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反铲式单斗液压挖掘机工作装置设计及其运动分析设计【9张CAD图纸和说明书】

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反铲式单斗 液压 挖掘机 工作 装置 设计 及其 运动 分析 cad 图纸 以及 说明书 仿单
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目   录

前言……………………………………………………………………………………… 1

一、绪论…………………………………………………………………………………2

(一)国内外研究状况………………………………………………………………2

(二)论文构成及研究内容…………………………………………………………2

二、总体方案设计……………………………………………………………………3

(一)工作装置构成…………………………………………………………………3

(二)动臂及斗杆的结构形式………………………………………………………5

(三)动臂油缸与铲斗油缸的布置…………………………………………………5

(四)铲斗与铲斗油缸的连接方式…………………………………………………5

(五)铲斗的结构选择………………………………………………………………6

(六)原始几何参数的确定…………………………………………………………7

三、工作装置运动学分析…………………………………………………………8

(一)动臂运动分析…………………………………………………………………8

(二)斗杆的运动分析………………………………………………………………10

(三)铲斗的运动分析………………………………………………………………11

(四)特殊工作位置计算……………………………………………………………15

四、挖掘阻力分析……………………………………………………………………18

(一)转斗挖掘阻力计算……………………………………………………………18

(二)斗杆挖掘阻力计算……………………………………………………………18

五、基本尺寸的确定……………………………………………………………… 20

(一)斗形参数的确定………………………………………………………………20

(二)动臂机构参数的选择…………………………………………………………20

1、 α1与A点坐标的选取……………………………………………………20

2、 l1与l2的选择……………………………………………………………20

3、 l41与l42的计算…………………………………………………………21

4、 l5的计算………………………………………………………………… 21

(三)动臂机构基本参数的校核………………………………………………… 23

1、 动臂机构闭锁力的校核……………………………………………………23

2、 满斗处于最大挖掘半径时动臂油缸提升力矩的校核……………………25

3、 满斗处于最大高度时,动臂提升力矩的校核…………………………… 26

(四)斗杆机构基本参数的选择……………………………………………………27

(五)铲斗机构基本参数的选择……………………………………………………28

1、 转角范围……………………………………………………………………28

2、 铲斗机构其它基本参数的计算……………………………………………28

六、工作装置结构设计…………………………………………………………… 30

(一)斗杆的结构设计………………………………………………………………30

1、斗杆的受力分析…………………………………………………………… 30

2、斗杆内力图的绘制………………………………………………………… 35

3、 结构尺寸的计算……………………………………………………………37

(二)动臂结构设计…………………………………………………………………39

1、危险工况受力分析………………………………………………………… 42

2、内力图和弯矩图的求解…………………………………………………… 43

3、 结构尺寸的计算……………………………………………………………45

(三)铲斗的设计……………………………………………………………………47

1、铲斗斗形尺寸的设计……………………………………………………… 47

2、铲斗斗齿的结构计算……………………………………………………… 47

3、 铲斗的绘制…………………………………………………………………48

七、销轴与衬套的设计…………………………………………………………… 49

(一)销轴的设计……………………………………………………………………49

(二)销轴用螺栓的设计……………………………………………………………49

(三)衬套的设计……………………………………………………………………49

八、总结…………………………………………………………………………………50

九、参考文献………………………………………………………………………… 51

十、致谢…………………………………………………………………………………52

附件一 外文翻译…………………………………………………………………… 53

反铲式单斗液压挖掘机工作装置设计及其运动分析设计

引  言


挖掘机在国民经济建设的许多行业被广泛地采用,如工业与民用建筑、交通运输、水利电气工程、农田改造、矿山采掘以及现代化军事工程等等行业的机械化施工中。据统计,一般工程施工中约有60%的土方量、露天矿山中80%的剥离量和采掘量是用挖掘机完成的。

随着我国基础设施建设的深入和在建设中挖掘机的广泛应用,挖掘机市场有着广阔的发展空间,因此发展满足我国国情所需要的挖掘机是十分必要的。而工作装置作为挖掘机的重要组成部分,对其研究和控制是对整机开发的基础。

