自考英语二的语法点.doc.doc

Lesson1 TEXT A Language Points Paragraph1 1.Like the national push for Asian literacy in Australia【 Prep. Adverbial】 , there has been foreign languages fervor in China【 there be】 , with English on top of the list.【 absolute construction】 Translation:就如澳大利亚在全国推 行学习亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中英语首当其冲。 (1)with absolute construction: with +n. + prep. phrase eg. The man entered the room, with a book in has hand. wth +n. + infinitive eg. With Li Ping to help us, Im sure we can finish our task. with +n.+ past participle eg. With his homework done, the boy ran out for a swim. with+n. + present participle eg. With the boy leading the way, we had no difficulty in finding your home. with+n. + adj./adv eg. They were listening to the teacher with their eyes wide open. With her mother away from home, she felt lonely. 1. 2. adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with people of the same interest and determination.【 post attribute】 (1)practicing 做伴随状语 eg: He wrot to us, saying that he was studying abroad. (2)of the same interest and determination 介词短语作后置定语，可转化成相应的定语从句 : people who have the same interest and. 3. Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of timeand energy before it is mastered? (1) such.that adverbial clause of result. Eg. + a(n) + adj.+ n. such + adj.+ uncountable n. that. + adj. + plural n. It is such a lovely day that everyone is feeling happy and gay. 注 : 当 such 放在句首时，主句要用部分倒装。 (2)before adverbial clause of time. a. conj. 强调从句动作发生在主句之前，意为 “不等 .就 .” eg. Before I could get in a word, he had measured me. b. 在 It +be +时间段 +before 从句 中， 意为 “.之后才 .” eg. It will be ten years before we can meet again. c.在 It +be+ 否定形式 +long+ before 从句 中，意为 “.不久就 .” eg. It was not long he told me me about it. d. 在特定的情景中，意为 “趁着 .” eg. I must write it down before I forget it. (3) Translation:英语真的这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗？ Paragraph 2 1. From my personal experience, I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation, its grammatical rules,its words, etc. (1) v-ing 作主语和宾语 eg: Watching them was a thrilling experience. (主语 ) The man denied having anything to do with the bank robbery. (宾语 ) 男子否认与银行抢劫案有关。 I dont fancy living in that cold house. 我可不想居住在那个冰冷的房子里。 (2) more () than 的用法 : The present crisis is much more a political crisis than an economic crisis. 当前危机与其说是经济危机，不如说是政治危 机 . A whale is no more a fish than a horse is . ? more than + 主语 + can + 谓语 “ 非所能 ” eg. That is more than I can tell. What he said is more than I can understand. My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing. He more than hestitated to accept the invitations . He simply refused it. 2. 2.It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it. involve 的用法 : (1) make sth necessary as a result,需要 eg: The job involved my living in London. (2) involve sb / sth in (doing) sth. 使 陷入 eg: Dont involve me in sloving your problems. (3) include or affect 牵涉，涉及 eg: The strike involved many people. Paragraph 3 The social customs and habits of the Englishspeaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it. (1) (1)contribute to sth. increase sth； add to sth. eg: Her work has contributed enormously to our understanding of this difficult subject. 她的著作有助于我们对这个困难问题的理解 (2) (2)have difficulty in doing sth. (3) (3)Translation: 讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度 Paragraph 4 A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak a western language other than English 【 attributive clause】 because 【 adverbial clause of reason】 Chinese has nothing in common with the alphabetic English and China had little contact with the Western world in modern history. Translation: 学习英语的中国人要做到这一点比其他非英语国家的西方人要困难的多，因 为汉字和英语这种拼音文字毫无共同之处，并且中国和西方世界在近代史上很 少接触。 (1)other than (but except ) 除了 eg: There is nobody here other than me. You cant get there other than by swimming. (2)(have) in common (with) 与 有共同之处 eg: Their views have much in common with mine. They are brothers, but they have nothing in common. (3)have contact with sb make contact with sb. eg. They made contact with headquaters by radio. Paragraph 5 Only by developing an understanding and tolerance of different cultural values can a Chinese English learner reach the goal of communicating with the native speakers. Translation: 学习英语的中国人只有增加不同文化价值观之间的理解和宽容才能达到与英 语母语者交流的目的 . only 所修饰的副词、介词短语或从句放在句首构成倒装。 