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滑移式装载机机械结构设计【全套CAD图纸和毕业答辩论文】

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关键词：: 滑移装载机械结构设计全套 cad 图纸以及毕业答辩论文

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摘要

滑移式装载机是利用两侧车轮线速度差而实现车辆转向的，采用轮式行走机构，全轮驱动，滑移转向，可于作业现场随机快速更换或挂接各种附件，以适应不同的工作环境和作业内容，满足不同的作业内容，具体类型非常多样化。滑移式装载机最大的特点是整机外形尺寸小，可实现原地转向，可在作业线程随机快速更换或挂接各种工作装置。

本文通过对滑移装载机现状、工作装置、行走装置、等方面的研究，对以下本内容进行了分析和设计：

（1）介绍了现有滑移式装载机的种类和结构形式：常见的滑移装载机的结构形式为单臂式滑移装载机和双臂式滑移装载机；常见的结构形式有四连杆机构、六连杆机构和八连杆机构等。

（2）对滑移装载机的工作装置进行了重点的分析和设计：分析了常见的工作装置的机构类型，确定了各个铰点的位置以及四连杆机构中各连杆的长度，对液压油缸进行了设计计算。

（3）对滑移式装载机的底盘进行了研究设计：设计了滑移装载机的机架，确定了轮毂与机架的连接方式，选取了符合要求的液压马达。

（4）通过对滑移式装载机现状的分析，提出了对现有的滑移式装载机的结构等方面的改进方法：对现有的滑移装载机的部分结构进行了分析和改进，提出了自己的一些新的设计思路。

关键词：滑移式装载机，现状，工作装置，底盘，改进

Mechanical Structure Design of the Skid Steer Loader

Abstract

Sliding type of wheel loader is on both sides of the linear difference and realize the vehicle steering wheel, the mobile mechanism, all wheel drive, slip, can be used from the homework to random replaced rapidly or articulated various accessories, in order to adapt to the different work environment and the work content, meet different work content, concrete types is very diverse. Sliding type loader the biggest characteristic is the appearance of small size, may realize the in situ to, can be in homework thread random replaced rapidly or to hook up all kinds of work device.

This article through to slip loader present condition, device, walk device, etc, to the following this content has carried on the analysis and design.

(1) Introducing existing sliding type of the loader types and structure: common sliding of the loader structure form for single arm type sliding loader and arms type sliding loaders; The structure of the common form has four bar linkage, six linkage mechanism and eight linkage mechanism, etc.

(2) The sliding of the loader working device the focus of the analysis and design: analysis of the common work device, and the types of institutions all hinge point position and four bar linkage of connecting rod length of each of the hydraulic oil cylinder, the designing calculation.

(3) The loader to slip type chassis study design : the design of the loader sliding, and the wheel and the frame of the connection mode, the selection of the requirements of the hydraulic motor.

(4) To slip through the analysis of the present situation of loader, puts forward the existing sliding type of the loader, and other aspects of the structure improvement methods: for existing sliding loader part of the structure analysis and improvement, and proposes some new design ideas.

