谓语的主谓一致.doc

找家教，到阳光 阳光家教网 全国最大家教平台第四讲 谓语的主谓一致【语法讲解】“一致”指句子成分之间要在人称、数、性等方面保持的协调关系。在英语中最主要的一致关系是主语和谓语动词之间的数的一致。1. 基本原则：在现代英语中主谓一致基本遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。三个原则中，以语法一致为主，意义一致次之，就近一致再次之。1.1语法一致原则指的是一般情况下，主语和谓语动词要在语法上取得一致，即主语为单数形式，动词也采取单数形式；主语为复数形式，动词也采取复数形式，这种一致关系叫做语法一致。例如：Tom is a good student. 汤姆是一个好学生。（一般现在时中主语为第三人称单数时，be动词采用is的形式）Tom and Mary are good friends. （一般现在时中主语为第三人称复数时，be动词采用are的形式）英语中遵循语法一致原则的具体情况包括：1） 动词不定式、动名词、从句做主语时，谓语动词采用单数形式。例如：Talking mends no holes. 空谈无济于事。（主语为动名词talking）To make a plan for our future is important. 为我们的将来制定计划很重要。（主语为不定式短语to make a plan for our future）When they will move to Beijing has not been decided yet.他们什么时候搬到北京去还没有决定。（主语为主语从句when they will move to Beijing）2） a portion of, a series of, a kind of 等词语修饰主语时， of后面既可以接单数名词，也可以接复数名词，但谓语动词采用单数形式。例如：A kind of special tools is needed. 需要一种特殊的工具。A series of white arrows has been painted on the road. 马路上画有一连串白色箭头。A portion of land has been cultivated. 已经耕种了一部分土地。【特别提醒】a variety of, a number of 名词复数作主语时，谓语动词采用复数形式。A variety of ways have been tried in solving the problem. 为了解决这一问题已经尝试了很多种方法。A large number of people work in that company.很多人在那家公司工作。3） everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, each, one of, either, neither, every用作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词采用单数形式。例如：Someone has brought the book here.有人把书带到这儿来。If anyone calls, tell him Ill be back in a minute.如果有人打电话，告诉他我马上回来。One of the students is absent today. 有一个学生今天没来。Nobody feels interested in the proposal. 没人对这个提议感兴趣。I invited both of them but neither has come yet. 我邀请了他们两个人，但现在一个也没到。The two guests have arrived and either is welcome.两个客人都到了，而且都受欢迎。【特别提醒】none的用法相当于名词，指不可数名词时，后面的谓语动词用单数形式；指可数名词复数时，后面的谓语动词可以用单数形式也可以用复数形式。None of the money is yours. 钱都不是你的。（money是不可数名词，所以谓语动词be采用的是is）None of his friends comes / come to see him. 没有朋友来看他。（friends是可数名词复数，所以谓语动词come可以用come，也可以用comes） 4) both, few, many, several等代词用作主语或修饰可数名词复数的主语时，谓语动词采用复数形式。例如： Both her fingers are broken.她的两个手指都断了。 Few of my friends were there .我的朋友几乎没有人在那里。 Many people have caught flu. 很多人得了流感。 Several students are absent today. 今天几个学生没来。 【特别提醒】some作代词用时，意思为“一些, 若干, 有些, 某些”，其后的谓语动词用复数形式。例如： Some think so. 有些人这样想。 Some of the books are quite interesting. 这些书中有些是很有趣的。 some作形容词用时，意思为“某一不知名的”时，其后加名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。意思为“一些”时，其后加可数名词时，谓语动词用复数；其后加不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数。例如： Some man has called.某人打过电话。（Some的意思是“某一不知名的”） Some people are interested in skating. 有些人对滑冰感兴趣。（Some的意思是“一些”，people为可数名词） Some water has been wasted. 有些水被浪费了。（Some的意思是“一些”，water为不可数名词）1.2意义一致原则指根据主语的意义而不是形式上是单数还是复数来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。英语中遵循意义一致原则的情况包括：1） 表示“距离、时间、重量、面积和金额”等复数名词，通常用动词的单数形式来对应。习惯上，在这些复数名词前面有数词修饰。即：数词+复数名词单数动词例如：Five hundred dollars a month is not much.一个月五百美元是不多的。Thirty minutes is enough for you.三十分钟对你来说已经够了。2） 作主语用的名词或代词有由including, as well as, together with, in addition to, accompanied by等连接的短语时，谓语动词须和该名词或代词的人称和数一致。例如：Tom, as well as friends, loves the game. 汤姆和他的朋友都喜欢这个游戏。（Tom是单数，谓语动词与之保持一致）The students, together with the teacher, have come back. 学生们和老师已经回来了。（The students是复数，谓语动词与之保持一致）3） and连接两个名词作主语时，如果这两个名词指的时同一物体的不同部分，或者两个名词指的就是同一个人或物，谓语动词则使用单数形式。例如：Bread and butter is my favorite breakfast. 面包和黄油是我最喜欢的早餐。(bread and butter虽是早餐中的不同内容，但把它们看成是一种食品)The owner and editor of the newspaper is a friend of mine. 该报纸的发行人兼总编辑是我的一个朋友。（The owner and editor指的是同一个人）4） many a, more than one 所修饰的名词做主语时，谓语动词采用单数形式，但是意义是复数。例如：Many a student has realized this. 很多学生都已经意识到了。More than one student is absent today. 很多学生今天都没来。5） the+形容词泛指一类人或物时，谓语动词用复数。例如： The rich are not necessarily happier than the poor. 富人不一定比穷人更快乐（the rich指的是“富人”这一类人）6) 集体名词做主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义。如果集体名词为无生命的名词，则谓语动词采用单数形式。例如：Jewelry is no longer a mark of wealth.珠宝不再是财富的标志。New machinery is arriving tomorrow.机器明天就要到了。如果集体名词为有生命的名词，people, police, cattle等后面的动词只采用复数形式；而其它的集体名词，当作为一个不可分割的整体来看时，谓语动词用单数形式；当强调个体活动和特性时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：The police have arrived in time. 