空气质量达标规划程序.ppt

1、Air Quality Conformity Process空气质量达标规划程序 New York Experience大纽约地区的成功经验,James Chiao Director of Technical Services New York Metropolitan Transportation Council 纽约都会区运输委员会，技术服务处,Background背景介绍,A Metropolitan Planning Organization A regional government association Provide a platform for policy implemen

2、tation, project coordination, regional planning, and funding allocation Achieve 3C (coordinating, continuing, and comprehensive) transportation planning requirements,纽约都会区运输委员会 一个区域性的政府协会组织 提供一个执行政策、协调建设、进行规划、分配经费的平台 以达到3C(协调性、延续性、综合性)的运输规划要求,The NYMTC Region纽约都会区,The NYMTC Region 纽约都会区,2,440 square

3、 miles 平方英里 12.2 million population百万人口 477 route miles of commuter rail通勤铁路路线英里数 225 route miles of rail rapid transit地铁路线英里数 22,870 centerline miles of roadways 各级道路英里数,Transit Network大纽约地区公交路网,On an average 2002 weekday, the transportation system carries 年平均每工作日纽约的运输系统承载: 3.1 million on buses 三百万

4、公车旅客 4.6 million rail rapid transit 五百万地铁旅客 550,000 passengers on commuter rail五十五万通勤铁路旅客 128,500 on ferries 十三万渡轮旅客 150,000 on airlines 十五万航空旅客 101,000 on PATH 十万纽约新泽西跨州地铁旅客 205,000 on NJ Transit Rail 二十万新泽西通勤跨州铁路旅客 520,000 on NJ Transit Bus 五十二万新泽西跨州公车旅客,The NYMTC Region 纽约都会区,NYMTC Transportation

5、 Capital Program纽约都会区政府部门交通工程预算2002 - 2006,单位: 亿人民币,5 年總預算: 2兆404 亿人民币 5 years budget: 30 billions,NYMTC Transportation Capital Program纽约都会区政府部门交通工程预算种类分布 2002- 2004,三年总预算: 一百四十亿美金 ($14 billion) 一千一百六十二亿人民币,Projected Vehicular Travel Growth in NY Region: No Action纽约都会区车辆行车里程成长预估:保持现状,Suburban Counti

6、es,10-County Region,New York City,Highest growth rate will occur in the suburbs,Modest growth in New York City,Effect of Traffic Growth on Speeds: No Action纽约都会区行车速度改变预估:保持现状,Suburban Counties,10-County Region,New York City,Congestion will worsen and speeds will decrease in the suburbs,Speeds are al

7、ready slow in New York City,Effect of the Transportation Plan in Reducing Vehicular Travel纽约都会区长期运输计划对降低行车里程的影响,纽约市郊 Suburban Counties,纽约都会区10-County Region,纽约市 New York City,Both New York City and the suburbs will Benefit from the Transportation Plan,1995,2000,2005,2010,2015,降低约四十万车里数,Effect of the

8、 Transportation Plan in Reducing Congestion纽约都会区长期运输计劃对提高行车速度的影响,纽约市郊 Suburban Counties,纽约都会区10-County Region,纽约市 New York City,Speeds in the suburbs will benefit more significantly from the Transportation Plan,Effect of the Transportation Plan in Reducing Emissions纽约都会区长期运输计画对降低汽车排污量的影响,To achieve

9、Conformity, the Transportation Plan must reduce emissions from the No-Action condition.,1995,2000,2005,2010,2015,Nitrous Oxide (NOX),Hydrocarbons (HC),运输达标规画程序规定长期运输计划必须降低在保持现状的情况下所产生的汽车排污量,How do we improve air quality while implement the transportation improvement program?,我們如何在解决交通拥挤的同时，确保改善空气污染?