Keywords: sliding type loader ，working device ，chassis ， improvement status

摘要---------------------------------------------------------------I

Abstract-----------------------------------------------------------II

第一章绪论---------------------------------------------------------1

1.1 引言-------------------------------------------------------1

1.2 滑移装载机简介---------------------------------------------1

1.3 滑移式装载机的常见结构形式---------------------------------1

1.3 .1 单臂式滑移装载机------------------------------------1

1.3 .2 双臂式滑移装载机------------------------------------2

1.4 滑移装载机机械机构设计概述----------------------------------2

1.4.1 装载机工作装置作业流程-------------------------------2

1.4.2 基本参数确定-----------------------------------------2

1.4.3 技术要求---------------------------------------------2

1.5 本章小结----------------------------------------------------3

第二章总体方案的确定----------------------------------------------4

2.1 发动机------------------------------------------------------4

2.2 传动系统----------------------------------------------------4

2.3 工作装置----------------------------------------------------4

2.4 车架--------------------------------------------------------4

2.5 液压系统----------------------------------------------------4

2.6 驾驶室------------------------------------------------------4

2.7 本章小结----------------------------------------------------4

第三章滑移装载机工作装置设计---------------------------------------5

3.1 装载机工作装置设计要求--------------------------------------6

3.2 工作装置各部分设计------------------------------------------6

3.2.1 铲斗设计----------------------------------------------6

铲斗设计要求------------------------------------6

铲斗结构形式的选择------------------------------6

铲斗基本参数的确定------------------------------6

3.2.2 动臂设计----------------------------------------------8

动臂铰点的确定---------------------------------8

动臂长度---------------------------------------8

铲斗快换装置的设计------------------------------9

四连杆机构的确定：-------------------------------9

动臂的形状与结构--------------------------------9

3.2.3油缸的计算与选择：------------------------------------10

插入阻力的计算------------------------------10

铲起阻力的计算------------------------------11

转斗阻力矩的计算----------------------------11

3.3 本章小结---------------------------------------------------11

第四章行走装置的设计----------------------------------------------13

4.1 底盘概述---------------------------------------------------13

4.2 底盘结构设计-----------------------------------------------13

4.3 行走装置参数的确定-----------------------------------------14

4.4 减速箱的选择-----------------------------------------------14

4.5 本章小结---------------------------------------------------14

第五章整机部分机械结构的优化设计----------------------------------15

5.1 使用新型底盘-----------------------------------------------15

5.2 设计新的铲斗快换装置---------------------------------------15

5.3 采用新型后开机罩-------------------------------------------15

第六章滑移装载机稳定性计算---------------------------------------16

6.1 稳定比K的校核---------------------------------------------16

6.2 稳定度i的校核---------------------------------------------16

6.3 稳定性的计算-----------------------------------------------16

6.3.1 纵向稳定性的计算-------------------------------------16

6.3.2 横向稳定性的计算-------------------------------------17

6.4 行驶速度v的校核-------------------------------------------17

6.5 本章小结---------------------------------------------------18

总结---------------------------------------------------------------19

谢辞---------------------------------------------------------------20

参考文献-----------------------------------------------------------21

第一章绪论

1.1 引言

近几年，随着我国经济的快速发展，滑移装载机等小型工程机械市场逐渐升温，为业内人士普遍看好。小型工程机械因其综合使用率高、回报丰厚将取代部分大中型工程机械的市场份额，逐渐成为市场的新一轮热点。

鉴于国内和国外的滑移式装载机在结构形式和性能等方面的差距以及国外滑移式装载机的结构放方面的缺陷，本文将对滑移式装载机的机械结构及液压油缸等进行设计和改进，使其在结构方面得到优化，提高产品质量。在性能方面得到提升，提高产品的工作效率。

1.2 滑移装载机简介

滑移式装载机是一种小型多功能工程机械，利用两侧车轮线速度差而实现车辆转向的轮式专用底盘，采用轮式行走机构，全轮驱动，滑移转向，可与作业现场随机快速更换或挂接各种工作装置，以适应不同的工作环境，满足不同的作业内容，具体类型非常多样化，当需要一种机械承担多种工作，而且还需要操作快捷时，就应该考虑使用滑移式装载机。

滑移式装载机最大的特点是整机外形尺寸小，可实现原地转向，可在作业线程随机快速更换或挂接各种工作装置。

滑移式装载机的主要用途为：城市基础设施建设、道路或建筑工地、厂房车间、仓库、码头、轮船甲板甚至船舱内等狭窄场地的作业；在起伏不平的场地上进行铲运、堆垛、起重、挖掘、钻孔、破碎、抓取、推扒、松土、道路清扫和路面压实等作业。

1.3 滑移式装载机的常见结构形式

1.3 .1 单臂式滑移装载机

通常滑移装载机由于整机布置所限，动臂提升只能采用双动臂结构的形式，单臂式装载机将原有两侧的动臂去掉，将驾驶室固定在车体一侧，在车体另一侧安装新型动臂，这种结构的滑移装载机在保证原有的滑移转向装载机工作性能不变的额情况下图1 单臂式滑移装载机

