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1、就词汇而言,英语中表示否定的词语比汉语多,按词分类,有名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等;从意义上分,有完全否定、部分否定、含蓄否定、双重否定等其他否定形式。就表达方式而言,有用单词表示的,也有用特殊结构表示的。先举个简单的例子: 1)Chinas negotiation over its WTO membership was not an easy task. 中国入世谈判不是一件轻而易举的事情。(客观评价) 2)Chinas negotiation over its WTO membership was no easy task. 中国入世谈判决非一件轻而易举的事情。(主观强调)
2、,句法翻译之一:否定句式,热身:There is no love lost between them.,否定句式(1):完全否定,英语表示完全否定的词语有no, not, never, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neithernor等。含有这些词语的完全否定句一般情况下意思都是一目了然的,只要注意译文的表达,符合现代汉语习惯就行了。例如: There is no denying the fact that marketing research is an important factor in the success of a business.,不能否认
3、市场调研是企业成功的一个主要因素。,否定句式(2):部分否定,部分否定就是指整个句子所表达的意思或概念不是全部否定,而是既含有部分否定的意思,又含有部分肯定的意思。用在部分否定中的词语有:not every, not all, not both, not much, not many, not always等,部分否定句式常常译成“不都”、“并非”。而这类句子很容易被翻译成汉语的全部否定句。例如:,All of the trade issues were not settled under the WTO framework.,这句话很容易被翻译成“所有的问题都没有在世贸组织框架下得到解决。”
4、其实它的含义是世贸组织只解决了一部分问题,还有一部分没有解决,即:“并非所有的问题都在世贸组织的框架下获得解决”。而中文的“所有的问题都没有在世贸组织的框架下得到解决”应当翻译成 “None of the trade issues were settled under the WTO framework.”,The US dollar is not strong at all times.,China does not accept every economic condition that the US imposes on it.,美元并不是在任何时候都是坚挺的。,中国并不都接受美国施加的
5、所有经济条件。,European countries did not wholly join the euro zone.,欧洲国家并不完全加入了欧元区。,否定句式(2):部分否定,带有不定代词或形容词all, both, each, every, everybody, everyone, everything等在否定句中做主语时,这种句子不是全部否定,而是表示部分否定,常常译成汉语的“不都是”、“并非都”。 副词always, wholly, entirely, completely, totally, altogether, everywhere, often, quite, enough
6、, 以及 hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, few, little等在否定句中,表示部分否定。,a. Dialogs are seldom held between the two parities due to a lack of sincerity on the part of one party. b. Few of the countries have responded positively to the US trade policy.,a. 因一方缺乏诚意,双方很少进行对话。 b. 没有几个国家对美国的贸易政策做出积极反应。,否定句式(3):形式
7、否定,3. Its a good workman that never blunders(犯大错).,1.The importance of market research cannot be overstated.,2. Our company could not get enough capital on this project.,市场调研的重要性无论怎样强调都不为过。,在这个项目上,我们公司无论如何也得不到足够的资金。,智者千虑,必有一失。,cannottoo; cannotover-;cannot enough等表示“无论怎样也不为过”,“越越好”,其意义是肯定的。 2. It is
8、 a (an)形容词名词否定从句,这种结构表示肯定,往往翻译成“再也会”。,否定句式(3):形式否定,How often have they not complained about the high prices we offer!,Manufacturers spend not a little on advertisements of products.,他们经常抱怨我方报价太高!,制造商在产品广告方面投入很多。,3. 某些带not的疑问句、感叹句、陈述句同样表示肯定的含义。 4. not () a little, no little, not () slightly的句子也表示肯定意义
9、,可以译成“很多”,“非常”。,否定句式(3):形式否定,6. He is old, none the less he works like a young man.,他虽然上了年纪,但是干起活来还像个年轻人。,5. 含有否定词而又不表示否定的固定词组有很多,常见的有as likely as not (很可能),more often than not,as often as not(往往,经常),none the less(依然,依旧)。,The applicant was too eager to know the result of interview.,The board of dire
10、ctors are only too pleased with the new acquisition proposal.,这位求职者迫不及待地想知道面试结果。,董事会对新的收购提议非常满意。,6. Too + ready (eager, easy, anxious, willing, inclined等adj.)时,不表示否定,而表示very和extremely的意思。 7. only (but, all ) + too + pleased (willing, delighted, glad, happy, satisfied等) + to,这种结构同样表示肯定意义。,否定句式(4):含蓄否
