考研写作强化班-刘晓艳.ppt

考研写作课程,刘晓艳,一 课程设置,作文概述 单词 句子 句子的改写和扩写 段落论述 文章,一 写作概述,写作题型，评分原则和方法 1 题型 2 原则和方法 黄金原则一 书写工整，卷面整洁，字迹清晰 黄金原则二 语言第一，结构第二 内容第三,二）考研写作常见问题 1 单词常见问题： A 单词匮乏，重复使用； B 编造词汇； dreamboat、 to my point，according to my opinion C 用词不准确,D 语域问题 a 缩写词非正式 b 泛指的不定代词you one you never know what measures the president will take. C 正式问题的引导词that不能省略。,d 做定语或状语的短语 the man standing in the corner looks so funny. he cried with a rose in his hands. e 插入语使句子更具正式性 E 拼写错误,2. 语法常见问题： A、 单复数问题： 老师就像油灯一样 B、 冠词使用问题 C、 主谓一致问题： D、时态一致问题： E、词性误用问题 F . 中文思维的问题 G 并列结构不一致的问题,二）结构上的问题 结构指的是段落的安排和句子之间的衔接和连贯 1 缺少连词 2 乱用连词 3 随意分段,三）内容上的问题 文章偏题或无内容可写。 抓住个别细节进行错误引申 提纲规定的内容漏写 论述空洞宽泛,二节 写作满分表达和练习,一 ）简单句 1. 被动 1)当汉语用人们，我们或有人作主语时； 2)汉语的无主句也喜欢用,我们应该孝敬父母； Parents should be respected by us.,Should Ought to Be supposed to Be obliged to,We: the public private individuals the folk youngsters teenagers parents,experts and professors all children and adults all human beings men and women in all walks,我们不应该盲目追星； Superstars should not be pursued blindly by us.,Not Never Seldom By no means Fail to,污染很严重 pollution is thought very serious by an increasing amount of private individuals,Think Hold argue Contend assume presume Insist maintain assert claim,Be of the opinion that Have been convinced that Cling to the perspective that,Very Pretty quite rather Distinctly outstandingly Remarkably exceedingly Especially extraordinarily Enormously,serious Grave severe fearful Be of great severity,二）there be 句型 There are many reaons explain the phenomenon.,Be Look smell taste feel sound Seem prove appear exist Become get Keep remain,Many A sea of a host of a multitude of A train of an army of,Immense amounts of Numerous innumerable Abundant plentiful,Causes Factors elements,explain account for lead to give rise to contribute to Be responsible for,There is little doubt that There are those who claim that,There is strong evidence to show that There is a growing worldwide awareness around the world that There exist/ remain/ appear/prove,3 比较结构 1） as as Liu is very graceful; Liu looks as graceful as a red red rose, who can take many peoples breath away.,他很丑 He is as ugly as an standing toad, Which can make many people stop to look at him.,练习：英语很重要 English is as essential as air and water, which plays a key role in our daily life.,Important Vital Significant essential Indispensable Play a key role in sth Be of great importance,污染很严重 Pollution is as serious as AIDS/ earthquakes, which can threaten patients health or even take their lives away.,2) the more the more 你爬的越远，你看的越高 The more farther one climbs, the more higher one sees. 。,越努力，越幸运。 The more harder every private individual are, the more luckily they will feel.,练习：我们花越多的时间追星，我们用在学习上的时间就越少 The more time students spend in pursuing stars, The less time they use on study. .,我们越自信，越容易取得成功 the more confident men and women in all walks keep, the more easily they achiece great success.,我们越快的采取措施，这个问题越能得到有效的解决 The more quick authorities take measures, the more effective the issue will be resolved,Take measures Take steps/ action Solve Resolve Settle Deal with cope with,Problem: Issue Phenomenon matter,二 并列句,1.常见的连词 And but Likewise similarly equally at the same time In the meanwhile,conversely by contrast, on the contrary, contrarily, unexpectedly unfortunately nevertheless,描述图画的分类 1. 一幅图 1）一个主体，两个动作 2）两个主体，两个动作 2. 两幅图,描述图画,踢老父亲 In the picture, the eldest son is kicking out the old father. At the same time, the other 3 ones Are keeping guard.,练习：温室 In the former picture ,A little flower is growing healthy in the greenhouse, on the contrary, in the latter one, it is withering in the storm.,Picture Cartoon drawing Painting Caricature photograph,描述：追星 In the former photo, a man is writing the name of B on his face. At the same time, another youngster is spending 300 making his hair into Bstyle.,Have sth done Have his hair cut into bs style,并列结构二,Not only but also 养宠物的好处 减少我们的孤单？ Reduce loneliness 培养我们的爱心？ Cultivate our love heart.,raising pets can not only reduce loneliness but also can cultivate our love heart. what is worse is that I forgot my book.,为什么孝敬父母 中华民族的传统美德 子女的义务 Respecting parents keeps not only a Chinese conventional virtue but also proves the duty of their offspring.,为什么自信重要？ Confidence not only can make you find more happiness in your life but also can have you make more friends.,三 复合句,一）主语从句 that you never fail to fascinate me is obvious. It that It is common knowledge that It is my belief that,It is self-evident that It has been found that It is beyond dispute that It is universally acknowledged that,It has been widely accepted that It is generally agreed that 更好的主语从句的变体？ What seems generally agreed is that,二）同位语和同位语从句 1 名词做同位语 1）My boyfriend really has no much time to accompany me a rich businessman,2）Environmental pollution has become increasingly serious a problem threatening humans existence,3） a boy writes the name of beck ham on his face. a crazy football fan the symbol of someone a worldwide famous star a part of the body,4) 练习 自信很重要； Confidence keeps essential in our success. An active mentality,2 同位语从句： 她长着一副大眼睛这个事实表明她是一个美女； The evidence that she wears a pair of big eyes manifests that she is really a beauty.,温室里的花朵不能经受风雨这个事实表明，父母不应该溺爱孩子； The evidence that the flower in the greenhouse fail to undergo storm manifest that children should never be spoiled by their parents,为什么说合作很重要 The evidence that cooperation can make us get a lot of success indicates that it is definitely necessary when we face difficulties.,Make sb do sth Have/get sb do sth Enable sb to do sth,污染使我们失去了新鲜的空气这个事实表明这个问题越来越严重了。 The evidence that pollution make us lose fresh air suggests that it has become increasingly serious.,文化交流能让我们更多 的了解世界这个事实表明 这个问题的确值得我们关注。 culture communication be worthy doing Concern,三）定语和定语从句 1.定语成分 I love liu (beautiful) on the platform the daughter of liu enjoying singing songs who keeps a teacher for years,2 定语在作文中的使用 An american girl is wearing chinese costume. Lovely as well as cute . of the minority Which is popular in the southeast of china,The eldest son is kicking out his father. Who looks fat and cruel Crouching on the ground like a football Poor and old,万能定语 1.好的： as well as 连接两个形容词： Cute , lovely; Little Graceful ,elegant;,Confident , energetic Enthusiastic ,passionate Who looks distinctly impressive to the readers,2. 坏的： Fat ， cruel ugly Negative ，dispassioned Terrible ， disgusting Who looks rather less impressive to readers.,3 定从的满分表达 他是一个色狼，这是显而易见的。 He is a ladykiller, which has been widely accepted. 1) Which leaves us a deep impression 2) Which provokes the publics widespread concerns,3) Which brings us the unnecessary/unexpected trouble 4 ) which gives rise to dreadful consequences.,四）状语和状语从句 1.何为状语？ 2. 在作文中的应用 we are having class. in the center of the vivid picture.,描述原因的万能状语 1. as every one can see it 2. with the rapid advance of science and technology 3. in our contemporary society 4. in the general routine of everyday living,5. throughout the whole world. 6. although quite a few of adults fail to focus on it,3.状从的满分表达 1）让步状语从句 although 刘晓艳是一个美女 我爱你 教室里有很多人,A 为什么网络不好？ 影响了我们的学习和工作； The internet show great influence on our study and work although it make our daily life more convenient.,B 为什么说追星不好； Pursuing stars blindly exert great influence on our common life, especially on our study,although those well-known men or women look pretty attractive superficially.,2）so that 孝敬父母很重要 keeps so significant that more time should be spared to do something for them.,溺爱孩子很严重了 . Becomes so fearful that independence should be emphasized among our kids.,Sth is so significant/fearful that it is time to pay much attention to the issue,Pay attention to pour attention into place great emphasis on; attach great importance to; Focus on,i hate you, I will kill you. I hating you, I will kill you. Hating you, I will kill you. I ,hating you, will kill you.,作文中的使用 描述美国小女孩 An American girl is smiling An . is wearing Chinese traditional costume.,An american girl, smiling sweetly on her face, is wearing chinese costume which is popular in the southeast of china.,残疾人 Two disabled abandoned their walking- sticks Two disabled are helping each other to run .,Two disabled ，abandoning their walking sticks that help them to walk,are helping each other to run .,一幅图一个主体两个动作的模板是： sb （定、同），doing sth1.（次要）+定/状，is doing sth2（主要）+定或状,练习：老母鸡 A hen with her face upward, laying some eggs behind her, is making a funny and surprising advertisement maybe in the market.,四 特殊结构,一）插入语 ： （ 1 ）常见的副词及短语： indeed， surely， however， obviously， frankly， naturally， luckily / happily for sb. certainly 等。 （ 2 ）常见的形容词及短语： needless to say （不用说）， most important of all 等。