Lesson+5+vobabulary.ppt

1、English Reading for Doctorate Students,Week 11 14th May 2007,Lesson 5,SCIENCE, LIES AND THE ULTIMATE TRUTH Every great advance in science has issued from a new audacity of the imagination. John Dewey 科学的每一次重大进步都源于一个大胆而新奇的想象。 -杜威 In science the credit goes to the man who convinces the world, not to t

2、he man whom the idea first occurs. -William Osler, Britian 在科学上，功劳归于使全世界信服的人，而不是先有这种想法的人。 -奥斯勒,You always have to lie a little to tell the truth. Victor Weisskopf,Most of the foundamental ideas of science are essentially simple, and may, as a rule, be expressed in a language comprehensible to anyone

3、.-Albert Einstein,If you cannotin the long runtell everyone what you have been doing, your doing has been worthless.-Erwin Schroedinger,Barbara Ehrenreich,writer, political activist Born: 8/26/41 Birthplace: Butte, Montana BARBARA EHRENREICH is a political essayist and social critic who tackles a br

4、ave and diverse range of issues in books and magazine articles. A social activist and a feminist, Ehrenreich has written on the subjects of healthcare, class, families, and sex. Originally a biologist who earned her Ph.D. from Rockefeller University (1968), Ehrenreich became involved in political ac

5、tivism during the Vietnam War and has written professionally ever since.,lie,Syn: Bouncer, canard, cock-and-bull story, falsehood, falsity, fib, inveracity, misrepresentation, misstatement, prevarication, rapper, story, tale, taradiddle, untruism, untruth Rel: Deceitfulness, dishonesty, distortion,

6、fraudulence, inaccuracy, mendacity, fable, flam, myth, falsification, forgery, libel, perjury, fish story, song and dance,CHEAT,Syn (v.): Beat, bilk, boodle, burn, chisel, chouse, defraud, diddle, do, doodle, dry-shave, duff, flimflam, gyp, screw, sucker, swindle, take, fleece,Syn (n.): Deception, c

7、hicane, double-dealing, hanky-panky, highbinding, sharp practice, trickery Imposture, deceit, deception, flimflam, fraud, gyp, hoax, humbug, put-on, sell Swindler, cheater, confidence man, con man, defrauder, diddler, double-dealer, gyp, sharper, trickster,IMPOSTERone who passes himself off as somet

8、hing or someone he is not,Syn: Fake, faker, fraud, humbug, phony, pretender Rel: Imitator, mimic; beguiler, deceiver, misleader; cheat, pettifogger, shyster, trickster; hypocrite; charlatan, mountebank, quack; wolf in sheeps clothing,Structure of the text,Para 1-2 (Lines1-19): the author presents so

9、me examples of immorality in science to introduce the case of lying in science Para 3-9 (Lines20-88): the author claims the sacred responsibility of science is to find truth, but money, power or fame seduces scientists into lying and lying in science causes damage Para 10: the author suggests scient

10、ists who lie should be responsible to their acts,Part 1 Introduction,Para 1: the author presents some examples of immorality in science to introduce the case of lying in science,Para 1,fusion Physics 【物理学】A nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei with the simultaneous re

11、lease of energy. 核聚变一种由原子核结合成更大的核，同时释放出能量的核反应 Cold fusion: it is an experiment of low-energy nuclear transformation. It was the most notorious scientific experiment in recent memory in 1989. The two men who claimed to have discovered the energy of the nature were condemned as imposters and exiled by

12、 their peers.,Para 1,Lines 5-10: This is a satire or irony. To say cold fusion happened in a teacup and genes from one mouse imitated those from another is sheer nonsense. It is rubbish like saying parallel lines can meet somewhere and apples can leap back up onto trees.,Para 1 words and phrases,L1

13、fornicatingfornication: Sexual intercourse between partners who are not married to each other. 私通，通奸并非夫妻的两人进行的性交 单词 fornication开始时用作指道德水准低的含义。拉丁语中 fornix一词源自于单词 fornicatio， fornication一词的前身，词义为“拱顶，穹隆”。 此词也指一个拱顶室或类似结构的妓院。后期拉丁语中 fornix的这种含义衍生出动词 fornicario，来表示“私通”的含义，又由此衍生而来 fornicari，表示“卖淫，通奸。”此词于130

14、3年左右首次出现于中世纪英语中,Para 1 words and phrases,L2 dissolute Someone who is dissolute does not care at all about morals and lives in a way that is considered to be wicked and immoral.放荡的; 逸乐的; 自甘堕落 的a brilliant and dissolute writer一个才气焕发而放荡不羁的作家 syn immoral, debauched, degenerate, dissipated, wanton, wild,

15、Para 1 words and phrases,L3 half-cocked: 1. hasty 准备不周的2. (sl.) half drunk “After one beer, she was”ad. Too prematurely “fall into an argument” “go off ” “Dont go off until you get all the facts.”,Para 1 words and phrases,L4 falsify 1. If someone falsifies something, they change it or add untrue det