11、定,含蓄否定是指英语中有些词或短语不与否定词连用,同样也可以表示否定的意义。,否定句式(4):含蓄否定,But that与but for表示“如果不是的话”、“若非”。,1. China would have successfully purchased two early-warning planes from Israel but for the US intervention.,如果不是美国从中干预的话,中国就会顺利地从以色列手中购买两架预警飞机的。,否定句式(4):含蓄否定,More than后面虽然是肯定形式,却表示否定意义。,2. The beauty of Hangzhou is
12、 more than I can describe.,杭州景色优美,无法用语言形容。,生产经理接受了一大笔订单,有些贪多嚼不烂。,3. The production manager has bitten off more than he can chew by taking a bigger order.,4. A bigger payroll is more than such a small business as his can afford.,员工队伍过大是他这样的小企业无法承担的。,否定句式(5):否定转移,一般来说,英语中的否定词总是紧紧出现在被否定部分的前面,对其后面的部分进行否
13、定,但有时否定词所否定的并不是紧随其后的部分,而是后面的某个部分,这就是否定的转移。如果对否定的转移缺乏足够的认识,就会造成理解和翻译上的错误。,1. I have not come to you for money.,2. We havent called the meeting to discuss this issue.,3. China does not believe that permitting the RMB to trade freely is a good idea.,中国认为允许人民币自由兑换不是个好主意。,我们召开这个会议不是来讨论这个问题的。,我来不是找你要钱的。,否
14、定句式(5):双重否定,英语句子中的双重否定并不完全是由两个等同的否定词构成,而多半是由一个否定词和一个表示否定意义的词或词组构成。比如 no/ not/ neverbut就表示肯定的意思。双重否定是一种富于修辞作用的语法结构,他可以加强语气,起到强调的作用,因此译文要表现得明确、有力,也可以降低语气,把话说得含蓄一些,委婉一些。 英语的“双重否定”结构在译成汉语时可以是两个否定词,例如译成“没有不,不会不,并不是没有,无不,没有不是,并非毫无,不得不,不能不,非不可,未免不,未必不”等。一般来说,原文是加强语气的,翻译时最好也处理成汉语的双重否定结构。,否定句式(5):双重否定,4. We
15、are not reluctant to accept your proposal.,2. A successful entrepreneur should fight no battle unprepared.,成功的企业家不打无准备之仗。,任何规则都有例外。,1. There is no rule that has no exception.,3. There is not any advantage without disadvantage.,有一利必有一弊。,你方的建议我方愿意接受。,5. Not a day passed without trade conflicts between
16、 the two countries.,这两个国家没有一天不发生贸易摩擦。,否定句式(5):双重否定,如果译成双重否定结构不能够准确表达原文的意思,那么不妨将它处理成汉语的肯定结构。例如:,7. I never think of summer but I think of childhood.,一想到夏天,我就会想起童年。,8. Many foreign retailers such as Wal-Mart are too wise not to grasp the Chinese market.,像沃尔玛这样的许多外国零售商如此聪明,不会不抓住中国这块市场。,toonot to 和 not
17、tooto 这两种结构都表示双重否定,通常译成“太肯定会”、“必然”和“不要不”。,英语和汉语在表示比较的结构形式和使用方法上有较大的差别,从文化差异方面来看,英美人一般不作绝对的肯定或否定,总是作相对的比较,而汉语则习惯于使用最高级形式。此外,还有一些比较句式在汉语中反映不出来。常见的比较句式结构有以下几个方面:,句法翻译之二:比较句式,1)各种比较句式的替换 2)等比句式 3)差比句式 4)极比句式 5)比例句式 6)择比句式 7)介词表示比较8)其他表达方法,比较句式(1):各种比较句式的替换,从形式上看,英语中表示比较时有三种格式:原级(A is as as B),比较级(A is m
18、ore than B)和最高级(A is most),但实际上这些结构形式可以替换使用,翻译时可以灵活处理。 Never has China made better economic developments than now.,中国从未取得像现在这样好的经济成就!, A is more than B(A比B)这个结构可以替换成B is not as as A(B不像A那么),意义上没有区别,因此在翻译时可以采用原级形式来处理比较级。,比较句式(1):各种比较句式的替换,Even though the United States produces more automobiles than a
19、ny other country, it still imports large numbers of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.,尽管美国的汽车产量居世界首位,但它仍然从德国、日本和瑞典进口大量汽车,重要原因是美国市场有这种需求。, 原级和比较级按最高级翻译,比较句式(2):等比句式,等比句式表示两个相比较的事物处于同样情况,翻译时可按原级处理。有以下几种形式:,We have kept business rel
20、ationship with the company for years as it was as creditable as ever., asas结构表示单纯的比较(“同一样”),我们与那家公司保持多年的商业关系,理由是该公司一贯讲信用。,2. A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man.,没有爱的家不称其为家,正如没有灵魂的躯体不称其为人一样。, no more than和no morethan 这两种结构都表示前者与后者一样,通常翻译成“同一样(不)” (注意顺序)。再比如:,3.
