笔记animals plus

1、n Social interactionsProduce and enforce regular speciesn Ecologists-Stephan Hebbell and Leslie HohnsonStudy competition and nest spacing in populations of stingless bees in tropical dry forests in Costa RicaRival colonies of some species fight fiercely over potential nesting sitesn Sting beesAbunda

2、nt in tropical andsubtropicalenvironmentsGather nectar and pollenfrom a widevariety of flowersNestintreesLiveintreesLiveincolonies made upof hundredsto thousand of workersn ObservationAggressive speciesSome species are highly aggressive to members of their species from other colonies Forage in group

3、sFeed mainly on flowers that occur in high-density clumps(一团)n Non-aggressive speciesFeed singly or in small groupsOn more widely distributed(分布较广) flowersn Relationship between aggressiveness and patterns of colony distributionn PredictionColonies of aggressive species-regular distributionColonies

4、of nonaggressive species-random or closely grouped (clumped) distributionn StudyA thirteen-hectare(13公顷) tract(大片土地) of tropical dry forestContain numerous nests of nine species of stingless beesThe availability of potential nest sites for colonies-distribution (大范围内的潜在筑巢地点的可得到性)n StepsMap the distr

5、ibutions of trees suitable for nesting Finding Potential nest trees were distributed randomly The number of potential nest sites was much greater than the number of bee coloniesn The number of colonies in the study area was not limited by availability of suitable treesn A clumped or regular distribu

6、tion of colonies was not due to an underlying clumped or regulardistribution of potential nest sitesn 他们的巢穴的分布是在一起的还是均匀分布的，和潜在的筑巢地点或是均匀分布的筑巢地点是 无关的n StudyMapped the nests of five of the nine species of stingless bees accuratelyThe nests of four of thesespecies were distributed regularly(好斗的)Regular

7、nest distributions- highly aggressive to bees from other colonies of their own speciesRandomly distributed-notaggressiven The process by which the aggressive species establish nest coloniesInsights into the mechanisms(洞见整个蜂巢的运作机制)Aggressive species Mark prospective nest sites with pheromones(信息素) Ch

8、emical substances secreted by some animals for communication with other members of their speciesn Attract and aggregate members of their colony to the prospective nest siten Attract workers from other nests Workers from two different colonies arrive at the prospective nest at the same time Fight for

9、 possession Escalate into protracted(延长的) battlesn 15-30 workersn Face off in two swarmsn Displayed and fought with each othern DisplayDawnFace each otherSlowly flew vertically to a height of about 3 meters Grappled each other to the groundHit the ground Separate Face offPerform another aerial displ

10、ayn Not appear to be injuredn Apparently ritualizedn Abandon the battle at 8 or 9 A.M.n Reform and begin again the next morningn No obvious mortalityn Fights over occupied nestsn Kill over 1000 bees in a single battleBuck Rubs and Buck Scrapersn buck rubA conspicuous(引人注目的, con- 两人或以上的woodlot(小树林) s

11、ign indicating the presence of white-tailed deer in an a male deerStrip the bark (outer layer) of a small tree with its antlerAn obvious visual signalLocated at the shoulder height of a deerOne meter or less above the groundOn a smooth-barked, small-diameter treen Ideal placeThe smooth bark of small

12、 red maples Adult male deerProduce rubs in late summer or early autumnThe outer-velvet(天鹅绒般的) layer is being shed from their antlers Created about one to two months before the breeding season (the rut期)n Biologists beliefClean and polish antlersProvide practice for theensuing male-to-malecombatdurin

13、gtherat Notice Stiff and lick an unfamiliar rub Suggestion An important communication purpose in the social life of deern Buck rubsA scent produced by glands(腺体) in the foreheads of deer that is transferred to the treeAn important means of olfactory communication between deern The importance of olfa

14、ctory communication in the way of life of deern Use odors to communicaten Documented by a study of captive adult male deern NoticeMales rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs(树枝), especially as autumn approachedn Adult male white-tailed deer exhibited forehead rubbing just before and during th

15、e rutn Move both antlers and forehead glands along the small tree in a vertical directionn Coincide with a high level of glandular(腺体的) activity in the modified scent glands found onthe foreheads of male deern The glandular activity caused the forehead pelage(皮毛 hairy covering) of adult males to bed

16、istinctly darker than in females or younger males.n Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubsSend a great deal of information to other members of the same species The chemicals deposited on the rub Provide information on the individual identity of an animal No two mammals produce the same scent Eg.

17、 Dogs recognize each other via smelln Only male deer rubAssociated chemicals indicate the sex of the deerMore dominant bucks produce more buck rubsDeposit more glandular secretions on a given rubn The presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older , higher-status males being ingeneralvicin

18、ity( 附近)theratherthansimplybeingacrudemeasureofrelativedeerabundance in a given area.n The information conveyed(传递) by the olfactory signals on a buck rubThe social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species Eg. Trumpeting by bull elkn ResponseBoth sexes of whitetailsSmell and lickServe a very important additional functionn Fresher buck rubsVisited more frequently by adult femalesHelp physiologic