突破性的将两侧双臂改为单侧动臂结构，急既解决了操作员必须跨越工作装置才能进入驾驶室内的弊端，又简化了结构、提高整车的稳定性，降低了操作的安全隐患。

1.3 .2 双臂式滑移装载机

双臂式滑移装载机是常见的结构形式，双臂式滑移装载机驾驶室具有宽敞的空间，采用双臂进行举升，更容易保证工作过程中机身的稳定，适用范围更广泛，承载的工作载荷更大。

全部文件.jpg

总装配图.jpg

动臂零件图.jpg

动臂油缸.jpg

翻斗油缸.jpg

工作装置.jpg

行走装置.jpg

内容简介：: 1LoadersOverviewBasic Concept.A loader is a type of construction equipment (engineering vehicle) machinery that is primarily used to “load“ material into another type of machinery (dump truck, conveyor belt, rail-car, etc.).Loaders are used mainly for uploading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing rubble, and digging. A loader is not the most efficient machine for digging as it cannot dig very deep below the level of its wheels, like a backhoe can. Their deep bucket can usually store about 3-6 cubic meters of earth. The front loaders bucket capacity is much bigger than a bucket capacity of a backhoe loader. Loaders are not classified as earthmoving machinery, as their primary purpose is other than earthmoving.Unlike most bulldozers, most loaders are wheeled and not tracked, although track loaders are common. They are successful where sharp edged materials in construction debris would damage rubber wheels, or where the ground is soft and muddy. Wheels provide better mobility and speed and do not damage paved roads as much as tracks but provide less traction.Unlike standard tractors fitted with a front bucket, many large loaders do not use automotive steering mechanisms. Instead, they steer by a hydraulically actuated pivot point set exactly between the front and rear axles. This is referred to as “articulated steering“ and allows the front axle to be solid, allowing it to carry greater weight. Articulated steering provides better maneuverability for a given wheelbase. Since the front wheels and attachment rotate on the same axis, the operator is able to “steer“ his load in an arc after positioning the machine, which can be useful 2the loader assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools-for example, many can mount forks to lift heavy pallets or shipping containers, and a hydraulically-opening “clamshell“ bucket allows a loader to act as a light dozer or scraper.In construction areas loaders are also used to transport building materials - such as bricks, pipe, metal bars, and digging tools - over short distances. Loaders are also used for snow removal, using their bucket or a snow basket, but usually using a snowplow attachment. They clear snow from streets, highways and parking lots. They sometimes load snow into dump trucks for transport.Front loaders gained popularity during the last two decades, especially in urban engineering projects and small earthmoving works. Many engineering vehicle manufacturers offer a wide range of loaders, the most notable are those of John Deere, Caterpillar, Case, Volvo, Komatsu and Liebherr.Applications1 23 4 5 637 89 1011 121. loading materials；2. earthmoving；3. forestry engineering；4. snow removing；5. underground work；6. loading and unloading；7. pipe laying；8. maintain pavement；9. land clearing；10. garden work；11. rolling compaction；12. tunnel constructionTypes1 23 445 67 89 101. mini type loader；2.small type wheel loader；3.medium type wheel loader；4.large type wheel loader；5. track-type loader；6. skid steer loader；7. underground mining loader；8. multi terrain loader；9. wheel backhoe loader；10. side dumping loaderComponents and FeaturesComponentsBasic Components51. bucket；2. front axle；3.instrumentation console；4. cab and operating system；5.engine and transmission system；6. engine hood；7. counterweight；8. rear axle；9. rear frame；10. electrical system；11. front frame；12. mudguard；13. boom；14. rocker arm cylinder；15. connecting rod；16. rocker arm；17. boom cylinder；18. frameHydro mechanical Transmission System61.engine；2. torque converter；3. power shifting transmission box；4. front axle；5. Caliper disc brake；6. wheel；7. parking brake； 8. rear axle；9. gear shift pump；10. steering pump；11. operational pump；12. wheel redactorTransmission System Arrangement1. engine；2. torque converter；3. power shift transmission box；4. rear frame；5. front frame； 6. front axle；7. transmission shaft；8. rear axleTorque Converter71. flywheel；2、4、7、11、17、19. bearing；3. torque converter rotation housing；5. elastic plate； 6. first turbine； 8. second turbine；9. stator；10. pump impeller；12. gear；13. stator shaft；14. second turbine