英语词汇学.ppt

1、英语词汇学,考查：平时20%；期终80%。 平时：向班长或学委请假获准并缺席1次者不扣 分；缺席2次及以上者每次扣2分；旷课者每次扣5分；扣完20分为止。（8次课） 期终考查：开卷；用英语回答若干问题。,英语词汇学,教材： 1、陆国强的现代英语词汇学，上海外语 教育出版社，中文编写。 2、汪榕培、卢晓娟的英语词汇学教程，上海外语教育出版社，中文编写。 3、汪榕培、王之江的英语词汇学，上海外语教育出版社，中文编写。 4、汪榕培、王之江、吴晓维的英语词汇学教程读本，上海外语教育出版社，英语编写。,英语词汇学,5、杨信彰的英语词汇学教程，高等教育出版社，英语编写，但较简单。 6、林承璋、刘世平的英语

2、词汇学引论，武汉大学出版社，英语编写，但较厚、较难。 7、张维友的英语词汇学教程，华中师范大学出版社，英语编写，较陈旧。 8、汪榕培的英语词汇学研究，上海外语教育出版社，中文编写，学术著作。 9、汪榕培的 英语词汇学高级教程，上海外语教育出版社，中文编写，研究生教材。,英语词汇学,专家： 1、陆国强：1934年生，复旦大学首席教授、外文系英语语言文学博士生导师。出版专著：现代英语构词、现代英语联想与搭配、现代英语词汇学（新版）、英汉和汉英语义结构对比。 2、汪榕培：1942年出生，1985年6月到2001年9月担任大连外国语学院院长。现任大连大学特聘教授，兼任苏州大学、大连理工大学等校博士生导

3、师。 1983年出版的实用英语词汇学是我国在这一学术领域中的第一部专著，后来出版的英语词,英语词汇学,汇学教程、英语词汇学研究、英语词汇学高级教程、英语词汇学、英语词汇学实践把这一领域的研究提高到一个新的水平。目前国内最权威的英语词汇学专家。 3、张维友：华中师范大学外国语学院院长，博士生导师，出版了英语词汇学、英语词汇学教程等。 4、杨信彰：1956年出生，厦门大学外文学院院长，博士生导师。,英语词汇学,英语词汇学发展历史与现状： 20世纪80年代中期以后，西方语言学家开始承认词汇学在现代语言学中的合法地位。我国于20世纪80年代中期开始出现英语词汇学专著。20世纪末至21世纪初，英语词汇学

4、作为一门独立学科、实用学科和交叉学科的地位得以巩固。,Nature and domain of English lexicology: It is concerned with “the study of the meaning and uses of words”,dealing with English words,their origin,meaning,historicaldevelopment,morphological structures,semanticstructures,senserelations,idioms,formation and application.In s

5、hort,it is the study of the significance and usage of English words.,英语词汇学,英语词汇学,It is a theory-based course in which the basic theories of English words are mainly discussed.Nevertheless,it is a practical course as well,for in the discussion,we will certainly deal with a great number of words and i

6、diomatic expressions,and site a great many examples.,英语词汇学,Methods of study ： 1.synchronic approach From a synchronic point of view，words can be studied at point in time，disregarding whatever changes might be taking place. 2.diachronic approach From a diachronic perspective，words can be considered h

7、istorically and be looked into: the origins and changes in form and meaning.,英语词汇学,Unit One Classification of words: 1.By use frequency，words may fall into : A. The basic word stock It is the foundation of the vocabulary and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitutes a small percen

8、tage of the English vocabulary，it is the most important part of it.,英语词汇学,Most words of this stock have five characteristics: a. All national character b. Stability c. Productivity d. Polysemy e. Collocability,英语词汇学,Of course，not all the words of the basic word stock have these characteristics. Pron

9、ouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability；but are semantically monosemous and have limited productivity and collocability.Therefore，“all national character”is the most important of allfeatures that may differentiate words of common use from all others.,英语词汇学,B. Non-basic vocabulary a. te

10、rminology b. jargon :bottle line c. slang Certain words are labeled“slang”not because of their appearance or pronunciation but because of their usage. Much of slang is created by changing or extending the meaning of existing words though some slang words are new coinages altogether.,英语词汇学,d. Argot :

