英语诗歌修辞手法简介Figures_of_speech.ppt

1、Figures of speech,In Poetry,Definition,Figures of speech are forms of expression that depart from normal word or sentence order or from the common literal meanings of words, for the purpose of achieving a special effect.,the chief functions of figures of speech,to embellish, to emphasize or to clari

2、fy. to give tone or atmosphere to discourse, to provide vivid examples to stimulate thought to give life to inanimate objects, to amuse, or to ornament.,Words are either literal or figurative,Literal 原意 Words used in their original meanings are used literally. Figurative 比喻义 Words used in extended m

3、eanings for the purpose of making comparisons or calling up pictures in the readers or listeners mind are used figuratively.,colourful,In “a colourful garden” the word colourful is used in its literal sense to describe the many different colours of the flowers in “a colourful life” or “a colourful c

4、areer” the word is used in its figurative sense because neither life or career has any colour.,Figures of Speech (2),simile metaphor personification metonymy Synecdoche Antonomasia euphemism Hyperbole litotes Antithesis Paradox 12. Oxymoron 13. Epigram Apostrophe rhetorical question,16. Irony 17. Sa

5、rcasm 18. Satire 19. Ridicule 20. Innuendo 21. Parody 22. Climax 23. Anti-climax 24. Alliteration 25. Assonance 26. Onomatopoeia 27. Transferred epithet 28. Pun 29. Parallelism 30. Repetition,Major figures of speech in poetry,Simile 直喻 Simile is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between tw

6、o unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. Metaphor 暗喻 A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.,Examples,she has a face thats as round as the moon. Time flies li

7、ke an arrow. You run like a rabbit. Life is a yo-yo . Its a series of ups and downs. All the worlds a stage, And all the men and women merely players; ,The Waning MoonBy Percy ByssheShelley,And like a dying lady, lean and pale, Who totters forth, wrapped in a gauzy veil, Out of her chamber, led by t

8、he insane And feeble wanderings of her fading brain, The moon arose up in the murky east, A white and shapeless mass.,有如苍白、清癯、垂危的女郎， 薄纱掩面，步履踉跄， 精神恍惚，漫游出闺房 神魂颠倒，气吁吁游荡， 月儿升起在朦胧的东方，模模糊糊，一片白茫茫。,Mixed metaphors,One danger in using metaphors is the possibility of beginning with one comparison and ending w

9、ith another This is called a mixed metaphor （混合隐喻；多重隐喻）,Allegory,Allegory: a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. A n allegory is a complete narrative that conveys abstract ideas to

10、 get a point across.,Because I could not stop for Deathby Emily Dickinson,Hyperbole:,Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used to emphasize a point, to create humor, or to achieve some similar effects.,She was scared to death. I told you a thousand times that you shouldnt behave

11、like that. Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay. ( A Pope) Her beauty made the bright world dim. (Shelly ) I have a sea of trouble.,When I hear your name,My compulsion is to blast down every wall when I hear your name Id painted on all the houses, There wouldnt be a well I hadnt leaned into To

12、shout your name there My compulsion is To teach the birds to sing it, To teach the fish to drink it God will sentence me to repeating it endlessly and forever.,personification,By definition, personification is a figure of speech which attributes human qualities to inanimate objects or abstract ideas

13、. It is closely related to metaphor and is sometimes called personal metaphor .,There are three chief kinds of personifications:,1) That produced by the use of adjectives. the blushing rose; the thirsty ground 2) That produced by the use of verbs. the kettle sings; the waves danced 3) That produced

14、by the use of nouns. the smiles of spring; the whisper of leaves,e.g.,The wind whistle through the trees. Thunder roared and a pouring rain started. I watched the moonlight dancing on the ripples of the lake. The ancient mansion spoke to me of bygone days. The gentle breeze caressed my cheeks and so

15、othed my anger.,The Windby James Stephens,The wind stood up and gave a shout.He whistled on his fingers andKicked the withered leaves aboutAnd thumped the branches with his handAnd said that hed kill and kill,And so he will and so he will.,Metonymy借代,The substitution of a noun for another closely as