eg: Only then did he realized that he was wrong. Only in this way can you improve your English quickly. TEXT B Language Points Paragraph 2 Some linguists think that 【 objective clause】 objective clausechildren are born with an ability to learn and use a language.This does not mean that【 objective clause】 they come into the world knowing their native language. It means that【 objective clause】 , along with other things, they are born with the ability to know their native language. Translation: 一些语言学家认为儿童生来就 具有学习和使用语言的能力。这并不是指一个 人的母语是与生俱来的；而是指一个人生来具有学习母语的能力，这种能力 与人在其他方面表现出来的能力是相同的。 (1)be born with 与生俱来 eg: Some people are lucky enough to be born with a good sense of direction. (2)come into the world with a cry 呱呱坠地 (3)along with 与 一道，连同，一起 eg: She came to dinner along with her best friends. Along with the letters there are answers written by people who know how to solve the problems. Paragraph 3 This linguists do not think that【 objective clause】 parents teach their children in the same way that 【 attributive clause】 adults are taught a second language. (1)否定转移 否定 that 引导的宾语从句时，如果主句的谓语词是表示 “相信 ”、 “臆测 ”等心理活动的词 believe, expect, think, imagine,suppose 时，则要否定主句而非从句 . eg: We dont suppose that he has told the truth. (2)a 的用法 (another,once more) 并非表示顺序 . Paragraph 5 1. 1.If they knew 【 objective clause】 how children learn their native language, they would have 【 subjunctive mood】 an easy way to teach adults, as well as children, a second language. Translation: 如果他们知道儿童如何学习母语，这可能有助于教儿童甚至成年人学习第二 语言 (1)与现在事实相反的虚拟语气 eg: If I were you, I would do it in a different way. (2)as well as = not only but also 不但 而且 eg. He can speak English as well as Spanish 他不仅会说英语而且会说西班牙语 . 2. 2.Some foreign language teachers believe that【 objective clause】 adults learn a second language the same way 【 attributive clause】 children learn their native language.These teachers try to make their students learning similar to that 【 = learning】 of children. Translation: 有些外语教师认为成年人学习第二语言的过程和儿童学习母语的过程是相同 的。这部分外语教师模仿儿童学习语言的过程组织教学 Paragraph 6 The students are encouraged to make up new sentences, using the rules that【 attributive clause】 they have learned and the words that【 attributive clause】 they know. (1)encourage sb to do sth. give support to sb eg. We encourage her to lose weight. 我们鼓励她减肥。 (2)make up 编造 eg: I made up a story to tell the children. Paragraph 7 pick up 的意义和用法： 拿起 ，拾起 eg. He went down and pick up a tenyuan note. (非正规地）学会 eg. Where did you pick up your technic skill? 搭载，搭救 eg. I pick up an old woman on my way to street. 加速，上升， 好起来 eg. She is picking up wonderful sinc she came out of the hospital. Lesson 2 Text A Language Points Paragraph1 1. 1.I was born and raised in Hong Kong. be born and raised in.在 .土生土长 *翻译 : 我是土生土长的香港人。 Eg. Tom was born and raised in Australia. 2. For the past six years, Ive been living in the United States. (现在完成进行时 ) 过去的六年来，我一直生活在美国。 have/has been doing sth. (1) 表示从过去某个时间开始一直延续到说时还在进 行，或可能还要继续下去。经常与 “for+段时间 ”或 “since+点时间 (也可以是从句 )”的时间状语连用。例如： I have been waiting for a letter from my parents. 我一直在等我父母的来信。 It has been raining for three hours. 雨已经下了三个小时了。 We have been studying here since 2004. 自 从 2004 年以来，我们一直在这里学习。 (2) 表示从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到说话时刻，动作 可能刚刚结束。例如： She has been sweeping the street all day. She is too tired. 一整天都在扫大街，她太累了。 We have been waiting for you for two hours. We dont want to wait any longer. 我 们已经等你两个小时了，不想再等了。 Paragraph 2 It was the first time Id gone back there since coming to the United States. (It was the first/ secondtime (that)+ 过去完成时 ) It is the first/ secondtime (that)+ 现在完成时 eg. It was the first time that he had lost a game. It was the first time that he had seen suck a splendid performance. It is the first time that he has lost a game. It is the first time that he has gone abroad. 对比复习： It is (high) time sb. did sth. 该做 了（虚拟语气） eg. It is high time I fed my dog. 该喂狗了。 It is time I went to school. 该去上学了。 