11、can-opener e. Dialectal words f. Archaisms:thou,wherein g. Neologisms:microelectronics,futurology,data bank 2.By notion,words can be grouped into A. Content words(notional,full words) Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives , adverbs and numerals. They constitute the main body of the English

12、vocabulary and the number is growing.,英语词汇学,B. Functional words(empty words/form words) Functional words include prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles. They make up a very small number of the vocabulary, remain stable. However, they do far more work of expression on average than conte

13、nt words.,英语词汇学,3. By usage,words can be grouped into:popular words and learned words 4.By character,words may fall into:abstract words and concrete words 5.Bymotivation(logicalexplanation),transparent(motivated) words(echo,compound,miniskirt)and opaque(non-motivated)words(egghead,eggplant,pineapple

14、,pinenut,midwives,evil,news,black market) 6.By meaning, words may fall into:polysemic words and monosemic words,英语词汇学,7.By morphology, words may fall into:simple words,compounds and derived words 8.By origin, words can be classified into A. Native words Native words are words brought to Britain in t

15、he fifth century by the German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words.,英语词汇学,They are small in number but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language. Therefore, native words have the same characteristics as those of

16、the basic word stock. Apart from these, in contrast to borrowed words ,native words have two other features.,英语词汇学,a.Neutral in style Stylistically, native words are neither formal nor informal whereas the words borrowed from French or Latin are literary and learned, thus appropriate in formal style

17、. b. Frequent in use Native words are most frequently used in everyday speech and writing.,英语词汇学,B. Borrowed words (loan words/borrowings) It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing, l

18、oan words can be classified into four classes. Denizens,英语词汇学,Words of this group are early borrowings from Latin, Greek, French and Scandinavians and now are well assimilated into the English language b. Aliens These words remain their original pronunciation and spelling and can be immediately reco

19、gnized as foreign in origin.kowtow,status quo,emir,英语词汇学,c. Translation-loans Words of this group can be subdivided into two classes: a)Words translated according to the meaning. mother tongue,a slip of the tongue(pen),surplus value,black humour,masterpiece b)Words translated according to the sound.

20、 ketchup,lama,英语词汇学,d. Semantic-loans Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form but their meanings are borrowed.pioneer Chinese borrowings in English:transliteration and loan translation (1)words: (2)characteristics of Chinese borrowings in English:derivation,conversion,comp

21、ounding English borrowings in Chinese,英语词汇学,随着借词的迅速扩大，成语、典故和警句也日益增加。英国前首相撒切尔夫人和美国近几届总统访华时，都在不同场合的讲话中有意引用中国的成语、典故和警句，借以表达他们的立场和观点。英国前首相撒切尔夫人1982访华讲话中引用了唐代诗人王勃送杜少府之任蜀州中的佳句“海内存知己，天涯若比邻”(Provided our friendship survives，distances mean very little；although dwelling far horizons，we can still be as near ne

22、ighbours）；尼克松总统1972年访华时曾在宴会祝酒词中引用毛主席满江红和郭沫若同志中的警句“一万年太久，只争朝夕”（Ten thousand years are too long, seize the day, seize the hour）；里根总统1984年访华时，在演说中引用了汉书中的谚语 “百闻不如一见”（To see a thing once is better than hearing about it a hundred times）；,英语词汇学,克林顿总统1998年在访华演说中引用过中国成语“实事求是”（seeking truth from facts）；奥巴马总统2

23、009年在上海与中国青年对话开始前发表的演讲中引用了论语中的名言“温故而知新”（Consider the past，and you shall know the future）；奥巴马总统又于2011年1月在为胡锦涛主席访美而举行的国宴上引用了管子权修中的谚语“一年之计，莫如树谷；十年之计，莫如树木；终身之计，莫如树人。”（If you want one year prosperity,then grow grain;if you want ten years prosperity,then grow trees;if you want one hundred years prosperity

24、,then grow people.）,英语词汇学,kowtow用作名词时，表示“叩头”；用作不及物动词时，表示“跪下并使前额触地，以表示高度尊敬、崇拜或臣服”（“叩头”）和“卑躬屈膝”。 “叩头”在中国是一种行礼致敬的方式，但在英美人眼中却有“奴颜卑膝”之嫌。难怪1816年英国出使来华的外交官阿默斯特(Lord Amhurst)宁可冒犯“龙颜”，引起外交纠纷，也不愿下跪叩头。如： Im not going to kowtow to a mere nobody like him. 我不想给他这样的无名小卒磕头。 Be polite, but dont kowtow to him. 对他要有礼貌