反铲式单斗液压挖掘机工作装置是一个较复杂的空间机构,国内外对其运动分析、机构和结构参数优化设计方面都作了较深入的研究,具体的设计特别是中型挖掘机的设计已经趋于成熟。关于反铲式单斗液压挖掘机的相关文献也很多,这些文献从不同侧面对工作装置的设计进行了论述。而笔者的设计知识和水平还只是一个学步的孩子,进行本课题的设计是为对挖掘机的工作装置设计有一些大体的认识,掌握实际工程设计的流程、方法,巩固所学的知识和提高设计能力。


一、绪论

(一)国内外研究状况

当前,国际上挖掘机的生产正向大型化、微型化、多能化和专用化的方向发展。国外挖掘机行业重视采用新技术、新工艺、新结构和新材料,加快了向标准化、系列化、通用化发展的步伐。我国己经形成了挖掘机的系列化生产,近年来还开发了许多新产品,引进了国外的一些先进的生产率较高的挖掘机型号。

由于使用性能、技术指标和经济指标上的优越,世界上许多国家,特别是工业发达国家,都在大力发展单斗液压挖掘机。目前,单斗液压挖掘机的发展着眼于动力和传动系统的改进以达到高效节能;应用范围不断扩大,成本不断降低,向标准化、模块化发展,以提高零部件、配件的可靠性,从而保证整机的可靠性;电子计算机监测与控制,实现机电一体化;提高机械作业性能,降低噪音,减少停机维修时间,提高适应能力,消除公害,纵观未来,单斗液压挖掘机有以下的趋势:

1、向大型化发展的同时向微型化发展。

2、更为普遍地采用节能技术。

3、不断提高可靠性和使用寿命。

4、工作装置结构不断改进,工作范围不断扩大。

5、由内燃机驱动向电力驱动发展。

6、液压系统不断改进,液压元件不断更新。

7、应用微电子、气、液等机电一体化综合技术。

8、增大铲斗容量,加大功率,提高生产效率。

9、人机工程学在设计中的充分利用。

(二)论文构成及研究内容

本论文主要对由动臂、斗杆、铲斗、销轴、连杆机构组成挖掘机工作装置进行设计。具体内容包括以下五部分:

1、 挖机工作装置的总体设计。

2、 挖掘机的工作装置详细的机构运动学分析。

3、 工作装置各部分的基本尺寸的计算和验证。

4、 工作装置主要部件的结构设计。

5、 销轴的设计及螺栓等标准件进行选型。


内容简介:
- 1 -Design of machine and machine elementsMachine designMachine design is the art of planning or devising new or improved machines to accomplish specific purposes. In general, a machine will consist of a combination of several different mechanical elements properly designed and arranged to work together, as a whole. During the initial planning of a machine, fundamental decisions must be made concerning loading, type of kinematic elements to be used, and correct utilization of the properties of engineering materials. Economic considerations are usually of prime importance when the design of new machinery is undertaken. In general, the lowest over-all costs are designed. Consideration should be given not only to the cost of design, manufacture the necessary safety features and be of pleasing external appearance. The objective is to produce a machine which is not only sufficiently rugged to function properly for a reasonable life, but is at the same time cheap enough to be economically feasible.The engineer in charge of the design of a machine should not only have adequate technical training, but must be a man of sound judgment and wide experience, qualities which are usually acquired only after considerable time has been spent in actual professional work.Design of machine elementsThe principles of design are, of course, universal. The same theory or equations may be applied to a very small part, as in an instrument, or, to a larger but similar part used in a piece of heavy equipment. In no ease, however, should mathematical calculations be looked upon as absolute and final. They are all subject to the accuracy of the various assumptions, which must necessarily be made in engineering work. Sometimes only a portion of the total number of parts in a machine are designed on the basis of analytic calculations. The form and size of the remaining parts are designed on the basis of analytic calculations. On the other hand, if the machine is very expensive, or if weight is a factor, as in airplanes, design computations may then be made for almost all the parts.The purpose of the design calculations is, of course, to attempt to predict the stress or - 2 -deformation in the part in order that it may sagely carry the loads, which will be imposed on it, and that it may last for the expected life of the machine. All calculations are, of course, dependent on the physical properties of the construction materials as determined by laboratory tests. A rational method of design attempts to take the results of relatively simple and fundamental tests such as tension, compression, torsion, and fatigue and apply them to all the complicated and involved situations encountered in present-day machinery. In addition, it has been amply proved that such details as surface condition, fillets, notches, manufacturing tolerances, and heat treatment have a market effect on the strength and useful life of a machine part. The design and drafting departments must specify completely all such particulars, must specify completely all such particulars, and thus exercise the necessary close control over the finished product.As mentioned above, machine design is a vast field of engineering technology. As such, it begins with the conception of an idea and follows through the various phases of design analysis, manufacturing, marketing and consumerism. The following is a list of the major areas of consideration in the general field of machine design: Initial design conception; Strength analysis; Materials selection; Appearance; Manufacturing; Safety; Environment effects; Reliability and life;Strength is a measure of the ability to resist, without fails, forces which cause stresses and strains. The forces may be; Gradually applied;- 3 - Suddenly applied; Applied under impact; Applied with continuous direction reversals; Applied at low or elevated temperatures.If a critical part of a machine fails, the whole machine must be shut down until a repair is made. Thus, when designing a new machine, it is extremely important that critical parts be made strong enough to prevent failure. The designer should determine as precisely as possible the nature, magnitude, direction and point of application of all forces. Machine design is mot, however, an exact science and it is, therefore, rarely possible to determine exactly all the applied forces. In addition, different samples of a specified material will exhibit somewhat different abilities to resist loads, temperatures and other environment conditions. In spite of this, design calculations based on appropriate assumptions are invaluable in the proper design of machine.Moreover, it is absolutely essential that a design engineer knows how and why parts fail so that reliable machines which require minimum maintenance can be designed. Sometimes, a failure can be serious, such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speeds. On the other hand, a failure may be no more than a nuisance. An example is the loosening of the radiator hose in the automobile cooling system. The consequence of this latter failure is usually the loss of some radiator coolant, a condition which is readily detected and corrected.The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude. Generally speaking, dynamic loads with direction reversals cause greater difficulties than static loads and, therefore, fatigue strength must be considered. Another concern is whether the material is ductile or brittle. For example, brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved.In general, the design engineer must consider all possible modes of failure, which include the following:- 4 - Stress; Deformation; Wear; Corrosion; Vibration; Environmental damage; Loosening of fastening devices.The part sizes and shapes selected must also take into account many dimensional factors which produce external load effects such as geometric discontinuities, residual