shaft；15. first turbine shaft；16. spacer ring；18. one-way clutch gear；20. one-way clutch rollerPerformance Characteristic81. engine；2. piston pump；3. low speed piston motor；4.high peed piston motor；5. transfer caseHastate Power Train System91. Neutral-start parking brake lever；2. Track motors；3. Hastate pumps hoses；4. Hydraulic oil cooler；5. Service brakes；6. hoses ；7. Wet, multi-disc parking brakes；8. Double reduction planetary final drives；9. hydraulic filtersOperator Station of Track Loader1. Neutral-start parking brake lever；2. Track motors；3. Hastate pumps hoses；4. Hydraulic oil cooler；5. Service brakes；6. hoses ； 7. Wet, multi-disc parking brakes；8. Double reduction planetary final drives；9. hydraulic filtersStandard Equipment Specifications1. Engine：Type：Water-cooled, 4-stroke cycle；Aspiration：Turbocharged：Number of cylinders；Bore x stroke ；Piston displacement：Governor： Mechanical, all-speed control： Horsepower rating 2400 rpm (SAE J1349) /2400 rpm（SAE： J1349）；Gross horsepower；Net horsepower； Meets EPA emissions regulations EPA；Fuel system ：Direct injection：Lubrication system：Method：Gear pump, force-lubrication：Filter：Full-flow：； Air cleaner：Dry-type with double elements and dust evacuator, plus dust indicator：2. Transmission：Torque converter：3-element, single-stage, single-phase： Transmission.：Full power shift, countershaft, automatic.3. Axles and Final Drives：Drive system ：Four-wheel drive；Front：Fixed, semi-floating： Rear：Center-pin support, semi-floating,24 total oscillation ；Reduction gear：Spiral bevel gear；Differential gear：Torque proportioning；Final reduction gear：Planetary gear, single reduction104. Brakes：Service brakes: Hydraulically-actuated, wet disc brakes actuateon four wheels；Parking brake: Wet, multi-disc brake on transmission output shaft.5. Steering System：Type：Articulated type, full-hydraulic power steering；Steering angle： 40 each direction；Minimum turning radius at the center of outside tire. 6. Boom and Bucket：Z-bar loader linkage is designed for maximum rigidity and offers powerful breakout. Rap-out loader linkage design enables shock dumping for removing sticky materials. Sealed loader linkage pins with dust seals extend greasing intervals. The bucket is made of high-tensile strength steel.7. Bucket Controls：The use of a PPC hydraulic control valve offers lighter operating effort for the work equipment control levers. The reduction in the lever force and travel makes it easy to operate in the work envy- raiment.Control positions：Boom：Raise, hold, lower, and float；Bucket ：Roll back, hold, and dump.8. Hydraulic System：Capacity (discharge flow) engine-rated rpm：Loader pump；Steering pump；Pilot pump(Gear-type pumps)；Relief valve setting； Control valve：2-spool open center type；Hydraulic cylinders：Double-acting, piston ；Hydraulic cycle time (rated load in bucket)：Raise，Dump， Lower (empty)，Total cycle time.DimensionsWheel Loader1. Height to top of ROPS；2. Height to top of exhaust pipe；3. Height to top of hood；4. Ground Clearance；5. B-Pin height at max. height；6. Center line of rear axle to edge of11counterweight；7. Wheelbase；8. B-Pin height at carry position；9. Center line of rear axle to hitch； 10. Rack back at maximum lift；11. Dump angle at maximum lift；12. Rack back at carry position；13. Rack back at ground ；14. Height to center line of axle；15. Bucket reach；16. Dump clearance at 45 full heightTrack-Type Loader1. Overall machine width with bucket；2. Overall machine width without bucket； 3.Machine height to top of cab；4.Length to front of track；5.Overall machine length； 6.Digging Depth；7.Maximum rollback at carry position；8.Reach at full lift height； 9.S.A.E. specified dump angle ；10.Maximum rollback, fully raised；11.Dump clearance at full height and 45 discharge ；12.Height to bucket hinge pin；13.Overall machine height, bucket fully raised。