25、, 但不要卑躬屈膝。,英语词汇学,feng shui在词性上除用作名词外，还可用作动词，表示“看风水”，如： Metz is a practitioner of feng shui,the ancient Chinese art of designing homes and workplaces in harmony with the forces of nature. 梅兹是一位职业风水先生。风水是设计住宅及工作场所时谋求与自然力协调和谐一种中国古代艺术。 It is a testimonial of inroads feng shui has made in the United Stat

26、es that,close to a year later,Scott is seeking a $5,000 grant to hire experts to feng shui a prison. 这证明风水已入侵美国。将近一年来，斯科特正在寻找一笔5000美元的贷款，用于聘请专家来为一座监狱看风水。,英语词汇学,Shanghai首字母由大写转为小写（shanghai）后，词性也由地理名词转为及物动词。从前，美国的一些不法团伙用酒或麻醉剂使人失去知觉，然后强迫他们去做一般人不愿做的远航船上的水手，而他们远航的目的地，往往是中国的上海。所以，这种拐骗手段就被说成是“to shanghai”，

27、后来这个词义慢慢扩大发展为“(用麻醉剂或烈酒)使失去知觉而被绑架当水手”和“(用武力或武力威胁)强行拘留；胁迫”等意。如： To be carried or forced on board of a ship in this manner is what is termed in sailor parlance being shanghaied. 以这种方式把人押至船上或强制上船，用水手的行话说，叫做绑架。,英语词汇学,Most of my guests get shanghaied into giving a general knowledge talk to the boys. 我的大多数

28、客人受到胁迫，只得对男孩们笼统谈了谈情况 Long March在词性上除用作专有名词外，还可用作及物动词，表示“长途跋涉走完”，如：The rural guerrillas long-marched their way to the base in Yenan. 游击队员们长途跋涉，来到延安根据地。,英语词汇学,China首字母由大写转为小写（china）后，用作名词，表示“瓷器”，还可用作形容词，表示“瓷器般的”、“瓷器所特有的暗蓝色的”等，如： She is a woman with a set china face. 她是一位面如细瓷、表情冷漠的妇女。 It is a chinaeyed

29、 dog. 这是一条有暗蓝色眼睛的狗。,英语词汇学,ganbei不仅可用作动词，而且可用作名词，表示“干杯”，如： One of the cordial customs in China is to ganbei a Mao-taito down in one dash a glass of the countrys famous colourless wheat-based liquor. 中国的礼节习惯之一是干杯茅台，即一口气喝下一杯这个著名的以小麦酿制的白酒。 I have been to many such banquets and experienced this ganbei cu

30、lture myself. 诸如此类的宴会我参加过多次，亲身感受了干杯文化。,英语词汇学,Unit Two: Word Formation 1. Affixation (derivation) According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses. 1) Prefixation Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. A.N

31、egative prefixes :apolitical;amoral;atypical,英语词汇学,B.Reversative prefixes:decentralize;dehumanize C. Pejorative prefixes: maltreat ;malpractice;psudo-scientific;psudo-democratic D. Prefixes of degree or size:archbishop;arch-capitalist;hypercritical;macroeconomics;subheading;surtax;ultra-conservative

32、;under-developed E. Prefixes of orientation and attitude:counter-accusation;pro-authority F. Locative prefixes:extra-curricular;extra-marital;intra-party G.Miscellaneous prefixes:neo-Nazi;pan-European;proto-coalition;e-prints;e-journals;e-book;e-shopper;e-business,英语词汇学,2)Suffixation Suffixes primar

33、y function is to change the grammatical function of stems. They mainly change the word class. A.Adjective suffixes :classic/classical;comic/comical;historic/historical;economic/economical;electric/electrical B.Adverb suffixes:ostrich-wise;education-wise C.nik:folknik;peacenik;nogoodnik;citynik;Water

