分词、动名词.ppt

1、,Participle Gerund,II. Participle 1. Simple participle Functions: (1) Attribute Note: Generally, the single participle is in front of the word it modifies, while the participle phrase is after the word it modifies.,Non-finite verbs, Wind is moving air. 风是运动的空气。 Fig. 6 is a photograph of a freely fal

2、ling body. 图6显示了一个自由落体的照片。,Note 1: Sometimes, a single participle may act as a post-modifier (most for stress of the action) e.g. the voltage applied外加电源 the current flowing流动的电流 the force acting作用的力,Note 2: Some attributes of participles are not translated as attributes, but in the order of their p

3、osition in a clause . Voltage is equal to current multiplied by resistance. 电压等于电流乘以电阻。 Speed is equal to distance divided by time. 速度等于距离除以时间。 An increased bandwidth will also contain additional noise. 增加带宽，也会增加噪声。,(2) Adverbial a. Before the subject, it functions as condition, time, reason, conces

4、sion or further explanation of the subject. Often called a chain hoist（链式起重机）, this device is used to lift heavy objects in factories. 这种设备通常称为链式起重机，在工厂用它来提起重物。,b. Between the subject and the predicate Heat, being energy, can be measured in foot-pounds or joules or ergs. 由于热是能量，所以可以用英尺-磅或用焦耳或尔格来度量。

5、c. At the end of a sentence, it functions as further statement, result, condition, manner, or reason Silver is the best conductor, followed by copper. 银是最好的导体，其次是铜。,(3) Predicative The surface of the water becomes covered with waves. 水的表面布满水波。 The iron bar has become magnetized. 这个铁棒已经磁化。,(4) Comple

6、ment The drivers object is to keep the automobile travelling in the center of a chosen lane on the road. 司机的目标是使汽车保持行驶在道路上所选车道的中央。 This machine has its program stored in the computers memory. 该机器把它的程序存储在计算机的存储器里。,2. Absolute structure of a participle Structure: n. (pron.) (functions as a logical sub

7、ject) + participle / participle phrase Function: adverbial (1) Before the main clause This (having been) done, the function becomes much simpler. 这样处理了以后，该函数变得简单多了。,(2) At the end of the clause There are several basic laws governing these interactions, all of them discovered in the 19th century. 支配这

8、些相互作用的基本定律有几个，它们都发现于19世纪。,3. “with” construction You may answer my questions with your books open. Who is the person with glasses on? Let us draw a circle of radius R, with the origin as its center.,(1) Formation: with (without) + n.(pron.) + participle / prepositional phrase/ adj./adv. /n. /infinit

9、ive,(2) Functions a. adverbial More and more “with” constructions have taken the place of the absolute structure of participles. Before the subject (as “condition / time / reason / concession”) With friction present, a part of power has been lost as heat. 由于存在着摩擦，部分能量作为热量消耗掉。,At the end of a sentenc

10、e (as “further statement / condition / manner / result) All present states are stable with no inputs present. 在没有输入的情况下，目前所有的状态均稳定。 b. attribute The earth is perhaps the only planet with life on it. 地球也许是存在着生命的唯一行星。,III. Gerund 1. The simple gerund (1) after some verbs, a gerund must be used: sugges

11、t, consider, resist, finish, involve, require, avoid, complete, admit, mind, practice, postpone, etc.,Non-finite verbs,(2) by doing = through +n.+of On doing =as soon as; soon after In doing=in the course of / during the time of In erecting a receiving aerial (接收天线), attention must be paid to the fa

12、ctors affecting reception. 在安装接收天线时，必须要注意到影响接收的那些因素。,(3) In a few cases a gerund may act as a complement, only with the verb “call”. The process is called discharging the charged body. 这一过程称为使带电体放电。 2. Complex gerund Formation: its, their, nouns, noun in common case + ing We know of the earths actin

13、g as a big magnet. 我们知道地球的作用像一块大磁铁。,练习七 1. We may find this factor appearing in Eq. (2-17). 2. The cat skin, having lost some electrons, is now positively charged. 3. In this special case, all of the energy supplied is converted to heat. 4. Both positive and negative ions（离子）move, thus maintaining e

14、lectrical neutrality (电中性). 5. A certain amount of force is required to keep a wheel rolling.,6. Given the weight and the specific gravity of a body, we can calculate its volume. 7. The air in the bell jar (钟罩) having been withdrawn, the sound of the bell almost disappears. 8. An electron is about a

15、s large as a nucleus（原子核）, its diameter being about 10-12 cm. 9. The suns rays falling upon photoelectric cells, the whole apparatus will automatically go into operation. 10. This formula possesses a variety of forms, all of them being equivalent, provided that the proper units are used for waveleng

16、th and frequency.,Passage: Let us begin our study of electricity by examining the results of a few basic experiments. The first experiment consists of stroking （摩擦）a rubber rod with some fur（毛皮）, and then in turn touching two small pith balls （木髓球）suspended from strings（细绳） with the rod. The pith balls then swing（摆动） apart, indicating that a repulsive（排斥的） force now acts between them.,Next, we stroke a glass rod with a silk cloth and touch two different suspended pith balls in turn（依次） wi