Paragraph 3 The houses on the street where I used to live（定语从句） had been torn down and replaced by office buildings. 1. where I used to live 是定语从句修饰先行词 the street，句子的主干是 The houses had been torn down and replaced. 2. used to do sth. （过去常常做 ） / be used to doing sth. （习惯了做 ） 比较下面几个句子： eg. I used to get up at 5 oclock. 我过去常常 5 点起床。 I am used to getting up at 5 oclock. 5 点钟就起床，我已经习惯了。 Why are you so bad-tempered? You didnt use to be like this? 你现在脾气怎么这么坏？你过去可不是这个样子。 Are you used to eating the western food? 你习惯吃西餐了 吗？ Paragraph 4 The shock from the physical changes in the city, however, was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt I soon began to feel in my parents home. （定语从句 ） 1. physical 此处的意思是 “外观上的 ”。 physical changes 外观上的变化。 2. nothing compared to 与 比起来不算什么 eg. Money was nothing compared to the hurt I felt. 与我受到的伤害比起来，钱并不算什么。 1. 3.I soon began to feet in my parents home 是定语从句，修饰先行词 confusion and hurt。 主句是： The shock was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt. Paragraph 5 You speak on matters that are of concern only to men. 1. 1.concern vt. 关系到，与 有关 eg. The news concerns your sister. This matter concerns all of us. vt. 使 担心，使 关心 eg. The boys poor health concerned his parents. n. 关怀，关心（的事情） eg. He didnt show much concern about it. His concern for the poor and for workers was often traced to his father. 固定搭配： be concerned with 与 有关 eg. Her job is concerned with computer. be concerned about 关心 eg. They are very seriously concerned about the problems involved. as(so) far asis concerned 就 来说 /而言 eg. So far as Im concerned, some other arrangement would have been more satisfactory. 就我而言，其他的安排会更让人满意。 2. 2.of+抽象名词：作用相当于形容词，例如 of importance/ value/ use eg. What he told you yesterday is something of importance.昨天他告诉你的是一些重要的事情。 His research has been of little practical value.他的研究有很少的实际价值。 Paragraph 7 They dont take a silent back seat during a discussion. back seat 是指汽车的后座，即不处于开车的位置。此处指处于靠后的、不起作用的地位。 Paragraph 8 I became more uncomfortable and hurt as things were said and done【 that made me feel （ that I was an outsider, a stranger in my own country.）（宾语从句） 】（定语从句） 1. as 的意思是 “随着 ” ，引导状语从句。 2. that made me feel that I was an outsider, a stranger in my own country：由 that（第一个）引导的定语从句，修饰先行词 things；定语从句中又包含一个由 that（第二个）引导的宾语从句。 Paragraph 9 I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States. But coming back here（分词作主语） didnt lessen the confusion and pain. 1. 1.cut short by 缩短了多长时间（或提前多长时间） cut short to 缩短到多长时间 对比： cut my visit short by four days 访问缩短了 4 天（提前 4 天结束访问） cut my visit short to fur days 访问缩短到 4 天 2. 2.coming back here 是分词作主语 eg. Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 Only punishing him cant solve any problem.只惩罚他并不能解决任何问题。 10. Im caught between the old world where I no longer belong（定语从句） and the new world which has not yet accepted me.（定语从句） 1. 此句的主干是： Im caught between the old world and the new world. 2. where I no longer belong 是定语从句，修饰先行词 the old world； which has not yet accepted me 也是定语从句，修饰先行词 the new world. （ 注意 ：两个定语从句中关系词的不同， where在定语从句中作状语， which 在定语从句中作主语）。 Text B Language Points Paragraph 1 Having attended my course in Intercultural Communications,（现在分词完成形式作状语）he consulted me to review some of the cultural differences he might experience. 翻译： 已经上过我的跨文化交际课程，他请我帮他温习一下他可能遇到的一些文化差异。 having attended my course in Intercultural Communications 是动词现在分词的完成形式，在句中作状语，因为 attend 发生在 consult 之前，所以用完成时。（ 注意： 分词的逻辑主语应和主句的主语一致，此句中，主语都是 he。如果不一致，分词应带有自己的主语。） eg. A new technique having been worked out, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent. All flights having been canceled because of the storm, they decided to go to Beijing by train. （ 解释以上两个句子主语不一致情况 ） Having received the notice, they decided to put the interview off until next Monday. Paragraph 2 He arrived expectant and happy（作补语） and enjoyed his first days very much. expectant and happy 是形容词短语，在句中作主语 he 的补语。英语中， 这样一类动词，它们一方 面本身保留实意动词的含义，另一方面需要接形容词或名词作主语的补语，来说明主语的情况。例如： Comrade Lei Feng died young. (=Comrade Lei Feng was young when he died.) He left home a beggar and returned a millionaire. (=He was a beggar when he left home and had become a millionaire when he returned.) She married young and felt