34、gate;Irangate;Hurricanegate;Clintongate,英语词汇学,2.Compounding 1) Characteristics of compounds Semantic features:green hand;flower pot Grammatical features:bad-mouth;fine art;red tape;hot line 2)Formation of compounds A. Noun compounds:end product;toothpick;frostbite;tell-tale;crybaby;blueprint;chewing

35、 gum;stockholder;stakeholder;sit-in; B. Adjective compounds:law-abiding;warweary;far-fetched;forthcoming C. verb compounds:bottle-feed;mass-produce D.stay-at-home;dog-in-the-manger;round-the-clock discussion,英语词汇学,3.Conversion This is a method of turning words of one part of speech to those of a dif

36、ferent part of speech. These words are new only in a grammatical sense. Since the words do not change in morphological structure but in function,so it can be known as functional shift. Conversion to nouns:eats;teach-in;stand-in;lay-by;eatables and drinkables;ifs and buts;ins and outs;pros and cons,英

37、语词汇学,4.Blending The majority of blends are nouns , very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. According to structure , blends fall into four major groups. (1)head+tail:cremains(cremate remains);dawk(dove hawk) (2)head+head:comsat(communication satellite);psywar (3)head+word:frenemy(friend ene

38、my);agritourism;wizkid; (4)word+tail:Reaganomics(Reagan economics);guestimate(guess estimate);videophone; 5.Clipping approx;dorm;expo;gent;heli;lav;memo;prof;uni;wig;asst;dept; pub;,英语词汇学,6.Acronymy Depending on the pronunciation, words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms. (1)Initi

39、alisms:C.O.D.FIFA;IOC;WHO;OAU;ISBN;ISSN;GMT;I DD;id.i.e.IAEA;pk;CEO;FIE;GHQ;JV;MTR;SEZ;SOE;DIY;IOU ;CBD;ATM;DJI;EU;GM;MP;PR;TP;LCD;GPS;3D;EMS;NW;G W;CNN;SCO; (2)Acronyms:OPEC;NATO;UNESCO;APEC;PETS;ASEAN;,英语词汇学,Discussion 1.champ,con,co-op,ref,rev,rhino,sub, grad,gym,vet; 2.AFAIK,ASAP,A/S/L,ATM,BBL,B

40、BS,BRB,BTW, CUL,FAQ, GL,IDK,IM,IMO,IMS,IOW,NP,OIC,OTOH,PLS, POV,TBH, TY,UN,YW,PLO,EEC,IP,CAI,PM,CIA,ID,TB,NBA,FBI, ROM,TESL; 3.botel,skylab,humint,advertistics,medicaid;,英语词汇学,Chinese Borrowings in English 1.affixation:-er、-ism、-gram、-ology、-(olog)ist 、-(iz)ation ; -ian、-ese、-ist、-ic ; -ize Confuciu

41、s -Confucian -Confucianism -Confucianist Mao -Maoism Maoist-Maoize -Maoization silk silky-silkily -silkiness -silked -silken Tao -Taoism -Taoist -Taoistic tea -teaette -teaey -tealess Sino -Sinogram -Sinology -Sinophobia -Sinophile -Sinophobe -Sinological -Sinologist,英语词汇学,Hainan,Canton,Amoy,Hunan,P

42、eking,Hainanese,Cantonese,Amoyese,Hunan, Pekingese Brainwash,Deng-brainwasher,Denger Tang-tangram Peking-Pekingology-Pekingologist Mandarin-mandarinate-mandarinism -mandarinic Sun Yat-sen-Sun Yat-senism Split-splittism-splittist Mozi-Mohism-Mohist Red Guards -Red Guardism,英语词汇学,Shanghai-Shanghailand

43、er-shanghaier typhoon-typhonic pounding :China aster ,China beans,China jute , China pheasant ,China rose ,China wood oil,China card,China tree,China watcher,China green ,China berry,China blue,China grass,China ink,China orange; Chinese anise ,Chinese cabbage ,Chinese chopper,Chinese corn,Chinese c

44、ostume ,Chinese dragon , Chinese horn ,Chinese lily,Chinese mushroom,Chinese orange, Chinese puzzle,Chinese boxing,Chinese jacket,Chinese calendar,Chinese checkers,Chinese jujube,Chinese lantern;,英语词汇学,tea towel,tea tray,tea tree,tea bag,tea house,teaspoon,tea service,tea room,tea drunkard,tea caddy