stresses due to forming of desired contours, and the application of interference fit joint.Selected from” design of machine elements”, 6th edition, m. f. sports, prentice-hall, inc., 1985 and “machine design”, Anthony Esposito, charles e., Merrill publishing company, 1975.Mechanical properties of materialsThe material properties can be classified into three major headings: (1) physical, (2) chemical, (3) mechanicalPhysical properties Density or specific gravity, moisture content, etc., can be classified under this category. Chemical propertiesMany chemical properties come under this category. These include acidity or alkalinity, react6ivity and corrosion. The most important of these is corrosion which can be explained in laymans terms as the resistance of the material to decay while in continuous use in a particular atmosphere. Mechanical properties Mechanical properties include in the strength properties like tensile, compression, shear, torsion, impact, fatigue and creep. The tensile strength of a material is obtained by dividing - 5 -the maximum load, which the specimen bears by the area of cross-section of the specimen.This is a curve plotted between the stress along the This is a curve plotted between the stress along the Y-axis(ordinate) and the strain along the X-axis (abscissa) in a tensile test. A material tends to change or changes its dimensions when it is loaded, depending upon the magnitude of the load. When the load is removed it can be seen that the deformation disappears. For many materials this occurs op to a certain value of the stress called the elastic limit Ap. This is depicted by the straight line relationship and a small deviation thereafter, in the stress-strain curve (fig.3.1). Within the elastic range, the limiting value of the stress up to which the stress and strain are proportional, is called the limit of proportionality Ap. In this region, the metal obeys hookess law, which states that the stress is proportional to strain in the elastic range of loading, (the material completely regains its original dimensions after the load is removed). In the actual plotting of the curve, the proportionality limit is obtained at a slightly lower value of the load than the elastic limit. This may be attributed to the time-lagin the regaining of the original dimensions of the material. This effect is very frequently noticed in some non-ferrous metals.Which iron and nickel exhibit clear ranges of elasticity, copper, zinc, tin, are found to be imperfectly elastic even at relatively low values low values of stresses. Actually the - 6 -elastic limit is distinguishable from the proportionality limit more clearly depending upon the sensitivity of the measuring instrument.When the load is increased beyond the elastic limit, plastic deformation starts. Simultaneously the specimen gets work-hardened. A point is reached when the deformation starts to occur more rapidly than the increasing load. This point is called they yield point Q. the metal which was resisting the load till then, starts to deform somewhat rapidly, i. e., yield. The yield stress is called yield limit Ay.The elongation of the specimen continues from Q to S and then to T. The stress-strain relation in this plastic flow period is indicated by the portion QRST of the curve. At the specimen breaks, and this load is called the breaking load. The value of the maximum load S divided by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen is referred to as the ultimate tensile strength of the metal or simply the tensile strength Au.Logically speaking, once the elastic limit is exceeded, the metal should start to yield, and finally break, without any increase in the value of stress. But the curve records an increased stress even after the elastic limit is exceeded. Two reasons can be given for this behavior:The strain hardening of the material;The diminishing cross-sectional area of the specimen, suffered on account of the plastic deformation.The more plastic deformation the metal undergoes, the harder it becomes, due to work-hardening. The more the metal gets elongated the more its diameter (and hence, cross-sectional area) is decreased. This continues until the point S is reached.After S, the rate at which the reduction in area takes place, exceeds the rate at which the stress increases. Strain becomes so high that the reduction in area begins to produce a localized effect at some point. This is called necking.Reduction in cross-sectional area takes place very rapidly; so rapidly that the load value actually drops. This is indicated by ST. failure occurs at this point T.Then percentage elongation A and reduction in reduction in area W indicate the - 7 -ductility or plasticity of the material:A=(L-L0)/L0*100%W=(A0-A)/A0*100%Where L0 and L are the original and the final length of the specimen; A0 and A are the original and the final cross-section area.Selected from “testing of metallic materials”Quality assurance and controlProduct quality is of paramount importance in manufacturing. If quality is allowed deteriorate, then a manufacturer will soon find sales dropping off followed by a possible business failure. Customers expect quality in the products they buy, and if a manufacturer expects to establish and maintain a name in the business, quality control and assurance functions must be established and maintained before, throughout, and after the production process. Generally speaking, quality assurance encompasses all activities aimed at maintaining quality, including quality control. Quality assurance can be divided into three major areas. These include the following:Source and receiving inspection before manufacturing;In-process quality control during manufacturing;Quality assurance after manufacturing.Quality control after manufacture includes warranties and product service extended to the users of the product.Source and receiving inspection before manufacturingQuality assurance often begins ling before any actual manufacturing takes place. This