10、,Transportation Conformity运输达标规划程序,What Is Transportation Conformity ?运输达标规划程序,Transportation conformity is a way to ensure that Federal funding and approval are given to those transportation activities that are consistent with air quality goals. It ensures that these transportation activities do no

11、t worsen air quality or interfere with the purpose of the SIP, which is to meet the NAAQS. Meeting the NAAQS often requires emissions reductions from mobile sources.,运输达标规划程序确保联邦经费及核准是给予合乎达到空气质量目标的运输项目。 同时确保这些运输项目不会使空气质量恶化或干扰以达到国家空气质量标准为目的的州执行计画。 为达到国家空气质量标准，时常需要自移动污染源降低排污量。,Key Factors of Transport

12、ation Conformity运输达标规划程序的成功要素,Transportation Conformity Linked to Funding Transportation Conformity Linked to Transportation Planning Options and Trade-offs Between Emission Reduction Strategies CAA Linkages to Transportation Planning Challenges for Transportation Officials,和联邦经费挂钩 和运输规划挂钩 权衡各种降低排污量

13、的策略 洁净空气法案和运输规划挂钩 交通部门官员所面临的挑战,Transportation Conformity Increase the frequency or severity of existing NAAQS violations; or Delay attainment of the NAAQS.,根据美国洁净空法案，运输规画、运输工作计画以及个别项目不能： 产生新的空气质量标准违规； 增加现有违规的发生频率或是严重性；或是 延误达到国家空气质量标准。,Transportation Conformity Requirements运输达标规划程序的要求,每隔三年，每一未达标准的地区必

14、须展示其移动污染源的目前及未来年的空气污染分析都合乎州执行计画的污染预算。 空气污染分析必须使用环保署的空气污染模式及最佳可得到的交通数据(车辆行车里程，车速，车种混合比例等)。 任何地区不能展示能够合乎州执行计画的空气污染预算，则进入权利中止期，同时大部分该地区的联邦补助款也停止拨款。,Every three years each maintenance area must demonstrate “CONFORMITY” by showing that the mobile sources meet the SIP budget for the current and future ana

15、lysis years The analysis must use the EPA Emissions model and the best transportation data (VMTs, speeds, vehicle mix, etc.) available An area not able to demonstrate conformity goes into “LAPSE” and most federal money stops,臭氧未达标分類,State Implementation Plan (SIP)州空气质量改善执行计画,Each (Nonattainment) mai

16、ntenance area must develop a plan (SIP) detailing how they will maintain good air quality I/M program Reformulated gas Various transportation related measures Based on VMT forecasts, The SIP assigns allowable emission “budgets” (tons/day) for mobile sources for future years (2005, 2007, etc),每一未达标的地

17、区必须制定一份州空气质量改善执行计画，详细说明如何维持好的空气质量 汽车检验维修计划 改良汽油 各种交通控制方法 根据车辆行车里程的预估，州空气质量改善执行计画对於未来年度指定从移动污染源可容许的排污预算(每日吨数),What Transportation Variables Impact Emissions ?那些交通变数影响排污量,Speed Type of trip Roadway type (interstate travel, local road travel, etc.) Length of trip Number and duration of stops Vehicle Da

18、ta Type and age of vehicle (truck, car) Basic emissions rates describing the emissions characteristics of the vehicle fleet Anticipated control programs VMT by time of day and time of year (temperature is a big factor),车速 出行种类 道路种类 出行长度 出行中暂停的次数和停留长度 车辆 车辆种类及车龄 排污率 車輛排污控治系統 不同时间及季节的车辆行车程(温度是一个重要的因素)

19、,Regional Air Quality Conformity Analysis TOOLS达标规划分析工具,Transportation Databases Methods to forecast travel changes: Growth Sensitivity to Transportation Plan actions Methods to estimate VMT and speed changes Travel models Other techniques Methods to estimate emission factors Adaptation of the MOBILE software,交通數據庫 預估交通改變的方法: 成長 對運輸規畫中所列未來改善計畫的敏感度分析 估計行車里程及車速改變的方法 交通需求模型 其它方法 估計汽車排污量的方法 MOBILE軟件,Project Level Transportation Conformity Criteria个别运输项目达标规划程序,用最近的规画假设 用最新的汽车排污模式 相关机构的协商 交通控制方法 目前已達標的運輸規畫及整体項目投資計劃 一氧化碳及可吸入颗粒物的熱點分析 可