45、,tea pot,tea strainer,tea cake,tea fight,tea trolley,tea cart,Tea Act,tea ball,tea table,tea cup ; mandarin orange,mandarin duck,mandarin fish,mandarin oil,mandarin porcelain ; 3.conversion : 1)n+v He is a good mahjong player and always mahjongs in the game. Nowadays most young people have a strong

46、yen for knowledge. She has been yenning for an opportunity to study in America.,英语词汇学,2)n+adj/v My first business in the morning was to pull, and husk and silk enough corn. She has on a pair of pink satin shoes. Eight of us promised to meet here and tea together at five. 3)n+adv/v He kung-fus the gu

47、y into stupor. He paid them to do an upgraded version of the twisted little toon-in which Santa Claus and Jesus kung-fu fight each other while foulmouthed youngsters cheer them on.,英语词汇学,4)v+adj We were really gung ho about joining the team. 5)v+n The captain slipped the customs official his customa

48、ry cumshaw at the Port of Shanghai. 6) TV Jerry is also not likely to share real Jerrys devotion to yoga.“That stuff would be too yin-yang,too New Age for TV Jerry,”he says. She Chin-chins the captain.and then nods her pretty head.,英语词汇学,4.inflection 1)teas,litchis,typhoons,Taoists,Sinophiles,Sinoph

49、obias ,Maos,kaolins,pipas,chopsueys,fantans,dazibaos; 2) fen,chi,mou,kin,yuan,wushu ,qigong,tai chi,feng shui ; 3) pailou/pailous ; 4) Thejiaoziaredelicious. 5) barefoot doctors,running dogs,spring rolls,family planners,paper tigers,capitalist roaders, dragon-boats,hundred flowers,英语词汇学,6) yenyensye

50、nnedyenning； wokwokswokked wokking； zenzenszennedzenning； japanjapansjapannedjapanning； satinsatinssatined satining； cumshaw cumshaws cumshawed cumshawing； silksilkssilkedsilking； shanghaishanghaisshanghaiedshanghaiing； xiahaixiahaisxiahaiedxiahaiing ； ganbeiganbeisganbeiedganbeiing ； kowtow kowtows

51、kowtowedkowtowing； long-march long-marches long-marched long-marching,英语词汇学,5.rhetorical feature:metaphor paper tiger ; barefoot doctor ; Son of Heaven ; dragon;fng huang/phoenix ; dragon robes ; dragon throne ; Temple of Heaven ; walking on two legs ; Great Leap Forward ; Hundred Flowers ; capitali

52、st roader,英语词汇学,Unit Three:Sense Relations Lexical Meaning:conceptual+associative(connotativepositive, neutral,negative;stylisticformal,informal;affective appreciative,neutral,pejorative;collocative. 1.Polysemy:diachronic+synchronic candidate white-robed; office seeker in white gowns; a person who s

53、eeks an office; a person proposed for a place,award,etc.,英语词汇学,2.Homonymy (1)Types of homonymy 1)Perfect homonyms:bank;race;lie;bear;date;pupil;seal;match 2)Homographs:bow;wind;tear;lead;sow;minute 3)Homophones:not/knot;plane/plain;route/root;pair/pear; right/write/rite. Of the three types，homophone

54、s constitute the largest number and are most common. (2)Rhetoric Feature:pun long time no see;long time no sea. pray;prey.,英语词汇学,3.Synonymy (1)Types 1)Absolute synonyms:word-building/word formation;breathed consonant/voiceless consonant;malnutrition/undernourishment 2)Relative synonyms:change/alter/

55、vary;stagger/reel/totter; swing/sway. (2)Discrimination 1)Semantic Differences : degree and intensity:extend/increase/expand;rich/wealthy; work/toil;want/wish/desire duration:flash/blaze;shudder/shiver;glance/peep manner:stroll/stride/trot/pace/swagger/stagger/stumble,英语词汇学,angle:country/state/nation 2)Stylistic features:policeman/constable/bobby/cop 3)Emotive colouring:result/consequence;little/small/tiny;die/pass away/kick the bucket 4)Application:answer/reply;empty/vacant/blank.,英语词汇学,4.Antonymy:fast;dull;fresh. 1)contrast:rain or shine;weal and woe;friend or foe;