学术英语理工

1、On March 11, 2011, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake struck Japan, causing a devastating tsunami that tore through the coastal regions and leveled the villages in its path. The earthquake also severely damaged nuclear reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Power Plant, sparking explosions and the release of rad

2、ioactive material. Recent reports suggest that leaks from the reactors core may be extremely dangerous, not only threatening workers there but also contaminating the facility and surrounding community on the longer term. As Japanese engineers, scientists, and firefighters work to control the continu

3、ing crisis at the vulnerable Fukushima plant - efforts that are hindered by strong aftershock earthquakes - fears about the scope of this nuclear disaster and the radiations health effects continue to spread. Radiation is energy that is transmitted in the form of waves or particles. Ionizing radiati

4、on describes waves or particles that have enough energy to remove electrons from other atoms, thus creating chemically reactive ions (charged atoms) that can damage cells.2011年3月11日,日本发生9.0级地震,造成毁灭性的海啸,横扫了沿海地区,摧毁了村庄的道路。地震还严重受损福岛第一核电站核反应堆,引发爆炸和放射性物质的释放。最近的报告表明,从反应堆泄漏的核心可能是极其危险的,不仅威胁工人,但也污染的设施和周围社区。日本

5、工程师,科学家,和消防员工作控制持续脆弱的福岛核电站危机努力强余震地震受阻的担忧这场核灾难和天然气的范围辐射的健康影响继续传播。辐射是能量波或粒子的形式传播。电离辐射描述波或粒子,有足够的精力去把电子从其他原子,从而创建化学活性离子(带电原子),会损伤细胞。In the Fukushima plant, several types of radioactive particles have been released into the air. Chief among these are iodine-131, cesium-137, plutonium-239, and strontium-

6、90, each of which decays at a different rate and can have various effects on the body. Iodine-131 has a half-life of 8 days - meaning that it is half as radioactive after 8 days, thus making its effects relatively short-lived. Exposure to iodine-131 can cause thyroid cancer. With half-lives of 30 an

7、d 29 years, respectively, cesium-137 and strontium-90 both stay in the environment for longer periods of time. Cesium-137 can travel through the food chain in milk or vegetables and can increase the risk of various cancers; strontium-90 is absorbed into bones and teeth and can increase the risk of l

8、eukemia or bone cancer. Plutonium-239 is toxic if inhaled.Though the word radiation sounds menacing, in fact humans are exposed to naturally occurring radiation every day from the sun, cosmic rays, the soil, and other sources. People are exposed on average to 3 mSv (milli-sieverts, or one-thousandth

9、 of a sievert) per year. A sievert is the most common unit by which scientists measure the biological risk of radiation exposure, because it takes into account both the amount of radiation absorbed (measured in Gy (Gray) or rad (radiation absorbed dose) as well as the intensity of ionization in the

10、affected living cells.在福岛核电站,几种类型的放射性粒子被释放到空气中。其中最主要的是碘- 131,铯- 137、钚- 239和锶- 90,其中每个衰变速度,可以有各种不同的对身体的影响。碘- 131的半衰期为8天,这意味着它是一半放射性8天后,从而使其影响相对较短。接触碘- 131可能导致甲状腺癌。半衰期为30和29年,分别铯- 137和锶- 90环境中呆的时间更长。铯- 137可以通过食物链在牛奶和蔬菜,可以增加患各种癌症的风险;锶- 90被吸收进骨骼和牙齿,可以增加白血病的风险或骨癌。如果吸入钚- 239是有毒的。虽然“辐射”这个词听起来威胁,事实上人类每天都暴露在

11、天然辐射来自太阳,宇宙射线,土壤,和其他来源。人们接触平均为3毫西弗(milli-sieverts或1000西韦特)。西韦特是最常见的单元,科学家测量生物辐射暴露的风险,因为它考虑辐射吸收的量(以Gy(灰色)或rad(辐射吸收剂量)以及电离辐射的强度受影响的活细胞。Many commonly used medical procedures contribute to a persons average radiation exposure. To get a sense of the magnitude of 3 mSv, consider this: a typical mammogram

12、delivers 0.13 mSv per test; a chest x-ray delivers 0.1 mSv; and a routine dental x-ray delivers 0.04 to 0.15 mSv. Individually, these are minimal exposures; however, medical professionals must take care to limit their exposures (e.g. by walking out of the room) over the course of testing many patien

13、ts everyday. The health effects of radiation are cumulative, so higher doses at one time, or lower doses delivered over longer periods of time, can compromise human health.What is considered a harmful dose of radiation? Estimates vary depending on the duration and strength of the exposure. Below is

14、a chart produced by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on health effects and exposure. Depending on the strength of the radiation, an exposed person may also experience burns or other symptoms of acute radiation syndrome (ARS). A one-time dose of 4 sieverts or more can be fatal.To protect the

15、 health of nuclear power plant workers, the Japanese government has set 250 mSv as the maximum amount of exposure to radiation at any one time. Estimates of the radiation emitted by the Fukushima plant in Japan have ranged from a high of 1,000 mSv per hour (1 Sv per hour) inside the plant to 400 mSv

16、 per hour, 11.9 mSv per hour, and below , with levels dropping off sharply the farther away from the plant they are measured. So far, several people working to contain the damage from the nuclear plant to bring the situation under control have been exposed to high levels of radiation, including a fe