16、ails to it in order to deceive people.做假, 通过增加或改变来作假：To counterfeit; forge:仿造；伪造：falsify a visa.伪造护照falsified testimony.篡改过的证词The charges against him include fraud, bribery, and falsifying business records.2. prove to be wrong or false The new discoveries have falsified that hypothesis. His expectat

17、ions have been falsified. falsify forge, alter, counterfeit, distort, doctor, fake, misrepresent, tamper with,Part 1 Introduction,Para 2: the Baltimore Case,Para 2 words and phrases,L12 After a fashion: in a fashion 马马虎虎, 勉强She was educated by a governess at home.He knew the way, .She can swim .,Par

18、a 2 words and phrases,L17 Blow the whistle: If you blow the whistle on someone, or on something secret or illegal, you tell another person, especially a person in authority, what is happening. To expose a wrongdoing in the hope of bringing it to a halt: 揭发, 怀着使违法行为得以中止的希望而告发：an attorney who blew the

19、 whistle on governmental corruption.一个揭发政府腐败的律师Mister Green did us taxpayers a favor. When he discovered his boss was taking bribes, he blew the whistle and wrote his congressman about it. They investigated, the boss got fired and he may end up in jail.,Our company manager had tried to sexually hara

20、ss several female employees, but nobody dared say a word. Last week, Mary finally blew the whistle on him and the company investigated him and decided to fire the man. blow hot and cold: To change ones opinion often on a matter; vacillate. 反复无常，出尔反尔经常改变对某事的意见；动摇 blow off steam: To give vent to pent-

21、up emotion.释放被压抑的情感 whistle in the dark: To attempt to keep ones courage up. 给自己壮胆试图鼓起某人的勇气,Para 2 words and phrases,whistle-blower is someone who finds out that the organization they are working for is doing something immoral or illegal and tells the authorities or the public about it. (JOURNALISM)

22、 To blow the whistle作为一个俗语，它的意思是：为了阻止骗局或不正当的事情继续下去而把它揭发出来。人们经常把进行揭发的人叫做：whistle-blower。 He has been a prominent victim of alleged witch-hunts against whistle-blowers in the NHS.,Para 2 words and phrases,L17 pooh-pooh If someone pooh-poohs an idea or suggestion, they say or imply that it is foolish,

23、impractical, or unnecessary. In the past he has pooh-poohed suggestions that he might succeed Isaacs. VB = scorn, dismiss,Part Two,Para 3-9 (Lines 20-88): the author claims the sacred responsibility of science is to find truth, but money, power or fame seduces scientists into lying and lying in scie

24、nce causes damage,Para 3 words and phrases,L22. Dub If someone or something is dubbed a particular thing, they are given that description or name. (JOURNALISM) 命名，起绰号 At the height of her career, Orson Welles dubbed her the most exciting woman in the world. If a film or soundtrack in a foreign langu

25、age is dubbed, a new soundtrack is added with actors giving a translation.配音 .a badly dubbed foreign film. Lip sync(hronization) Lip-sync(h) 对口型（假唱）,Para 3 (Lines 20-27),L 24 Lies are the great lubricant of our lifeLies are the grease or oil for the wheel of life. They reduce the abrasion in our lif

26、e and make our life happier. Lubricant: grease or oil 润滑油 I think humor is a great lubricant for life.,Para 4 (Lines 28-37),The very difference that defines a kind of sanctity for science over life,Paragraph 4:,但是，科学与其它事物不同，差异在于科学象征着圣洁。虽然我们把科学研究看成是人类事业中的一个非常现世的领域，但它具有鲜为人知的神圣的一面，并且具有严肃的道德内涵。借助研究，我们试图

27、了解事物的“根本”，也可以称其为“上帝”，如果上帝一词不包含人类太多的祈望和迷信色彩。我们或许可以使用一个更中性的词，那个经常出现的形式主语“它”（IT），如“It is raining”:中的It。 “它”代表的是存在的事实，与我们人类差距很大，但其差距还不足以使我们失去了解其存在方式的希望。,Para 4 (Lines 28-37),L28 define: 1. to explain the exact qualities, limits, duties etc. This book attempts to define the national government in local a

28、ffirs.2. to show the edge or shape of(demarcate)3. to show the nature of (characterize)What defines us as human being?,Para 5 (Lines 38-46),Way of doing science experiment: to report exactly, and cut corners when necessary,Para 5 (Lines 38-46),L39 wince 1. to move back suddenly 2. Grimace 畏缩，退缩因疼痛或悲

29、伤不自觉地退缩或惊起*Every time he put any weight on his left leg he winced in pain. *to bear pain without wincing忍着痛不退缩*He winced at the insult.他因受到侮辱而躲开了。 verb 1 flinch, blench, cower, cringe, draw back, quail, recoil, shrink, start noun 2 flinch, cringe, start,Para 5 (Lines 38-46),L45 Cut corners: to do th

