专业英语(环境工程)教案

专业英语（环境工程）教案 Unit 1 The Population Explosion 要求：1、了解人口爆炸是当今世界面临的一个重要问题，以及导致人口爆炸的原因。 2、了解人口爆炸所带来的问题以及应对方法。 I Some words and expressions 1. population explosion 人口爆炸 2. birth rates and death rate 出生率合死亡率 3. food, clothing and shelter 衣食住行 4family planning 计划生育 5More than two-thirds of the people in the world live in the countries that have programs for family planning. 世界三分之二以上人口的国家都实行计划生育政策。 II. Questions 1Point out the reasons that cause population explosion. a. The number of births is greater than before. b. People can live longer. 2. Today our population is six billion. How many years will it take to reach eight billion if the world population increased at a rate of eighty million? A. 2.5 year B. 25y C. 250y The answer is B. Why? 3. How many measures can be taken to solve the problems that are caused by large population gathering in big cities? a. Lower birth rate_family plan b. Improve food supply c. Limit the size of cities and encourage people to live in small towns and in the countryside. Unit 2 Effects of Noise 教学要求：1、了解噪声的特点及来源。 2、了解噪声的危害和控制技术。 教学内容： 1、pure tone 纯音（频率单一） 2、sound-pressure level 声压级，声压的分贝标度叫做声压级（L P） LP20lg(P/P 0),P待测声压 P 0 基准声压，人耳能察觉的最低声压 3、octave bands 1 倍频程 log2(f2/f1)=1。f 2、f 1噪声监测终所用滤波器（等 比带宽滤波器）的上下截止频率。1 倍频程简称倍频程，在音乐上称为一个八 度。 4、What is sound? That which we hear is called sound. 5、The characteristics of sound are: speed, pitch(determined by frequency), energy, wavelength and sound power. 6、Noise : undesirable sound The definition of noise is variable. 7、The instrument that measures sound is decibel meter, and a scale of such is called a decibel (dB). (1)Zero dB represents the softest sound that is audible to the human ear. (2)dB=10lg(I/I0),I0 is the faintest audible sound and I is the real sound we measured. 8、Intensity: 声强（I） ，每秒钟通过与声波传播方向垂直的面积上的平均声能。 9、Sound pressure:声压（P） ，声源震动时，它所辐射出的能量会引起空气介质 的压力变化。 10、 Noise control can be done in reducing noise source, interrupting the path of transmission, or protecting the receiver. (1)Source reducing: a. Modify technological approaches so as to accomplish given objectives more quietly. b. Using the machines that work quietly. (2) Transmission path interrupting a. Choosing materials that vibrate very inefficiently to convert the sound energy into heat.(that is, using acoustical materials) b. Using mufflers c. deflecting the sound path away from the receiver d. personal defense: hold our hands over our ears; use ear plugs and muffs; go away; rotating assignments Unit 3 Thermal Pollution 教学要求：1、了解能源的消耗以及由此引起的环境污染问题。 2、了解热污染对水体生态系统的破坏作用。 教学内容： 1. Energy consumption always accompany with environmental pollution and disruption. 2. Human is in a dilemma between preserving the amenities of civilization and simultaneously improving the quality and cleanliness of the planet. 3. In order to conserve the energy supplies and reduce the environmental pollution, reducing energy consumption may be useful, but it has not been particularly effective in recent years. 4. Scientists are making effort on improving and extending technological methods of reducing energy consumption and controlling pollution, thus we can maintain our life-styles. But this needs some compromises among technical, social and economical changes. 5. Large quantities of heat added to aquatic systems will cause ecological disruptionthermal pollution. 6. The increase in temperature caused by thermal pollution result in speeding up of the aquatic organisms, and its need for oxygen and its rate of respiration therefore rise. Because the concentration of dissolved oxygen decreases in hot water, fishes are easy to be killed due to shortage of oxygen. 7. The effect of temperature rises: a. Higher temperature often prove to be more hospital for pathogenic organisms, and thermal pollution may therefore convert a low incidence of fish disease to a massive dish kill as the pathogenic become more virulent and the fish less resistant. b. Since sewage decomposition is dependent on oxygen, rivers with hot water are less able to cleanse themselves than cold ones. c. The combination of thermal pollution with increased nutrients from undecomposed sewage can lead to rapid and excessive algae growth. d. Synthetic poisons become more dangerous to fish as the water temperaturer rises. Unit 4 Aerobic Wastewater Treatment I Design Criteria 1、sludge bulking 污泥膨胀 2、topography 地势、地形学 3、percolation rate 滤过速度 4、two aerobic systems: suspended growth, fixed film Differences: the state of microorganisms for the breakdown of wastes. 