21、Science and religion no more contradict each other than light and electricity.,科学与宗教,就像光与电一样,并不互相矛盾。,比较句式(2):等比句式,5. The talented are to the company as capital is to the company.,人才对于公司来说如同资本对于公司一样重要。,比较句式(2):等比句式,4. Reading is to the mind what food is to the body 读书之于思维犹如粮食之于身体。 该句型常见的变体有“A is to B
22、 as C is to D”这种结构通常翻译成汉语的“A对于B,如同C对于D”.,6. One may as well make business transactions via the Internet at home as do business with the other party in person.,人们在家里通过因特网进行交易,如同亲自与对方做生意一般。,7. You may as well go to her place as let her come to your place.,你去她那里,如同让她到你这里来一样。,比较句式(2):等比句式,解释:“may/might
23、as wellas”是一种比较结构,意为“犹如”、“做与做一样”,也可以说成是“mayas well as”。,8. It is in business as in any other field that people must abide by the law.,在商业和在其他任何领域一样,人们必须遵守纪守法。, It is in ( with ) as in ( with )这种结构通常翻译成汉语的“同一样”“好比”,“犹如”等。,9. It is in studying as in eating; he who does it gets the benefits, and not he
24、 who sees it done.,读书和吃饭一样,得益的是吃饭的人,而不是旁观者。,比较句式(2):等比句式,比较句式(3):差比句式,I suspect more than a few men have encountered the same dilemma, although under different circumstances.,差比句式就是表示“比多”或“比少”的句式,它们有时表示特殊的意思,其形式有几种:,我猜想,尽管场合各不相同,遇到这种窘境的人却不止这么几个。, more than 这种结构可以表示对程度的加强,可翻译成“不止”,“不只”,“不仅仅”,“极其”等。 m
25、orethan除了表示比较之外,还可代替rather than,译为“与其说不如说”。但是在翻译时应该将than前后两个部分互相交换位置。例如:,The second reason for the amorphous(无定形的,无组织的) nature of political parties in the United States is that each party is more interested in winning elections than in putting across a particular policy or law.,美国政党成分复杂的第二个原因是,每个政党所
26、关心的与其说是要推行一项特定的政策或法律,不如说是要争取在选举中获胜。,It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting, and that the so-called division between the pure scientist and the applied scientist is more apparent than real.,看来,这两门科学是相互依存而又相互影响的,因而理论科学家和应用科学家之间的所谓区分,与其说是实际存在的,不如说是表面性的。,比较句式(
27、3):差比句式,4. The child was less hurt than frightened.,与其说这孩子受了伤,不如说他受到了惊吓。, less than这个结构有时可以翻译成“与其说不如说”。,5. I was less angry than surprised.,我并不怎么生气,更多的是我感到吃惊。,比较句式(3):差比句式,比较句式(3):差比句式,He got promoted not so much by his utter devotion to his work as by fawning upon(奉承)his supervisor.,The oceans do n
28、ot so much divide the world as unite it.,The book is not written so much for the executives as for the public.,与其说海洋把世界分割开来,不如说把他连接起来了。,他得到提升,与其说是靠对工作的极大投入,不如说是靠巴结上司。,这本书与其说是为了管理人员,倒不如说是为了大众而写的。, not so much相当于less than,同样可以翻译成汉语的“与其说不如说”。依旧。,这些房子非常昂贵,工薪阶层买不起。,These houses are more expensive than lo
29、w-income people can afford., more than can/could:这种结构暗含否定意义,是一种含蓄的表达方法。,比较句式(3):差比句式,10. The car ran out of gas on the way, and what was worse, there was not a single gas station in the vicinity.,汽车在半路上没有油了,更糟糕的是,附近连一个加油站的影子也没有。, whatbe比较级结构:通常作为插入语,表示后者比前者“更”,常用的比较级形容词包括more, worse, rarer, better,
