有任何意义的。4. The first nut for us to crack is 我们首先要解决的问题是5. short-sighted p

47、olicy 眼光短浅的政策6. while with one hand， with the other. 当（我们）一方面。， 而另一方面eg. While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand， it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other.7. far from 远离，远远不，非但不eg. Far from taking exception（take exception：反对）， no one is even mildly surprised.8. b

48、e bound toeg. Any discussion of this topic is bound to question the aims of education.9. （or） vice-versa 反之亦然10. sth. be measured in terms of sth.用来衡量eg. “success” is measured in terms of freedom from insecurity.11（现象）， upon which views vary from person to person.12.A be more essential to B. 对B来说， A

49、是尤为关键重要的。13.Distinguished scientific accomplishment is a matter of opportunity and of continuous and concentrated effort over long years. （很优美的句子，值得借鉴）14. from the point of view 从角度来看eg. From the health point of view 从健康的角度来看15.must be rooted out in order to 。 必须根除以eg.Moral corruption must be rooted

50、 out in order to preserve the integrity of the state. 为了使国家健康发展，必须根除腐败。16.represent only the tip of the iceberg. 。只是冰山一角eg.The most famous stars represent only the tip of the iceberg.17.The rapid progress in science and technology has given a powerful shove-ahead to the productive forces of the worl

51、d and the economic and social development of humanity. 科技的快速发展带给世界生产力和人类经济和社会的发展一个强劲的推动力（2001年*的七。一讲话）。18stand tall and aim far， broaden ones vision and give full play to ones intelligence and wisdom on the broad arena of reform， opening-up and the modernization drive. 站的高看的远，开扩自己的视野，在改革开放和现代化建设的大舞台

52、上充分发挥个人才智（2001年*的七。一讲话）。 （句中很多的词组都是作文中可以运用到的，比如改革开放：reform （and） opening-up等）19.demonstrate the value of ones life and work hard to achieve feats that will live up to the expectations of the people and the times. 证实自己的人生价值，努力的工作取得成就，而不辜负人民和时代的期望。 （出处同上）20.When asked about， the overwhelming majority

53、of people say that 。But other people think of as。 / But I think quite differently. （对报刊上某一问题（已有不同的人发表了不同的观点）发表自己的观点）21.It is generally believed/accepted/held that 通常认为。22 It is no denying the fact that。 无可否认23， sothateg. The river is very clear， so clear that you can see the fishes coming and going

54、in it.eg. Everything is covered with a thick layer of dust， so poisonous that all the grass， trees， vegetables and flowers gradually die.十、辨证分析1. Just as the popular saying goes， “Every coin has two sides”。 From one side，。 from the other side，。 正如一个谚语所说的， “每个硬币都有两面（事物都是一分为二的）”。从一方面看 从另一方面来看十一、比喻，拟人1. They are taken prisoners by fame and their achievements turn into a bar to further advance.2. True and deep love of lif