Bucket Features1. Edge steel with extra hardened and toughened wear plates of up to 500 Brunel gives the bucket longer operating life.122. Bucket shell and side plates of up to 400 Brunel to withstand abrasive wear. Reinforcedmounting points where the attachment is installed give less wear.3. Bucket cutting edges of abrasive-resistant steel of up to 500 Brunel. Replaceable bolt-on wears plates on bucket floor, 500 Brunel.4. Bolt-on edge savers and segments protect the cutting edge from unnecessary wear.5. Volvo Tooth System with bolt-on or weld-on adapters of up to 515 Brunel gives excellent penetration and less bucket wear.Skid-steer Loader Features1. The round-back bucket design is stronger with no angled corners. This configuration makes it easier to fill and dump improving productivity.2. The ROPS/FOPS structure protects and shields the operator.3. A total of four exterior lights help to illuminate any job site day or night.4. A safety system locks lift, tilt and drive systems when the operator leaves the seat, raises the seat bar, or turns off the ignition switch. The brakes are wet-type multiple discs that require no maintenance.5. Heavy-duty tires are standard matching the durability of the skid-steer.6. The rugged all-welded unitized frame is constructed of .375-inch gauge steel for years of productivity. Step bushings are placed in all key pivot areas to increase strength and reduce stress.7. A wider wheelbase provides for a smooth ride and more balance for stability with heavier loads. A 9-inch ground clearance allows easy maneuverability through mud and other terrain.138. Hydraulic lines are protected within the loader arm.9. Mustang features a self-leveling vertical lift.10. The advanced hydraulic system affords longer service intervals and comes with a sight glass for quick and easy fluid level inspections.11. A drop-down step makes it convenient to check engine and maintenance points.Working AttachmentsBucket Type1 2 34 5 61.Spade nose rock bucket；2. straight edge rock bucket with teeth；3. General purpose bucket with teeth；4. General purpose bucket with bolt-on-edges；5. Light material bucket with bolt-on edges；6. Log/Sorting grapplesWorking Attachments of Skid-steer Loader1 2143 45 67 89 1011 1213 141. Cold Planer；2. Pallet Fork；3. Hydraulic Breakers；4. Angle Brooms；5. General Purpose Pick-Up Broom；6. Brush Grapple Bucket；7. Forked Scrap Grapple Bucket；8. Power Rake； 9. Heavy Duty Scrap Grapple Bucket；10. Rock Bucket；11. Stump Grinder；12. Snow Blower；13. Snow Blade；14. Vibratory Roller15New Technology of Wheel LoaderIntroductionKomatsu-integrated design offers the best value, reliability, and versatility. Hydraulics, power train, frame, and all other major components are engineered by Komatsu. You get a machine whose components are designed to work together for higher production, greater reliability, and more versatility. Komatsus highly productive, innovative technology, environmentally friendly machines built for the 21st century.High Productivity and Low Fuel Consumption1. Two Mode Engine Power Select System This wheel loader offers two selectable engine operating modes Normal and Power. The operator can adjust the machines engine performance to match the condition requirements. This system is controlled with a dial on the right side control panel.（1） Normal Mode: provides maximum fuel efficiency for most general loading conditions.（2）Power Mode: provides maximum power output for hard digging conditions or hill climb operations. 2. Automatic Transmission with Four Mode Select System This operator controlled system allows the selection of manual shifting or three levels of automatic shifting modes (low, medium, and high). The operator can match the machines 16operating requirements with optimum performance efficiency. This system is controlled with a dial on the right side of the control panel.（1）Manual: The transmission is fixed to the gear speed and selected with the gear shift lever.（2）Auto Low: Low mode provides smooth gear shifting at low engine speeds suitable for general excavating and loading while offering reduced fuel consumption.（3）Auto Medium: Medium mode provides gear shifting at mid-range engine speeds required for more aggressive conditions.（4）Auto High: High mode provides maximum rim pull and fast cycle times by shifting the transmission at high engine speeds. This mode is suitable for hill-climb and load and carry operations.3. Dual-Speed Hydraulic SystemKomatsus automatic dual-speed hydraulic system increases operational efficiency and productivity by matching the hydraulic demands to the work conditions.（1） Digging Operations Engine power used to operate the switch pump is transferred to the transmission to provide increased rim pull when digging.（2） Lifting Operations The switch pump assists the loader pump to provide increased lifting speed and power when17lifting and loading.Increased Reliabili

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