5、inert medium 惰性介质 6、design guideline 设计原则、设计标准 7、proprietary device 专门的设备 II. Configuration 1、The configuration of a typical aerobic treatment units includes the aeration compartment, settling chamber (pretreatment compartment) Capacity of treatment :1514-5678 liters per day III. Pretreatment Aim： to remove grease,trash, garage grinds IV. Flow mode Continuous or batch flow systems Device: a. Aeration tank volume and/or baffles b. Sophisticated flow dampening devices V. Method of aeration 1、rule of thumb 根据经验的做法；经验得来的法则 2、aeration tank 曝气池 3、mixing or pumping VI. Biomass separation 1、Carifier 2、Upflow clarifier devices has been used to improve biomass separation. Attention must be given to the designs weir and baffles. 3、Filtration devices VII. Controls and alarms Destination: to detect mechanical breakdown and to control the operation of electrical components. VIII. Addition construction features 1、appurtenance 附属物、附属设备 2、galvanized steel 镀锌钢板 3、mover 提议人、发起人、创办人 VIIII Performance 1、hydraulic and solid retention times(SRT) 水力和固体停留时间 2、detritus 风化土砾（自岩石脱落的碎砂石） 3、influent factor for performance a. hydraulic retention time and SRT b. dissolved oxygen concentration c. wastewater characteristics d. temperature 4、nitrification 硝化作用 Unit 5 Insitu Ground Water Bioremediation 1. Definition: In-situ ground eater bioremediation is a technology that encourages growth and reproduction of indigenous microorganisms to enhance biodegradation of organic constituents in saturated zone. 原位地下水生物修复技术是在饱和区哪，利用原有微生物的生长和繁殖来增强有机组 分生物降解的一项技术。 2 Application (1) for the full range of petroleum hydrocarbons (2) be combined with other saturated zone remedial technologies and vadose zone remedial operations. 3. Operation Principles (1) mitigate 缓和、减轻 (2) smear 弄脏，涂污 (3) vadose 地下水位线以下 (4) bioventing (5) upgradient (6) infiltration gallery (7) closed-loop 闭环路、闭合回路 (8) Bioremediation generally requires a mechanism for stimulating and maintaining the activity of the microorganisms. (9) delivery system: an electron acceptor(oxygen, nitrate) nutrients (N,P) energy source (carbon) 4. System design (1) In-situ bioremediation can be implemented in four treatment modes: aerobic,anoxic,anaerobic and co-metabolic. (2) aliphatic hydrocarbons: 脂肪烃 aromatic hydrocarbons: 芳香烃 (3) chlorinated solvent: 含氯的溶剂 (4) hydrogen peroxide： 过氧化氢（双氧水） (5) Key parameter: a. hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer b. biodegradability of the petroleum constituents c. location of petroleum contamination in the subsurface (6) silt 淤泥 clayey 多粘土的 (7)stratification: 成层；分层地层 stratum (pl. strata): 地层，层 (8) recalcitrant 反抗的，固执的 In-situ Ground water bioremediation A citizens Guide to Bioremediation 1. What is Bioremediation ? Bioremediation allows natural processes to clean up harmful chemicals in the environment. Harmful chemicals microbe water + harmless gases 2. How does it work? Conditions: allow the microbes to grow and multiply Condition modification: pump air, nutrients, or other substances, right temperature, dig up, stir. 3. Is bioremediation safe? Bioremediation is very safe. (1)It relies on microbes that naturally occur in soil. These microbes are helpful and pose no threat to people at the site or in the community. (2)No dangerous chemical are used in bioremediation. 4. How long will it take? The time it takes to bioremediate a site depends on several factors. (1) types and amounts of harmful chemicals present. (2) Size and depth of the polluted area. (3) Type of soil and the conditions present (4) Whether cleanup occurs above ground or underground-from a few months to even several years 5. Why use bioremediation? (1) Polluted soil and ground eater can be cleaned at the site without having to move them somewhere else. safe (2) Bioremediation does not require as much equipment or labor as most other methods. cheap Unit 6 Taking Toxics Out of the Air Introduction The air we breathe van be contaminated with pollutants from factories, vehicles, power plant and many other sources Harmful effects: on peoples health and environment Factors of the impact: quality, duration, potency, toxicity of the chemicals, frequency, persons state, etc. What Are Toxic Air Pollutants? Toxic air pollutants are those pollutants that are known or suspected to cause cancer or other solution health effect, or to cause adverse environmental effects. Where Do Air Toxics Come From? Mobile sources: c