16、sociated noun. The substituted noun derives（获得 ） its meaning in the context it is used by the association produced in the readers mind.,Example of metonymy,In contemporary English when we speak of a statement from the “White House” we understand that this is not a talking building, but an official c

17、ommunication with the authority of the President of the United States who lives in the White House.,A. Names of persons,1. John Bull: 2. Uncle Sam: 3. Ivan: 4. John Doe:,England, or the English people,The United States of America,the Russian people,ordinary American citizen,The alarm went out for a

18、John Doe who stole the diamonds from the store.,警察发出命令，搜捕一个从商店里偷盗钻石的家伙。,B. Animals,1. British Lion: 2. the bear:,England or the English government,The former Soviet union or the Soviet government,C. Parts of the body,gray hair: old age,Her heart ruled her head Use your brains.,feelings or emotions,w

19、isdom, intelligence, reason,D. Professions,1. the bar: 2. the bench: 3. the veil: 4. the press:,He has been called to the bar. He has been appointed to the bench. She took the veil at 20. Hes meeting the press this morning. What has the press to say to this?,the legal profession;,position (office) o

20、f judge or magistrate;,vocation of a nun;,newspapers; newspaper reporters;,E. Locations of government, of business or industrial enterprises,1. Downing Street: 2. The White House: 3. Capitol Hill: 4. the Pentagon: 5. Kremlin: 6. Fleet Street: 7. Wall Street: 8. Madison Avenue: 9. Hollywood:,the Brit

21、ish government or cabinet,the President or Executive branch of the U.S. government,the Legislative branch of the U.S.government.,the U.S.military establishment,the government of the former Soviet Union,the British press,U.S. financial circles,American advertising industry,American film-making indust

22、ry,euphemism委婉语,Words or phrases that substitute an agreeable or inoffensive term for a more direct one that might embarrass or suggest something unpleasant Profane(非宗教的;世俗的)words and expressions are generally taken from three areas: religion, toilets, and sex.,religion,God gosh/golly Jesus jeez Dev

23、il Old Nick,Toilets,mens room / womens room the little boys room / the little girls room restroom Bathroom Wash my hands the head, (sailors terminology术语) latrine (common military term),sex,Sleep with someone Shag Bonk Exchanging bodily fluids Getting laid,death,Passed away Passed on Departed Kicked

24、 the bucket Pushing up daisies Sleeping with the fishes(掉水里淹死),irony,Stating one thing while meaning the exact opposite. or the person could be trying to be rude, even though the words used are seemingly polite etc.,Example of irony,Your friend turns up in ripped（撕裂的） jeans. With a smirk（傻笑；假笑）, you

25、 say, I see you have put on your best clothes!,understatement含蓄陈述,The opposite of hyperbole Stating an idea in words that are less strong than anticipated（预期的）. to make something appear smaller or less important than it really is.,Example of understatement,It does seem to be raining a little. Theres

26、 a few cars out today, arent there?,sarcasm,Sarcasm is a form of irony that is widely used in English especially when people are being humorous. Generally the sarcastic speaker or writer means the exact opposite of the word they use, often intending to be rude or to laugh at the person the words are

27、 addressed（针对） to.,Example of sarcasm,I love being married. Its so great to find that one special person you want to annoy for the rest of your life Id insult you, but youre not bright enough to notice. Not all men are annoying. Some are dead.,Synecdoche（提喻 ： 是不直接说某一事物的名称，而是借事物的本身所呈现的各种对应的现象来表现该事物的这

28、样一种修辞手段。提喻又称举偶法。）,A figure by which a more comprehensive term is used for a less comprehensive or vice vers; as whole for part or part for whole, genus（类，种；属） for species or species for genus, etc.,Example of synedoche,All hands were summoned to the quarter-deck(后甲板), where hands is used to describe

29、 sailors .,Antithesis（对比）,A direct contrast in which two sets of figures are set in opposition to one another.,Example of antithesis,“And so, my fellow Americans, ask not, what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country.” J F Kennedys Inaugural Address Winston Churchill, in wh