30、happier, odder, more (important, surprising, remarkable, curious, certain)等。有时候比较级前面还可以加上even, still, much等副词来加强语气,有时将what is省略。,11. To fulfill the task requires of us great endeavors, what is more important, selfless loyalty to our firm.,完成这项任务需要我们付出极大的努力,更重要的是,需要我们对公司无私的忠诚。,比较句式(3):差比句式,12. This y
31、ear SONY has produced as many game machines again as Microsoft.,今年索尼公司生产的游戏机是微软的两倍。, asagain as:这一结构表示前项是后项的两倍。,13. I have only $200, but I need much again to buy a digital camera.,我只有200美元,而我买数码照相机需要400美元。,比较句式(3):差比句式,比较句式(4):极比句式,极比句式就是表示“最”,除了常见的以形容词和副词most以及-est形式所构成的结构之外,还有其他一些情况。例如: nothing /
32、 no 比较级:这种结构是最高级的一种委婉的表达方式,有时也可以用few或hardly来表示几乎相同的意思,在翻译时可译成“最”。,To the businessman, nothing is more precious than time, yet nothing is less valued.,对商人来说,最宝贵的莫过于时间,而最不值钱的也是时间。,几乎没有应聘者比他更适合做这项工作了。,Few candidates are better qualified for the job than he is.,由于我公司缺少必要资金,我非常愿意接受贵方的合作。,As our company i
33、s in lack of the necessary capital, we cant be more willing to accept your cooperation., not比较级than:这种结构是最高级的一种委婉的表达方式。表达方法。,比较句式(4):极比句式,比较句式(4):极比句式, asas any: 这种结构通常翻译成“最”。,Bill Gates is as rich as any billionaire in the world.,比尔 盖茨是世界上最富有的亿万富翁。,中国的投资环境是世界上最适宜的。,The environment for investment in
34、 China is as suitable as any in world.,比较句式(4):极比句式, 否定词+soas:这种结构通常翻译成“最”,“没有比更”。,6. Nothing is so thrilling as a business trip to Europe.,去欧洲进行商务旅行最令人兴奋。,他在打乒乓球时精力显得最充沛。,7. He never looked so energetic as when he played table tennis.,比较句式(4):极比句式, the last: 这一结构表示“最”、“决不”,而它的具体含义要视具体情况而定。再比如:,That
35、 company is the last one with which we will conduct business from now on due to its lack of sincerity.,我方今后决不与那家公司做生意,它缺乏诚意。,美国商会正在讨论一个最重要的问题,即是否延长对华最惠国待遇的问题。,The US Chamber of Commerce are discussing a question of last importancewhether or not to extend MFN treatment to China.,比较句式(4):极比句式,The Japa
36、nese aggressors committed the last crime in China as well as in other Asian countries.,日本侵略者在中国以及亚洲其他国家犯下了最恶劣的罪行。,这是最新式的个人电脑。,11. This is the last thing in personal computer.,比较句式(4):极比句式, of all things 和 of all others:这两种结构通常翻译成“最”,“特别是”。,She is the managing director of all others for the position.
37、,她担任总经理这个职位最为合适。,老板最想见的就是你。,13. You are one of others the boss wants to see.,比较句式(5):比例句式,比例句式包括平行比较和渐进比较,其结构比较简单。例如: the morethe more:这种结构通常翻译成“越越”。,The more the US government threatens economic sanctions against China, the more defiant China becomes of the United States.,美国越是威胁要对华实行经济制裁,中国就越是与美国对着
38、干。,他商务旅行的次数越多,就越不觉得有新鲜感。,The more business trip he takes, the less exciting he feels.,比较句式(5):比例句式, moremore:这种结构通常翻译成“越越”。,More haste, less speed.,欲速则不达。,投资风险越大,我们就应该越勇敢。,When there is more investment risk, we should be more courageous.,比较句式(5):比例句式, (ever) +比较级+and+比较级:这种结构通常翻译成“日益”。,中国正在日益富强。,5.