30、ings too quickly and not as carefully as one should, esp. to save time. 1.穿小路，走近路 2.节省时间金钱力气等 We have to cut a few corners to get your visa in time . Take your time, dont cut corners and follow instructions to the letter.,Para 5 (Lines 38-46),L46 round off (用四舍五入化为整数)If you round off an activity wit

31、h something, you end the activity by doing something that provides a clear or satisfactory conclusion to it. The Italian way is to round off a meal or evening with an ice-cream. .a dazzling firework display which rounded off a lovely day. This rounded the afternoon off perfectly. He rounds off by pr

32、oposing a toast to the attendants. round off complete, close, conclude, finish off,Para 6 (Lines 47-56),Dos and Donts in science,Para 6 (Lines 47-56),L51 elusive 难以捕获的, 难记住的,易逃避的, shuffling, equivocating E.g. an elusive criminal 逃犯 an elusive word 难记的字 v. elude The cause of cancer has eluded all res

33、earch. 1 difficult to catch, shifty, slippery, tricky 2 indefinable, fleeting, intangible, subtle, transient, transitory,Para 7 (Lines 57-69),Earthliness of science: fame and moneyhotbed for deception,Para 7 (Lines 57-69),L57 Buck:1. A buck is a US or Australian dollar. (INFORMAL) = dollar 2. If som

34、eone has buck teeth, their upper front teeth stick forward out of their mouth.= protruding,3. to make a fast buck or make a quick buck: to earn a lot of money quickly and easily, often by doing something which is considered to be dishonest. His life isnt ruled by looking for a fast buck.They were ju

35、st in it to make a quick buck. 4. If you pass the buck, you refuse to accept responsibility for something, and say that someone else is responsible. (INFORMAL) David says the responsibility is Mr Smiths and its no good trying to pass the buck.,Para 7 (Lines 57-69),L58 MundaneSomething that is mundan

36、e is very ordinary and not at all interesting or unusual. Be willing to do mundane tasks with good grace. .the mundane realities of life. Syn 1 ordinary, banal, commonplace, day-to-day, everyday, humdrum, prosaic, routine, workaday2 earthly, mortal, secular, temporal, terrestrial, worldly,Para 7 (Li

37、nes 57-69),L62 big shot A big shot is an important and powerful person in a group or organization. Hes a big shot in Chilean politics. cheap shot A cheap shot is a comment someone makes which you think is unfair or unkind. He always throws out the tacky comment and the cheap shot. He has no class. m

38、ug shot A mug shot is a photograph of someone, especially a photograph of a criminal which has been taken by the police.(INFORMAL) .mug-shots of the five terrorists.,Para 7 (Lines 57-69),L63 underlings: minion (derog) subordinate inferior, aide, assistant, attendant, junior, second,Para 7 (Lines 57-

39、69),L63 grind outTo grind something out means to produce it in a boring or routine manner. (INFORMAL) Were it not for this misfortune, he might never have been forced into the business of grinding out novels to support his family. They have begun the long and tiresome grinding of preparing themselve

40、s for college entrance.,grind away at English studies刻苦攻读英语 grind for an exam用功刻苦学习准备考试 The truck ground to a stop.卡车嘎的一声刹住。 n. Do you find learning English a grind?你觉得学英语是一件苦差事吗? a greasy grind美俚刻苦用功的学生 the daily grind口日常的单调工作,Para 8 (Lines 70-78),Analysis of the Baltimore Case on its root of fraud

41、,Para 8 (Lines 70-78),L74 covet desire 妄想，垂涎 If you covet something, you strongly want to have it for yourself. (FORMAL) She coveted his job so openly that conversations between them were tense. Syn: long for, aspire to, crave, desire, envy, lust after, set ones heart on, yearn for smug self-satisfi

42、ed, complacent, conceited, superior valiant brave, bold, courageous, fearless, gallant, heroic, intrepid, lion-hearted,Para 9 (Lines 79-88),Damage of fraudulence in science,Para 9 (Lines 79-88),L80 bogus If you describe something as bogus, you mean that it is not genuine.赝品，伪物 .their bogus insurance

43、 claim. He said these figures were bogus and totally inaccurate. syn fake, artificial, counterfeit, false, forged, fraudulent, imitation, phoney or phony (informal), sham,Para 9 (Lines 79-88),L86 spin doctor In politics, a spin doctor is someone who is skilled in public relations and who advises political parties on how to present their policies and actions. (INFORMAL) 2004年度美国大选正在如火如荼的进行中，spin doctor是指总统竞选中所雇的媒体顾问或政治顾问，他们旨在保证候选人在任何情况下获得最佳宣传。 Spin起源于体育运动。在板球、桌球和棒球等体育运动中，spin这种旋转式击