30、ich he challenges the Luftwaffe (the German air force): “You do your worst - and we will do our best.” To err is human, to forgive divine（神圣的；非凡的）.,Parallelism（排比）,Parallelism refers to the figure of speech that expresses relevant ideas in the same or similar grammatical structures. It helps make a

31、sentence brief, smooth and coherent(连贯的)and give it rhythm, balance and force.,Example of parallelism,To have and to hold from this day forward, for better for worse, for richer for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to cherish, till death us do part.,Oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）,Ancient Greek : Oxus

32、 = sharp Moros = dull Oxymoron = a sharp dullness or a foolish wise. .a self contradicting phrase.,oxymoron,A rhetorical figure by which contradictory or incongruous(不一致的)terms are conjoined(结合；连结)so as to give point to the statement or expression; an expression, in its superficial or literal meanin

33、g self-contradictory or absurd, but involving a point. (Now often loosely(宽松地)or erroneously(错误地；) used as if merely = a contradiction in terms, an incongruous conjunction.),Example of oxymoron,Pretty ugly Civil war Mobile home Dry ice White gold Old news Original copy Voice mail,Half naked Final dr

34、aft Almost perfect Open secret Working holiday Minor crisis Act naturally Only choice,Pun(双关语；俏皮话),A play on words the humorous use of a word, or of words which are formed or sounded alike but have different meanings, in such a way as to play on two or more of the possible applications; a play on wo

35、rds.,Example of pun,Seven days without water makes one weak. Whats wrong with this fish? Long time no sea. What do lawyers do when they die? Lie still. Try our sweet corn. You will smile from ear to ear(笑得合不拢嘴).,Example of pun,Old photographers never die, they just have flash backs. That new mystery

36、 novel has a killer start to it. I wondered why the baseball was getting bigger. Then it hit me. The hospital lab is recruiting. Theyre looking for new blood.,Clich（陈词滥调，老生常谈）,A clich is a hackneyed（陈腐的；平庸的）phrase or expression. The phrase may once have been fresh or striking（显著突出的）, but it has beco

37、me tired through over-use.,Example of clich,No pain, no gain Every coin has two sides Last, but not least, avoid clichs like the plague（瘟疫）.,Paradox（自相矛盾，悖论）,Paradox is a figure of speech in which a statement appears to be self-contradictory, but contains something of a truth. Paradox is used for em

38、phasis or stylistic effect.,Example of paradox,The child is father to the man. Cowards（懦夫） die many times before their death.,Zenos paradox(芝诺,希腊哲学家),The Tortoise challenged Achilles to a race, claiming that he would win as long as Achilles gave him a small head start（先行一点点). Achilles laughed at thi

39、s, for of course he was a mighty warrior and swift of foot, whereas the Tortoise was heavy and slow.,Zenos paradox,“How big a head start do you need?” he asked the Tortoise with a smile. “Ten meters,” the latter replied. Achilles laughed louder than ever. “You will surely lose, my friend, in that ca

40、se,” he told the Tortoise, “but let us race, if you wish it.”,Zenos paradox,On the contrary,” said the Tortoise, “I will win, and I can prove it to you by a simple argument.”,Zenos paradox,“Go on then,” Achilles replied, with less confidence than he felt before. He knew he was the superior athlete,

41、but he also knew the Tortoise had the sharper wits（智慧), and he had lost many a bewildering(使人困惑的) argument with him before this.,Zenos paradox,“Suppose,” began the Tortoise, “that you give me a 10-meter head start. Would you say that you could cover that 10 meters between us very quickly?” “Very qui

42、ckly,” Achilles affirmed(断言；肯定）. “And in that time, how far should I have gone, do you think?”,Zenos paradox,“Perhaps a meter no more,” said Achilles after a moments thought. “Very well,” replied the Tortoise, “so now there is a meter between us. And you would catch up that distance very quickly?” “Very quickly indeed!”,Zenos paradox,“And yet, in that time I shall have gone a little way farther, so that now you must catch that distance up, yes?” Ye-es,” said Achilles slowly. “And while you are doing so, I shall have gone a little way fart