警方及时赶到。All of the people here are the couples friends.在场的所有人都是这对夫妇的朋友。The audience have all returned to their seats. 观众们都已回到自己的座位。（audience是一个集体名词，在这里强调的是每个观众，所以谓语动词用复数形式）The audience is asked to remain seated during the break. 在中间休息的时候也要求观众留在自己的座位上。（audience是一个集体名词，在这里强调的是观众整体，所以谓语动词用单数形式）1.3就近原则指谓语动词的单复数形式和最近的主语保持一致。就近原则适用于由not only but also, eitheror, neithernor，或 or连接的主语。例如： Either she or I am going to fetch some chalk. 不是她就是我去拿些粉笔。（I与谓语动词最近，所以谓语动词同I保持一致）Neither the students not the teacher knows anything about it. 学生们和老师都不知道这件事。（the teacher与谓语动词最近，所以谓语动词同the teacher保持一致）【特别提醒】由bothand连接的主语应该用复数，不属于就近原则。例如： Both the students and the teacher have heard of the news. 学生和老师都听说了这个消息。2. 其他语法现象中涉及的主谓一致2.1 定语从句当定语从句所修饰的名词在定语从句中做主语时，从句中谓语动词的单复数变化取决于该名词的单复数。例如： The man who is standing there is my neighbor. 站在那儿的人是我的邻居。（定语从句修饰的词为man，man在定语从句中作主语。man是单数，所以定语从句中的be动词用is。） Those who are rude to others will not be respected. 不尊重别人的人不会被别人尊重。（定语从句修饰的词为those，those在定语从句中作主语。those是复数，所以定语从句中的be动词用are。）2.2 倒装句倒装句中的主语在谓语动词之后，因此找准主语是决定谓语动词单复数的关键。例如： On the bridge are three pretty girls. 站在桥上的是三个漂亮的小姑娘。（girls是句子的主语） Seldom have I seen her so unhappy. 我从来没见过她如此不高兴。（I是句子的主语）【强化练习】1 请选择括号中正确的动词形式。1） One of the following statements (is, are) true? 2） The house, together with the garden, (is, are) for sale. 3） Our team (is, are) playing well in the first half. 4） Beside the bed (is, are) two armchairs. 5） Neither he nor his sisters (is, are) in favor of the idea. 6） The family (is, are) of two opinions as to the traveling plan. 7） Being rich overnight (is, are) too good to be true.8） The disabled (is, are) a group of people who (is, are ) in need of help. 9） 500 meters (is, are) a long distance for a three-year-old boy to walk.10） The poor (is, are) going to buy anything beyond necessities. 【练习解析】1) is 根据语法一致原则，谓语动词的数与主语one的数保持一致。2) is 谓语动词与the house保持一致。3) is our team是集体名词，在这里被当作一个整体来看，谓语用单数。4) are 倒装句，主语是two armchairs。5) are 就近原则，his sisters 与谓语动词最近。6) are family是集体名词，在这里强调家庭中的每个成员，谓语用复数。7) is 动名词做主语，谓语用单数。8) are, are the +形容词泛指一类人，谓语用复数。在定语从句中，谓语动词与做主语的people的数一致。9) is 500 meters是距离作主语，谓语动词用单数。10) are the+形容词作主语，指一类人，谓语动词用复数。 2 用动词的正确形式填空。1） Either the doctor or the nurses _ (see) her last letter; it cant be lost. 2） That he left home _ (make) everyone upset. 3） Whether they want to go or not _ (remain) a problem. 4） The police _ (be) busy scattering the crowd.5） Love and affection _ (be) the only theme he is interested in. 6） He is one of the lucky guys who _ (escape) this cruel treatment. 7） A series of books _ (publish) on this well-established topic. 8） The producer and main character of the film _ (live) here. 9） Following this letter, there _ (come) another three letters from the same address. 10） Many a boy _ (love) basketball in America.【练习解析】1) have seen 就近原则2) makes 从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。3) remains 从句做主语，谓语动词用单数。4) are police为使用复数形式的谓语动词的集体名词。5) is love and affection都是主题theme中的一部分。6) have escaped 定语从句的主语是它所修饰限制的复数名词guys。 7) has been published 根据语法一致原则，a series of 引导的主语，谓语用单数。8) lives The producer and main character指的是同一个人。（注意：两个名词前只有一个冠词） 9) have come/ came 倒装句，主语为another three letters.10) Loves many a形式上为单数，因此谓语动词用单数。但many a 意思上为复数。【巩固练习】（十）1. 请选择括号中正确的动词单复数形式。1） In theory, every person (has, have) access to education. 2） It (is, are) modern technology that leads us to success. 3） He holds very odd beliefs that (is, are) hard to understand. 4） (Is, Are) everything going well in your office? 5） There (come, comes) the bus. 6） Some of the books (is, are) very well written, but none of them (is, are) suitable for our purpose. 7） So in effect the government (has, have) lowered their working efficiency. 8） Banking staff (is, are) to be given more training to help them deal with armed robbers. 9） Consideration for other people (is, are) what he lacks all his life. 10） Do you have any books that (deal, deals) with rail travel in France? 2. 用动词的正确形式填空。1) Her lawyer and lifelong friend _ (be) going to help her.2) Everyone _(talk) at the top of his voice now. 3) T