,（ 3 ）常见的介词短语： by the way， in a few words / in sum / in short， in other words， in general， in ones opinion / judgment， in fact， in the first place， of course， to ones knowledge / surprise / regret /satisfaction / mind / joy / disappointment 等。 （ 4 ）常见的现在分词短语： strictly / generally / honestly / personally / exactly / physically / speaking； judging from / by ,（ 5 ）常见的动词不定式短语： to be sure （无疑地）， to sum up （概括地说）， to tell the truth， to be honest， to be short， to conclude， to put it briefly， to put it in another way， to begin （ start ） with 等。,2. 插入句为简短的、具有完整意义的句子。常见的插入句如下： I think / hope / guess / know / believe / suppose， I am sure （我可以肯定地说）， that is （ to say ）（也就是说）， it seems （看来是）， as I see it （照我看来）， whats more， whats worse， what is important / serious （重要 / 严重的是）， Im afraid （恐怕） ， it is said （据说）， as we all know。,二）双重否定 1 Never fail to 2 Cannot have failed to do sth Authorities - to make strict laws to punish illegal 人/单位。,三）修辞 1. 比喻 confidence is to humans as water is to fish sth1 is to 人 as the foundation is to high skyscrapers. As mothers are to little babies. As the infinite blue sky is to flying eagles.,Sth is serious Sth1 is to 人 as pollution is to all the human beings. As intensive pain is to the terminally ill patients. As grave natural disasters are to powerless natives.,Men fear death, as children fear to go in the dark. As every coin has two sides,_ is no exception,.,As no garden has no weeds,_ has its own shortcomings.(the same is true of ) As every magic book has its weak points,_ has its own weaknesses,2. 排比 刘是一个美丽的老师 Liu is a teacher elegant and graceful. 我们要迅速的采取措施 Measures should be taken quickly, toughly and effectively.,举例： If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.,2. This great Nation will endure as it has endured, will revive and will prosper. 3. We were in the midst of shockbut we acted. We acted quickly, boldly, decisively.,四）强调句型 It is that I met my old flame in the street yesterday.,有很多的原因解释这种现象 there exists numerous factors here to account for the phenomenon. It is to account for the phenomenon that there exist numerous factors here.,in conclusion, action is supposed to be taken to relieve the current situation. in conclusion, it is to relieve the current situation that action is supposed to be taken.,五）倒装 1 as 的部分倒装 虽然很多人看起来值得同情，但是事实并非如此。 As many people looks pitiful, it,in fact, isnot like this.,As the drawing is simple, the meaning behind it is far-reaching Funny as the cartoon is at the first sight, we will have the feeling that it makes a lot of sense when we give it a second thought,否定词放在句首用倒装 我从来不是一个彪悍外向的女人 I am never a woman tough and outgoing. 他不但看起来很贫穷，而且事实上他的内心也很贫穷 He not only looks poor but also in fact is poor in her mind.,Respecting parents keeps not only a Chinese conventional virtue but also proves the duty of their offspring.,Confidence not only can make you find more happiness in your life but also can have you make more friends.,3 so that 我妈妈很善良 my ma is so kind that she will never kill an ant. 我很开心。 I am so delighted that I cannot help laughing at midnight.,Sth is so significant/fearful that it is time to pay much attention to the issue .,4. only +状语的倒装 I love you 只有通过采取这些措施，这个问题才能得到改善 Only by taking those action can the issue be improved a lot.,只有这个问题得到改善，人们才能安居乐业。 Only when the issue can be improved a lot can the common lead a happy and comfortable life.,六）虚拟语气 1.if 虚拟语气 if you travel a long distance, I will close all my windows.,如果我们都不孝敬父母 If parents fail to be respected by their sons or daughters , we, all Chinese human beings, would pay a heavy price in the near future.,如果每个大学生都沉溺于网络 If every university student were indulged in surfing on the internet , it would be hard for them to graduate smoothly.,如果每一个父母都溺爱孩子 if every parent spoils their children, the kids will never succeed in their life.,Be addicted to Abandon oneself to,2. it is high time that we realized its dreadful consequence and took drastic measures to deal with it.,3. it is imperative/ essential / urgent that that families should educate the kids to know the importance of confidence. to know the severity of pollution.,第三节课 段落,一）段落写作原则 启 承 转 合,二）段落论述方式 1.定义和解释 什么是美女？ Beauty is a woman who has big eyes, who has an attractive figure and who has long hair.,什么是追星？ Pursuing stars is a popular among youngsters which means that one buys their cds, take part in their concerts and know their lives. .,什么是孝敬父母,Respecting parents is a chinese traditional virtue Which means that we accompany them to travel, We send some gifts to them And we call them up when they need us.,什么是乐观,Optimism is a mentality which means that one Fails to be afraid of frustrations, one is brave to face any difficulties and does anything they want,总结 模板 Sth1 is sth2 which means that sth2: a severe global issue,a chinese traditional virtue a pervasive social trend an active/ negative mentality a hot social topic,2 统计和事实 In light of /on the basis of/ in line with/ the latest/current/proximate survey/data/statistics/study by the Chinese academy of social science, an increasing amount of us habor the idea that,A recent study revealed the shocking/surprising/delightful fact that Official figures released by the ministry of transportation/education show that,3 引用名人名言 Once , there seemed a writer who has gained great reputation in Japan stating that:,或 According to a well-known psychologist/philosopher/linguist As the proverb/an old saying goes,4 举例 1）可举小例子 I love reading the masterpiece such as gone with the wind, pride and prejudice .,2）可举大例子 although so abundant cases can support my simple view, the following one is most favorable.,A examples to prove the view are abundant. The most persuasive one is the case of sb who ; B this can be illustrated by the example of sb who C such stimulating/ less impressive cases /stories are not rare in our daily life. D to examine this , lets return to the example of sb/sth,5. 反面论证,第四节 文章写法,一）图画作文 1.第一段写法： 第一二句话：用主语从句引出描述图画： What is obvious is that,A 一幅图一个主体两个动作 in the easy and simple cartoon, sb(定/同），doing sth 次要动作（定、状），is doing sth（主要动作）（定 、状）,B 一幅图两个主体，两个动作 In the easy and simple cartoon, Sb1（定/同）is doing sth1(定、状状语）；and/but sb2 （定/同）is doing sth2 （定/状）,C 两幅图 In the former picture, Sb1（定/同/插）is doing sth1(定、状状语）；and/but in the latter one, sb2 （定/同/插）is doing sth2 （定/状）,第san句话：引出寓意的过渡语 1) Personally, what the picture conveys is far beyond a new fashion trend and carries cultural implication. 2) the fact/story that indicates that 3) the symbolic meaning of the canton is quite selfevident: 4) the message conveyed in the picture seems to be that 5) the picture has revealed, as is known to us all/ in recent years, a current social phenomenon that,6) the picture does reflect a thought provoking social phenomenon- 7) it is apparent that the author of the drawing tries to reveal to us: 8) the picture conveys a deep concern as to sth (不好的现象) + 定语（which has aroused an adverse influence in our society） 9) the purpose of the picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the phenomenon of sth. Owing to sth,(分析原因或优缺点),10) its symbolic meaning, which is quite obvious, subtly conveyed should be taken more seriously- !1) it seems to me that the cartoonist is sending a message about the importance/ seriousness of sth., which 12) we can deduce from this picture that the drawer is trying to attract our attention to sth, which,第四句话：寓意表达 We should do sth We should never do sth Sth is very important Sth is very serious,第二段： 第一句话：引出原因分析的句型The majority of people would agree that the issue has its deep roots as follows. Personally, it is my belief that some reasons could account for such phenomenon.,if to proceed unchecked, the problem will undoubtedly cause many problems.,on the surface of it, this may seem to be ridiculous/ attractive/ funny/ just a popular phenomenon, but If thinking again, we would point out some reasons. it is superficially plausible/ ridiculous/ attractive/ funny/just a popular phenomenon, but when subjected to analysis , but a close inspection of the idea would reveal that /it really has its fundamental reasons.,if we let this situation continues as it is, we do not know what will happen between peoples relationship in the future.,4) you may criticize for/ blame for (不好的现象，比如说不诚实)，but the causes for the roots /problem/ phenomenon go far deeper. 5) it is no easy/simple task/job to find /offer the reason for the complicated phenomenon/deep-seated tendency.(根深蒂固的),6) there stand at least two reasons, I think, for the phenomenon of 7) However, recognizing a problem is the first step in finding a solution.,具体原因分析,首先 First of all first and foremost The main element for the problem is that What appears as the first reason is that,其次 besides ;in addition; additionally; what is more; moreover; furthermore 最后 last but not least; at last; consequently; as a consequence;