贯通式双联驱动桥（中后桥）设计 双级贯通式驱动桥（全套含CAD图纸）
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贯通
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附录A外文翻译原文附录A外文翻译原文DRIVEAXLEALLVEHICLESHAVESOMETYPEOFDRIVEAXLE/DIFFERENTIALASSEMBLYINCORPORATEDINTOTHEDRIVELINEWHETHERITISFRONT,REARORFOURWHEELDRIVE,DIFFERENTIALSARENECESSARYFORTHESMOOTHAPPLICATIONOFENGINEPOWERTOTHEROADTHEDRIVEAXLEMUSTTRANSMITPOWERTHROUGHA90ANGLETHEFLOWOFPOWERINCONVENTIONALFRONTENGINE/REARWHEELDRIVEVEHICLESMOVESFROMTHEENGINETOTHEDRIVEAXLEINAPPROXIMATELYASTRAIGHTLINEHOWEVER,ATTHEDRIVEAXLE,THEPOWERMUSTBETURNEDATRIGHTANGLESFROMTHELINEOFTHEDRIVESHAFTANDDIRECTEDTOTHEDRIVEWHEELSTHISISACCOMPLISHEDBYAPINIONDRIVEGEAR,WHICHTURNSACIRCULARRINGGEARTHERINGGEARISATTACHEDTOADIFFERENTIALHOUSING,CONTAININGASETOFSMALLERGEARSTHATARESPLINEDTOTHEINNERENDOFEACHAXLESHAFTASTHEHOUSINGISROTATED,THEINTERNALDIFFERENTIALGEARSTURNTHEAXLESHAFTS,WHICHAREALSOATTACHEDTOTHEDRIVEWHEELSTHEDIFFERENTIALISANARRANGEMENTOFGEARWITHTWOFUNCTIONSTOPERMITTHEREARWHEELSTOTURNATDIFFERENTSPEEDSWHENCORNERINGANDTODRIVETHEPOWERFLOWBETWEENBOTHREARWHEELSTHEACCOMPANYINGILLUSTRATIONHASBEENPROVIDEDTOHELPUNDERSTANDHOWTHISOCCURSTHEDRIVEPINION,WHICHISTURNEDBYTHEDRIVESHAFT,TURNSTHERINGGEARTHERINGGEAR,WHICHISATTACHEDTOTHEDIFFERENTIALCASE,TURNSTHECASETHEPINIONSHAFT,LOCATEDINABOREINTHEDIFFERENTIALCASE,ISATRIGHTANGLESTOTHEAXLESHAFTSANDTURNSWITHTHECASETHEDIFFERENTIALPINIONDRIVEGEARSAREMOUNTEDONTHEPINIONSHAFTANDROTATEWITHTHESHAFTDIFFERENTIALSIDEGEARSDRIVEGEARSAREMESHEDWITHPINIONGEARSANDTURNWITHTHEDIFFERENTIALHOUSINGANDRINGGEARASAUNITTHESIDEGEARSARESPLINEDTOTHEINNERENDSOFTHEAXLESHAFTSANDROTATETHESHAFTSASTHEHOUSINGTURNSWHENBOTHWHEELSHAVEEQUALTRACTION,THEPINIONGEARSDONOTROTATEONTHEPINIONSHAFT,SINCETHEINPUTFORCEOFTHEPINIONGEARSISDIVIDEDEQUALLYBETWEENTHETWOSIDEGEARSWHENITISNECESSARYTOTURNACORNER,THEDIFFERENTIALGEARINGBECOMESEFFECTIVEAND附录A外文翻译原文ALLOWSTHEAXLESHAFTSTOROTATEATDIFFERENTSPEEDSASTHEINNERWHEELSLOWSDOWN,THESIDEGEARSPLINEDTOTHEINNERWHEELAXLESHAFTALSOSLOWSTHEPINIONGEARSACTASBALANCINGLEVERSBYMAINTAININGEQUALTOOTHLOADSTOBOTHGEARS,WHILEALLOWINGUNEQUALSPEEDSOFROTATIONATTHEAXLESHAFTSIFTHEVEHICLESPEEDREMAINSCONSTANT,ANDTHEINNERWHEELSLOWSDOWNTO90PERCENTOFVEHICLESPEED,THEOUTERWHEELWILLSPEEDUPTO110PERCENTHOWEVER,BECAUSETHISSYSTEMISKNOWNASANOPENDIFFERENTIAL,IFONEWHEELSHOULDBECOMESTUCKASINMUDORSNOW,ALLOFTHEENGINEPOWERCANBETRANSFERREDTOONLYONEWHEELENGINEERSSEARCHEDDILIGENTLYFORWAYSTOALLOWEACHDRIVINGWHEELTOOPERATEATITSOWNSPEEDMANYIDEASWERETRIEDWITHMIXEDRESULTSBEFORETHEBASICDESIGNFORTHEPRESENTDAY,STANDARDDIFFERENTIALWASFINALLYDEVELOPEDTHESUCCESSFULIDEATHATISSTILLUSEDINPRINCIPLETODAYWASTODIVIDETHEENGINEPOWERBYDIVIDINGTHEAXLEINTWOATTACHINGEACHDRIVINGWHEELSEPARATELYTOITSOWNHALFAXLEANDPLACINGINBETWEEN,ANINGENIOUS,FREEROTATINGPINIONANDGEARARRANGEMENTTHEARRANGEMENTWASCALLEDTHEDIFFERENTIALBECAUSEITDIFFERENTIATESBETWEENTHEACTUALSPEEDNEEDSOFEACHWHEELANDSPLITSTHEPOWERFROMTHEENGINEINTOEQUALDRIVINGFORCETOEACHWHEELON/OFFROADVEHICLESANDOTHERTRUCKSREQUIREDTOHAULHEAVYLOADSARESOMETIMESEQUIPPEDWITHDOUBLEREDUCTIONAXLESADOUBLEREDUCTIONAXLEUSESTWOGEARSETSFORGREATEROVERALLGEARREDUCTIONANDPEAKTORQUEDEVELOPMENTTHISDESIGNISFAVOREDFORSEVERESERVICEAPPLICATIONS,SUCHASDUMPTRUCKS,CEMENTMIXERS,ANDOTHERHEAVYHAULERSTHEDOUBLEREDUCTIONAXLEUSESAHEAVYDUTYSPIRALBEVELORHYPOIDPINIONANDRINGGEARCOMBINATIONFORTHEFIRSTREDUCTIONTHESECONDREDUCTIONISACCOMPLISHEDWITHAWIDEFACEDHELICALSPURPINIONANDGEARSETTHEDRIVEPINIONANDRINGGEARFUNCTIONJUSTASINASINGLEREDUCTIONAXLEHOWEVER,THEDIFFERENTIALCASEISNOTBOLTEDTOTHERINGGEARINSTEAD,THESOURPINIONISKEYEDTOANDDRIVENBYTHERINGGEARTHESPURPINIONISINTURNCONSTANTLYMESHEDWITHTHEHELICALSPURGEARTOWHICHTHEDIFFERENTIALCASEISBOLTEDMANYHEAVYDUTYTRUCKSAREEQUIPPEDWITHTWOREARDRIVEAXLESTHESETANDEMAXLETRUCKSREQUIREASPECIALGEARARRANGEMENTTODELIVERPOWERTOBOTHTHEFORWARDANDREARWARDREARDRIVINGAXLESTHISGEARINGMUSTALSOBECAPABLEOFALLOWINGFORSPEEDDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHEAXLEHUBANDTHETRUCKSWHEELSTHESEMIFLOATINGTYPEAXLEANDFULLYFLOATINGTYPEAXLEOFTHETWO,THESEMIFLOATINGISTHESIMPLEST,CHEAPESTDESIGNTOINCORPORATE,BUTTHEFULLYFLOATINGAXLEISMOREPOPULARINHEAVYDUTYTRUCKSINTHESEMIFLOATINGTYPEAXLE,DRIVEPOWERFROMTHEDIFFERENTIALISTAKENBYEACHAXLEHALFSHAFTANDTRANSFERREDDIRECTLYTOTHEWHEELSASINGLEBEARINGASSEMBLY,LOCATEDATTHEOUTERENDOFTHEAXLE,ISUSEDTOSUPPORTTHEAXLEHALFSHAFTTHEPARTOFTHEAXLEEXTENDING附录A外文翻译原文BEYONDTHEBEARINGASSEMBLYISEITHERSPLINEDORTAPEREDTOAWHEELHUBANDBRAKEDRUMASSEMBLYTHEMAINDISADVANTAGEOFTHISTYPEOFAXLEISTHATTHEOUTERENDOFEACHAXLESHAFTMUSTCARRYANDSUPPORTTHEWEIGHTOFTHETRUCKTHATISPLACEDONTHEWHEELSIFANAXLEHALFSHAFTSHOULDBREAK,THETRUCKSWHEELWILLFALLOFFDRIVEAXLEOPERATIONISCONTROLLEDBYTHEDIFFERENTIALCARRIERASSEMBLYADIFFERENTIALCARRIERASSEMBLYCONSISTSOFANUMBEROFMAJORCOMPONENTSTHESEINCLUDE1INPUTSHAFTANDPINIONGEAR2RINGGEAR3DIFFERENTIALWITHTWODIFFERENTIALCASEHALVES,ADIFFERENTIALSPIDER,FOURPINIONGEARS,ANDTWOSIDEGEARSWITHWASHERSTHISDIFFERENTIALASSEMBLYFITSBETWEENTHEAXLESHAFTS,WITHTHESHAFTSBEINGSPLINEDTOTHEDIFFERENTIALSIDEGEARSTHEPARTSOFTHEDIFFERENTIALCARRIERAREHELDINPOSITIONBYANUMBEROFBEARINGSANDTHRUSTWASHERSTHELEADINGENDOFTHEINPUTSHAFTISCONNECTEDTOTHEDRIVESHAFTBYAYOKEANDUNIVERSALJOINTTHEPINIONGEARONTHEOTHERENDOFTHEINPUTSHAFTISINCONSTANTMESHWITHTHERINGGEARTHERINGGEARISBOLTEDTOAFLANGEONTHEDIFFERENTIALCASEINSTEADTHECASE,THELEGSOFTHESPIDERAREHELDINMATCHINGGROOVESINTHECASEHALVESTHELEGSOFTHESPIDERALSOSUPPORTTHEFOURPINIONGEARSINADDITION,THECASEHOUSESTHESIDEGEARS,WHICHAREINMESHWITHTHEPINIONANDARESPLINEDTOTHEAXLESHAFTSWHENTHEDRIVESHAFTTORQUEISAPPLIEDTOTHEINPUTSHAFTANDDRIVEPINION,THEINPUTSHAFTANDPINIONROTATEINADIRECTIONTHATISPERPENDICULARTOTHETRUCKSDRIVEAXLESTHEDRIVEPINIONISBEVELEDAT45DEGREESANDENGAGESTHERINGGEAR,WHICHISALSOBEVELEDAT45DEGREES,CAUSINGTHERINGGEARTOREVOLVEAT90DEGREESTOTHEDRIVESHAFTTHISMEANSTHETORQUEFLOWCHANGESDIRECTIONANDBECOMESPARALLELTOTHEAXLESANDWHEELSTHEDRIVESHAFTMUSTALSOBEABLETOCHANGEINLENGTHWHILETRANSMITTINGTORQUEASTHEREARAXLEREACTSTOROADSURFACECHANGES,TORQUEREACTIONSANDBRAKINGFORCES,ITTENDSTOROTATEFORWARDORBACKWARD,REQUIRINGACORRESPONDINGCHANGEINTHELENGTHOFTHEDRIVESHAFTINORDERTOTRANSMITENGINETORQUETOTHEREARAXLES,THEDRIVESHAFTMUSTBEDURABLEANDSTRONGANENGINEPRODUCING1000POUNDFEETOFTORQUE,WHENMULTIPLIEDBYA12TOTHEGEARRATIONINTHETRANSMISSION,WILLDELIVER12000POUNDFEETBREAKAWAYTORQUETOTHEDRIVESHAFTTHESHAFTMUSTBESTRONGENOUGHTODELIVERTHISTWISTINGFORCETOALOADEDAXLEWITHOUTDEFORMINGORCRACKINGUNDERTHESTRAINDRIVESHAFTSARECONSTRUCTEDOFHIGHSTRENGTHSTEELTUBINGTOPROVIDEMAXIMUMSTRENGTHWITHMINIMUMWEIGHTTHEDIAMETEROFTHESHAFTANDWALLTHICKNESSOFTHETUBINGISDETERMINEDBYSEVERALFACTORSMAXIMUMTORQUEANDVEHICLEPAYLOAD,TYPEOFOPERATION,ROAD附录A外文翻译原文CONDITIONS,ANDTHEBRAKETORQUETHATMIGHTBEENCOUNTEREDONEPIECE,TWOPIECE,ANDTHREEPIECEDRIVESHAFTSAREUSED,DEPENDINGONTHELENGTHOFTHEDRIVELINEEACHENDOFDRIVESHAFTHASAYOKEUSEDTOCONNECTTHESHAFTTOOTHERDRIVELINECOMPONENTSTHEYOKEMIGHTBERIGIDLYWELDEDTOTHESHAFTTUBEORITMIGHTBEASPLINE,ORSLIPYOKETHETUBEYOKESARECONNECTEDTHROUGHUNIVERSALJOINTSTOENDYOKESONTHEOUTPUTANDINPUTSHAFTSOFTHETRANSMISSIONANDAXLEATYPICALSLIPJOINTCONSISTSOFAHARDENED,GROUNDSPLINEDSHAFTWELDEDTOTHEDRIVESHAFTTUBETHATISINSERTEDINTOASLIPYOKETHATHASMATCHINGINTERNALSPLINESTHESLIDINGSPLINESBETWEENASLIDJOINTANDAPERMANENTJOINTMUSTSUPPORTTHEDRIVESHAFTANDBECAPABLEOFSLIDINGUNDERFULLTORQUELOADSTHEPROPELLERSHAFTISGENERALLYHOLLOWTOPROMOTELIGHTWEIGHTANDOFADIAMETERSUFFICIENTTOIMPARTGREATSTRENGTHQUALITYSTEEL,ALUMINUM,ANDGRAPHITEAREUSEDINITSCONSTRUCTIONSOMEHAVEARUBBERMOUNTEDTORSIONALDAMPERTHEUNIVERSALYOKEANDSPLINEDSTUBWHEREUSEDAREWELDEDTOENDSOFAHOLLOWSHAFTTHESHAFTMUSTRUNTRUE,ANDITMUSTBECAREFULLYBALANCEDTOAVOIDVIBRATIONSTHEPROPELLERSHAFTISOFTENTURNINGATENGINESPEEDSITCANCAUSEGREATDAMAGEIFBENT,UNBALANCEDORIFTHEREISWEARINTHEUNIVERSALJOINTSASTHEREARAXLEMOVESUPANDDOWN,ITSWINGSONANARCTHATISDIFFERENTFROMTHATOFTHEDRIVELINEASARESULT,THEDISTANCEBETWEENTRANSMISSIONANDREARAXLEWILLCHANGETOSOMEEXTENTWHENTHEPROPELLERSHAFTTURNSTHEDIFFERENTIAL,THEAXLESANDWHEELSAREDRIVENFORWARDTHEDRIVINGFORCEDEVELOPEDBETWEENTHETIRESANDTHEROADISFIRSTTRANSFERREDTOTHEREARAXLEHOUSINGFROMTHEAXLEHOUSING,ITSTRANSMITTEDTOTHEFRAMEORBODYINONEOFTHREEWAYS1THROUGHLEAFSPRINGSTHATAREBOLTEDTOTHEHOUSINGANDSHACKEDTOTHEFRAME2THROUGHCONTROLORTORQUEARMSSHACKLEDTOBOTHFRAMEANDAXLEHOUSING3THROUGHATORQUETUBETHATSURROUNDSTHEPROPELLERSHAFTWHICHISBOLTEDTOTHEAXLEHOUSINGANDPIVOTEDTOTHETRANSMISSION,BYMEANSOFALARGEBALLSOCKET附录B外文翻译译文附录B外文翻译译文驱动桥汽车传动系统中驱动桥和差速器有多种形式。无论是前，后或者四轮驱动，差速器是必要，以便发动机功率的充分地发挥在道路上。驱动桥必须通过一个90角传递动力。以常规后轮驱动车辆为例，动力由前置发动机传递到大致一条直线上的驱动桥。然而动力必须经过一个直角传递给驱动轮。这一过程是通过一个小齿轮传递到一个齿圈上而完成的。该齿圈连接到差速器壳体，包含一组较小的齿轮，小齿轮与带有花键轴每个轴的轴端相联接。由于桥壳的旋转，内部的差速器齿轮带动轴转动，这个轴同时也连接的是驱动轮。差速器齿轮具有两个基本功能允许后车轮以不同的速度转弯，并将动力分别分配给左右后轮。附插图提供了帮助理解这一过程这是如何实现的。传动轴带动驱动小齿轮在齿圈上旋转。该齿圈与差速器壳相联接，并使其旋转。小齿轮轴，位于差速器壳内的一小孔，该轴与差速器成直角。差速器行星齿轮驱动安装在小轴上的齿轮，并使轴转动。差速器边上的齿轮（驱动齿轮）与小齿轮啮合，并与差速器壳作为一个单元和齿圈一起转动。一侧带花键的齿轮与两轴端配合，随着桥壳旋转。当车轮有相等的牵引时，小齿轮（行星齿轮）不在齿轮轴（行星架）转动，输入到小齿轮上的力平均分配给两侧齿轮，从而带动半轴的选择。当需要转弯时，差动齿轮开发挥作用，使两顿半轴分别以不同的转速旋转。由于内侧车轮减速，同侧的花键轴齿轮也减慢。行星齿轮作为一种平衡杠杆，使两边齿轮上的齿负载保持相等，同时允许两边的半轴以不同的转速旋转。如果汽车行进速度保持不变，内侧车轮减慢车速将降低到90，外侧车轮将加快到110。然而，因为系统有差速器，所以一旦有一个车轮被卡住（如在泥或雪），所有的发动机功率将全部被转移到另外一个车轮上。工程师们努力寻找方法，让每一个驱动轮以自己的速度运行。在如今标准的差速器被最终发明出来之前，许多想法被交叉尝试。目前在理论上非常成功，今天仍在原理上一直使用的是把每一个驱动轮分别划分给两边半轴并分别安装在上面。一个巧妙附录B外文翻译译文的、自由旋转的小齿轮和其他两个半轴齿轮排列在一起来对发动机的动力进行分配。之所以这个结构被称为差速器，是因为它能按每个车轮的实际转速的需要，将动力从发动机分成相等的驱动力作用给每个车轮，许多卡车有时候需要装载沉重的负荷，这时需要配备双级减速驱动桥。双减速轴采用2套减速齿轮来降低转速使转矩达到最大。这种设计是非常受青睐的，如自卸式卡车、混凝土搅拌机、和其他重型货车。双减速驱动桥采用重型螺旋锥齿轮和准双曲面齿轮和环形齿轮配合从而进行第一级减速。第二级减速是用宽面的螺旋柱形直齿轮和齿轮组配合完成的。驱动小齿轮和环齿轮在单级减速驱动桥上运行。然而，差速器壳并不是被环形齿轮锁死。相反，环形齿轮能将柱形齿轮直齿键入并驱动。柱形直齿轮又可以不断的和在差速器壳中的螺旋齿轮相啮合。许多重型载货汽车都配备了两个后驱动桥，这种平衡悬架轴的卡车需要一种特殊的齿轮装置来解决提供的动力向前和向后的驱动力给驱动桥。这些齿轮传动装置还必须考虑到车轴之间的转速差。两个车轴轴毂的排列为轴毂和车轮之间提供了有力的支承。在半浮式半浮式和全浮式轴中，半浮式是最简单、最便宜的设计，但全浮轴在重型卡车上更为流行。在半浮式半浮式半轴上，来自差速器的动力施加于两个半轴，并直接传递给车轮。一个单独的轴承组件（位于轴承外端），是用来支承轴半轴。轴的轴承装配前往往超出的部分用花键或锥形连接。这种类型的轴的主要缺点是，每一个轴的外端必须进行支承在车轮上的卡车的重量。如果一个半轴断裂，卡车的车轮将会脱落。驱动桥的动作是由差速器结构控制。
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