17、w who were hospitalized after stepping in puddles of water at the facility that contained highly concentrated levels of radiation. Several people are currently hospitalized.很多常用的医疗过程导致一个人的平均辐射。为了了解3毫西弗的大小,考虑一下:一个典型的乳房x光检查提供了0.13毫西弗/测试;x光胸透了0.1毫西弗,和常规的牙科x光单独提供0.04到0.15毫西弗。,这是最小的风险;然而,医务人员必须小心限制他们的风险(

18、如步行走出房间)每天在测试的过程中许多病人。辐射对健康的影响是累积的,所以高剂量,或低剂量随着时间的流逝,可能影响人类健康。有害剂量的辐射是什么?估计取决于暴露的持续时间和强度。下面是一个图表由美国环境保护署(EPA)对健康的影响和风险。根据辐射的强度不同,接触的人也可能经历烧伤或其他急性辐射综合症的症状(ARS)。一次性辐射剂量的4或更多的可能是致命的。保护核电站工人的健康,日本政府设置250毫西弗的最大数量在任何一次辐射。估计在日本福岛核电站辐射的范围从每小时1000毫西弗每小时(1 Sv)在工厂每小时400毫西弗,每小时11.9毫西弗,和下面,与水平急剧下降远离工厂测量。到目前为止,几个

19、人努力遏制破坏核电站控制局势已经暴露于高水平的辐射,包括几个住院后踩坑里的水设施,包含高度集中的辐射水平。有几个人正在住院治疗。A person may be exposed to elevated levels of radiation by breathing in radioactive particles, ingesting them through exposed food or drink, or coming into close bodily contact with a source of radiation.Different types of radiation wil

20、l produce different health effects, based on the half-life of the particle (how long it takes to lose half its radioactivity, a measure of how fast it degrades) and the way it interacts with the body. Iodine-131, plutonium-239, cesium-137, and strontium-90 are the four most harmful radioactive eleme

21、nts involved in the Japanese nuclear disaster, with half-lives of 8 days, 24,000 years, 30 years, and 29 years, respectively. With the exception of iodine-131 which has a short half life, whatever amounts of these other elements are released are likely to stay in the environment and pose a threat to

22、 human, plant, and animal life for several years to come. Cesium-137 can deposit itself in milk and vegetables, increasing the risk of several forms of cancer for those that ingest enough of significantly contaminated foods.一个人可能会暴露在高浓度的辐射吸入放射性粒子,摄入通过接触食物或饮料,或进入亲密的身体接触辐射的来源。不同类型的辐射会产生不同的健康影响,基于粒子的半衰

23、期(要多长时间失去一半的放射性,衡量它的降解速度)以及它与人体相互作用的方式。碘- 131、钚- 239,铯- 137,和锶- 90四个最有害放射性元素参与日本核灾难,半衰期8天,24000年,30年,29年,分别,除了碘- 131的半衰期很短,无论数量的这些其他元素释放可能在环境和威胁人类,植物和动物生活好几年。铯- 137可以存款在牛奶和蔬菜,增加一些癌症的风险对于那些摄取足够的明显污染食物。Exposure to high doses of radiation can lead to a broad range of acute health problems which are usu

24、ally only experienced by individuals close to the source of radiation such as reactor workers. One of the possible acute effects of exposure to high levels of radiation over a small period of time is Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) or radiation sickness. For an exposed individual to develop ARS, the

25、radiation must be penetrating and cover the whole body. The radiation doses that lead to ARS hover around 1 sievert - about 300 times the average annual dose (3 millisieverts) of background radiation. ARS is associated with damage to the bone marrow, and at higher doses (10Sv) other organs may be af

26、fected.Symptoms of ARS include nausea, weakness, diarrhea, headaches, fever, hair loss, skin damage, diminished organ functions and possible seizures and coma. Following the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, approximately 134 plant workers and firefighters received doses of 700 to 13,400 mSv and developed

27、 ARS. Of the 134 ARS patients, 28 died. Exposure to high levels of gamma radiation in particular can contribute to a broad range of acute health effects. For example, gamma doses of 2Gy, 10Gy and 20Gy can lead to hemopoietic syndrome, gastrointestinal syndrome and central nervous system problems, re

28、spectively. Other acute health problems that can result from high exposure to radiation include premature aging, male sterility, birth defects, and possible death.暴露于高剂量的辐射会导致广泛的急性健康问题通常只经历了由个人接近反应堆辐射的来源,如工人。一个可能的急性暴露于高水平的辐射的影响在一小段时间内是急性辐射综合症(ARS)或辐射病。暴露个人发展农业研究所,辐射必须渗透和覆盖整个身体。辐射剂量导致ARS徘徊在1西韦特年均300倍剂量(3毫西弗)的背景辐射。ARS与骨髓损害有关,和高剂量( 10 sv)其他器官可能会受到影响。ARS的症状包括恶心、弱点、腹泻、头痛、发热、脱发,皮肤损伤,减少器官功能和可能的痉挛和昏迷。切尔诺贝利核灾难后,大约134名工厂工人和消防员收到剂量的700到13400毫西弗和发达的农业研究所。134年农业研究所的病人,28日死了。特别是暴露于高水平的伽马辐射可以导致广泛的急性健康影响。例如,射线剂量的2 gy,gy