39、China is growing ever richer and stronger.,比较句式(6):择比句式,与其干不好,不如不干。,Better do nothing than do a poor job.,择比句式就是在两种选项上选择一个,通常翻译成“与其不如”,“宁可也不”,“喜欢不愿”等。例如:,Generally speaking, I have a preference for Chinese to foreign commodities.,一般来说,我喜欢用中国商品,不愿意用外国商品。,比较句式(6):择比句式,他喜欢发电子邮件,不喜欢写信。,3. He prefers to
40、e-mail rather than write letters.,择比句式就是在两种选项上选择一个,通常翻译成“与其不如”,“宁可也不”,“喜欢不愿”等。例如:,I would try hard to retain old clients sooner than keep finding new ones.,我宁愿想方设法保住老客户,也不愿意一个劲地寻找新客户。,比较句式(7):介词表示比较,他把财富看得比健康重要,这一点都不奇怪。,1. It is not strange at all that he values wealth above health.,表示数量多少、质量优劣、程度高低
41、等的比较:某些介词可以按照比较级去翻译,这些介词包括:above, before, behind, below, beyond, over, under等。,2. Work should come before pleasure.,工作应该先于娱乐。(先工作,后娱乐。),3. You are half an hour behind your appointed time.,你比约定的时间晚到了半小时。,比较句式(7):介词表示比较,我的这份与你的相比似乎少了些。,4. My share seems small beside yours., 表示对比、对照的介词:通常有beside, again
42、st, for, to等。,5. The marketing manager he hires looks young for her age.,他聘用的这位市场部经理比实际年龄显得年轻。,6. Imported products are superior in quality to domestic ones.,进口产品比国产产品质量要好。,We have made two hundred forty business deals this year as against one hundred forty last year.,今年已做成了二百四十笔交易,而去年只做成了一百四十笔。,比较句
43、式(8):其他表达法,1. As we know, qualified personnel are the treasure of treasures to a corporation. 2. She is a Parisian of Parisians.,众所周知,对公司来说人才是宝中之宝。 她是个最地道的法国人。, 单数名词 + of + 同一名词复数:这种结构可以翻译成“最”,“是当中的佼佼者”。,比较句式(8):其他表达法,3. Foreign currency is more valuable than the valuables in foreign trade. 4. John
44、is more English than the English.,外汇在对外贸易中无比贵重。 约翰是个最地道的英国人。, more + 形容词 + than + the + 同一形容词构成的名词:这种结构可以翻译成“最”,“是当中最”。,Her mother asked her to stop playing with water, but she only did it all the more. 她母亲叫她别再玩水了,但她却玩得更厉害了。 The conversation about the weather between the Englishmen do not as a rule
45、leave the participants any the wiser; only on rare occasions can information be said to have been exchanged. 英国人之间关于天气的谈话一般没什么内容;仅在很少的情况下才可以说双方之间有了信息交流。 All / none / so much + the + 比较级, 译作“更加”、 “还是”。,定语从句(1):限定性定语从句的翻译, 前置法:把英语的限制性定语从句翻译成带“的”字的定语词组,放在被修饰词之前,从而将英语的复句变成汉语的单句。例如:,Trade barrier is a pr
46、essing problem which we must deal with.,贸易壁垒是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。,In the room where the electronic computer is kept, there must be no dust at all.,在存放电子计算机的房间里,不能有一点灰尘。,定语从句(1):限定性定语从句的翻译, 前置法:,Everything that we saw at the Industrial Exhibition greatly interested us.,我们对在工业博览会上所看到的一切都非常感兴趣。,There are rea
47、l estate markets, foreign exchange markets, labor markets, short-term capital market, and so on; there may be a market for anything which has a price.,有房地产市场、外汇市场、劳务市场、短期资金市场等等;任何有价值的东西都可能有个市场。, 后置法:上述前置定语的翻译方法大都适用于限制性定语从句,但一般用于处理比较简单的英语定语从句。如果从句结构复杂,将其翻译成汉语的前置定语则显得句子太长,不符合汉语习惯,因而需要将其处理成汉语的并列分句。,总经理
48、收到了她的信,信中说明她要辞职。,The managing director received a letter from her that announced her resignation.,定语从句(1):限定性定语从句的翻译, 后置法:在处理成汉语的并列分句的时候,上面的例子是重复英语先行词 ,也有省略先行词的时候:,A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat.,他们制定了一种新方法,采用之后产量已经迅速得到提高.,They worked out a new meth
49、od by which production has now been rapidly increased.,燃料是一种物质,在适当温度下能够燃烧并放出热量。,定语从句(1):限定性定语从句的翻译,溶合法溶合法是指把原句中的主句与定语从句溶合在一起翻译成一个独立的句子。由于限制性定语从句与主句关系密切,所以溶合法比较适合于翻译限制性定语从句。,Fortunately there are some chemical fuels that are clean and smokeless.,某些金属既能导电,又能被磁化。,There are some metals which possess the