may be done through source inspections conducted at the plants that supply materials, discrete parts, or subassemblies to manufacturer. The manufacturers source inspector travels to the supplier factory and inspects raw material or premanufactured parts and assemblies. Source inspections present an opportunity for the manufacturer to sort out and reject raw materials or parts before they are shipped to the manufacturers - 8 -production facility.The responsibility of the source inspector is to check materials and parts against design specifications and to reject the item if specifications are not met. Source inspections may include many of the same inspections that will be used during production. Included in these are:Visual inspection;Metallurgical testing;Dimensional inspection;Destructive and nondestructive inspection;Performance inspection.Visual inspectionsVisual inspections examine a product or material for such specifications as color, texture, surface finish, or overall appearance of an assembly to determine if there are any obvious deletions of major parts or hardware.Metallurgical testingMetallurgical testing is often an important part of source inspection, especially if the primary raw material for manufacturing is stock metal such as bar stock or structural materials. Metals testing can involve all the major types of inspections including visual, chemical, spectrographic, and mechanical, which include hardness, tensile, shear, compression, and spectr5ographic analysis for alloy content. Metallurgical testing can be either destructive or nondestructive.Dimensional inspection Few areas of quality control are as important in manufactured products as dimensional requirements. Dimensions are as important in source inspection as they are in the manufacturing process. This is especially critical if the source supplies parts for an assembly. Dimensions are inspected at the source factory using standard measuring tools - 9 -plus special fit, form, and function gages that may required. Meeting dimensional specifications is critical to interchangeability of manufactured parts and to the successful assembly of many parts into complex assemblies such as autos, ships, aircraft, and other multipart products.Destructive and nondestructive inspection In some cases it may be necessary for the source inspections to call for destructive or nondestructive tests on raw materials or p0arts and assemblies. This is particularly true when large amounts of stock raw materials are involved. For example it may be necessary to inspect castings for flaws by radiographic, magnetic particle, or dye penetrant techniques before they are shipped to the manufacturer for final machining. Specifications calling for burn-in time for electronics or endurance run tests for mechanical components are further examples of nondestructive tests. It is sometimes necessary to test material and parts to destruction, but because of the costs and time involved destructive testing is avoided whenever possible. Examples include pressure tests to determine if safety factors are adequate in the design. Destructive tests are probably more frequent in the testing of prototype designs than in routine inspection of raw material or parts. Once design specifications are known to be met in regard to the strength of materials, it is often not necessary to test further parts to destruction unless they are genuinely suspect.Performance inspection Performance inspections involve checking the function of assemblies, especially those of complex mechanical systems, prior to installation in other products. Examples include electronic equipment subcomponents, aircraft and auto engines, pumps, valves, and other mechanical systems requiring performance evaluation prior to their shipment and final installation.Selected form “modern materials and manufacturing process”Electro-hydraulic drum brakesApplication - 10 -The YWW series electro-hydraulic brake is a normally closed brake, suitable for horizontal mounting. It is mainly used in portal cranes, bucket stacker/reclaimersslewing mechanism.The YKW series electro-hydraulic brake is a normally opened brake, suitable for horizontal mounting, employing a thruster as actuator. with the foot controlling switch the operator can release or close the brake. It is mainly used for deceleration braking of portal cranesslewing mechanism. In a non-operating state the machinery can be braked by a manual close device.The RKW series brake is a normally opened brake, which is operated by foot driven hydraulic pump, suitable for horizontal mounting. Mainly used in the slewing mechanism of middle and small portal cranes. When needed, the brake is activated by a manual closed device. Main design featuresInterlocking shoes balancing devices (patented technology) constantly equalizes the clearance of brake shoes on both sides and made adjustment unnecessary, thus avoiding one side of the brake lining sticking to the brake wheel. The brake is equipped with a shoed autoaligning device.Main hinge points are equipped with self-lubricating bearing, making high efficiency of transmission, long service life. Lubricating is unnecessary during operation.Adjustable bracket ensure the brake works well.The brake spring is arranged inside a square tube and a surveyors rod is placed on one side. It is easy to read braking torque value and avoid measuring and computing.Brake lining is of card whole-piece shaping structure, easy to replace. Brake linings of various materials such as half-metal (non-asbestos) hard and half-hard, soft (including asbestos) substance are available for customers to choose.All adopt the companys new types of thruster as corollary equipment which work accurately and have long life. - 11 -Hydraulic Power TransmissionThe Two Types Of Power TransmissionIn hydraulic power transmission the apparatus (pump) used for conversion of the mechanical (or electrical,thermal) energy to hydraulic ener
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