50、 power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized.,幸好有些化学燃料是洁净无烟的。,定语从句(1):限定性定语从句的翻译,溶合法,We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.,一位外国经济学家说道,“我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下去。”,“We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,” said a foreign economist.,我们驾驶的飞
51、机几乎每个部件都有国籍的标志。,定语从句(1):限定性定语从句的翻译,定语从句(2):非限定性定语从句的翻译, 前置法一些较短而具有描写性的英语非限制性定语从句,可以翻译成汉语的前置定语,放在被修饰词之前。例如:,The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor.,那个整天躲在云层里的太阳,现在又光芒四射地露面了。,Transistors, which are small in size, can make previously large and bulky radio waves light and sm
52、all.,体积小的晶体管使得先前那种又大又笨的收音机变得又轻又小。,定语从句(2):非限定性定语从句的翻译, 后置法在译文中将原文从句后置,重复英语关系代词所代表的含义。例如:,I lent my camcorder to Mr. Li, who in turn lent it to Mr. Wang in the marketing department.,我把摄像机借给了李先生,而李先生又把它借给了市场部的王先生。,This is a school of international business and communication, the students of which are
53、trained to be business executives for joint ventures or foreign-owned businesses.,这是一家商务外语学院,该院学生将被培养成合资或独自企业管理者。,定语从句(2):非限定性定语从句的翻译, 后置法在译文中将原文从句后置,省略英语关系代词所代表的含义。例如:,After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.,饭后,四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈,一直谈到深夜。,定语从句(2):
54、非限定性定语从句的翻译, 后置法译成汉语的独立句。例如:,The president had talked to Commerce Secretary Rom Brown, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.,总统与商务部部长布朗谈过话。商务部长向总统保证,凡是能够做到的事情都将竭尽权力去做。,I hope your success, which is an inspiration to me, will continue.,你的成功对我是个鼓舞,我希望你不断取得成功。,定语句式(3):分述法, 将
55、关系代词还原,即把关系代词翻译成它所指代的先行词或重复一下先行词。例如:,He was first introduced to the students at the English corner on campus by his friend Nelson who was already a postgraduate at the university.,他在校园的英语角由他的朋友纳尔逊首次介绍给学生的,纳尔逊当时已是该校的研究生了。 I received the impression of a brutal, clever, competent man who, in business m
56、atters, at all events, would be pitiless. 我对这个人的印象是既残酷又精明能干。这种人在生意上无论如何都是毫不徇情的。,定语句式(3):分述法, 主从糅合,重新组合。例如:,To those visitors who come from countries where social relationships develop more slowly during a longer period of time, the American way may seem very frightening, too personal, and rude.,在一些国
57、家里,居民的社会关系是要长期漫漫培养的。习惯了这种情形的游客一旦到了美国,可能觉得美国人的方式很可怕,太注意私人问题,没有礼貌。,定语从句(4):带有状语功能的定语从句, 译成表示“原因”的分句。例如:,The speaker did not talk at length about the matter, which was not considered by the White House to be a particularly important question.,发言人没有详细谈到这件事情,因为白宫没有把这件事情看做是一个特别重要的问题。,You would have to be
58、very careful not to offend the foreman, who could give you the sack at any time.,你可得多加小心,不要得罪工头,因为工头随时都可以炒你鱿鱼。,定语从句(4):带有状语功能的定语从句, 译成表示“结果”的分句。例如:,There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.,这个方案富有创造性,独具一格,很有魄力,因此他们都很喜欢。,Late last century, all univ
59、ersities in the United States adopted the credit system which benefited students a great deal.,上个世纪末,美国所有大学都采用了学分制,(使得)学生们受益匪浅。,定语从句(4):带有状语功能的定语从句, 译成表示“让步”的分句。例如:,Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work or replace them.,尽管电子计算机有许多优点,但是它们不能进行创造性工作,也不能代替人。,My assistant, who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiment, could not obtain satisfactory results, because he followed them mechanically.,虽然我的助手在做试验之前已从头到尾仔细阅读过说明书,但是由于他生搬硬套,所以不能取得满意的结果。,定语从句(4):带有状语功能的定语从句, 译成表示“目的”的分句。例
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