2015年河南专升本公共英语讲义-完形填空x

2015 年公共英语讲义-完形填空 完形填空解析 3 一、完形填空文章的特点 3 1.完形填空文章的体裁和题材 3 2.文章具有完整性和逻辑性 3 二、完形填空应试技巧 4 1.语境信息解题法 4 2.语法结构法 5 3.复现解题法 5 三、完形填空答题步骤 6 完形填空练习题 7 完形填空参考答案 20 完形填空解析 一、完形填空文章的特点 1.完形填空文章的体裁和题材 完形填空所选文章的难易程度适中，文章在没有去掉要填的词之前对大多数考生来说阅读 起来几乎没有困难。 从近年来专升本完形填空文章体裁来看，说明文和记叙文中均有记叙文性质的元素。完形 文章基本上是“总分总”结构，文章的首句暗示了全文的难度。文章的开头和结尾比较容 易，中间部分难度较大。由此可见，考试一定要熟悉三类文章体裁，为提高完形做题能力 打下基础。 完形填空文章内容基本属于科普类或常识类，所选的文章不会太专业，其语言特点是时态 比较单一，句子结构不太复杂，单词的重复率高。考查重点已从原先的语法项目转移到对 整体语感的测试。选择词汇的项目增加（实词与虚词之比为 3:1） ，词汇项目也从对基本词 义的理解侧重到对次重要词义的理解、同义词辨析和词语搭配等方面的测试。 2.文章具有完整性和逻辑性 完形填空文章一般出自名家之手或选自有名的报纸杂志，内容涉及我们所熟悉的话题。文 章可能是一段节选，也可能是一篇自成一体的小短文。文章都有其完整性和逻辑性，也就 是说，文章里面或有前因后果，或是平铺直叙，前后通过一条主要线索按逻辑构成一个整 体。做题时应时刻注意语言表达和逻辑思维，根据文章的发展思路，从四个选项中挑选出 最佳答案。 文章首句一般不留空，且首句中往往含有主题词甚至文章的中心思想，这是由完形填空题 本身的特点所决定的。由于完形填空要求从内容和结构两个方面将文章补充完整，整篇文 章应该有一个中心思想，应该具有一定的逻辑性和完整性。从文章的篇章结构来看，第一 句话一般都是主题句。为了帮助考生进入语境，进入答题状态，出题者往往先提供一个完 整的句子，设空一般从第二句话开始。完形填空的第一句话非常重要，考生不仅要重视这 个句子，而且要看懂。只有在看懂的基础上，才能顺利进入状态，才能把握整篇文章的解 题思路。 二、完形填空应试技巧 1.语境信息解题法 近几年的完形填空题淡化了语法结构性的题，选项重在语意干扰，也就是说，对具体的语 言知识应该融入具体的语境中去考虑，考生应具有通过上下文提示、暗示或铺垫，对篇章 进行整体上的把握的能力。所以，快速浏览全文，迅速领悟篇章主旨，通过上下文语境选 择答案选项是解决完形填空的关键。如： 1) Still others faced the storm bravely, walking miles to get to work. I 1 to be one of the people on the way to work that morning. I went from subway line to subway line only to find that most 2 had stopped. After making my way through crowds of people, I finally found a subway line that was 3 1. A. Used B. Promised C. Deserved D. happened 2. A. Practice B. Routine C. Process D. service 3. A. Operating B. Cycling C. Turning D. rushing 【解析】1. 答案为 D 项，从前一句话和本句中 one of the people 可知，作者当天上午碰巧 也是去上班的人之一；2. 答案为 D 项，从上下文可知，由于风暴大部分地铁线路停运，所 以唯有 service 符合题意；3. 答案为 A 项，从上下文的语境中我们可知道作者最后找到还 在营业的一条地铁线，operating 本身含有“正在营业的”意思，相当于 be on service。 2) After the birth of my second child, I got a job at a restaurant. Having worked with an experienced 1 for a few days, I was 2 to wait tables on my own. All went 3 that first week. 1. A. Manager B. Assistant C. Cook D. waitress 2. A. Promised B. Invited C. Allowed D. advised 3. A. Well B. Quickly C. Safely D. wrong 【解析】1. 答案为 D 项，根据下文 “I was allowed to wait tables on my own”判断，作者是 和有经验的女侍者一起工作了几天；2. 答案为 C 项，从上下文可知，几天后作者被允许单 独做餐饮招待服务了；3. 答案为 A 项，由下文可以判断出，作者的第一周工作非常顺利， 没出意外。 2.语法结构法 完形填空在语境中考查考生对语法知识的掌握程度，其所考查的语法项目主要是动词的各 种时态、语态和语气、谓语和非谓语形式等。这类题需要考生有较为扎实的语法基础知识， 能够从句式的结构上辨别出关联词、连词、副词、形容词或相应的动词和主谓一致的关系 等语法知识要点。解答这类题，必须确保空格的语法正确。如： 1) When it was 5:00 pm, I was ready to go home. I was about to turn off my computer 1 I received an e mail from Garth, my Director. 1. A. while B. when C. where D. after 【解析】答案为 B。B 项 when 的意思是 just at the moment，与前面的 when 意思不一样； A 项的 while 无此意；D 项的 after 不符合行为交互逻辑；C 项 where 引导地点状语从句， 不符合语意。 2) I have been a soloist for over ten years. 1 the doctor thought I was totally deaf, it didnt 2 that my passion couldnt be realized. 1. A. However B. Although C. When D. Since 2. A. Mean B. Seem C. Conclude D. say 【解析】1. 答案为 B 项，本句的句意是“尽管医生认为我已经全聋了，但是这并不意味着 我的热情会消失。 ”故此处应为让步状语从句；2. 答案为 A 项，由句意可知 mean 最恰当。 3.复现解题法 这类题多为同义词、近义词和反义词的复现或同义词、近义词和反义词异形复现的形式。 这种测试主要是考查考生的整体篇章意识和上下文推断能力。如： 1） In particular, there was (and perhaps still is) a belief in fairies. Not all of these 1 are the friendly, people loving characters that appear in Disney films, and in some folk tales they are 2 and cause much human suffering. 1. A. babies B. believes C. Fairies D. supermen 2. A. Powerful B. Cruel C. Frightened D. extraordinary 【解析】1. 答案为 C 项，同义原词的复现；2. 答案为 B 项，异形近义词的复现。 2） On August 26, 1999, New York City was struck by a terrible rainstorm. The rain caused the streets to 1 and the subway system almost came to a stop. 1. A. Break B. Flood C. Sink D. crash 【解析】答案为 B 项，本题为异形近义词的复现。 三、完形填空答题步骤 完形填空的解题过程可以概括为“总、分、总”三个步骤。 第一步：“总”以略读方式快速浏览全文（找出主题词汇链，了解文章大意） 主要目的是要了解文章的体裁和题材，从整体上把握全文内容和结构框架，找出文章的主 旨大意，作者的观点态度与思路，文章展开的线索，句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系以及 文章的语言风格或特点。应当格外注意段首句和段尾句，因为文章第一句话旨在让读者对 全文有一个大致的了解，而且段首句往往就是主题句；而段尾句往往是结论句,同样为文章 主题服务。此外要注意重复出现的词语。 第二步：“分”建议用三遍解题法 第一遍，通读做题法，解答较为容易的试题。 对含义明显的词汇，固定搭配或习惯用法，常用句式等纯语言知识问题，可以边读边随时 猜测出答案，包括介词的用法、倒装句、虚拟语气等固定的句型或语法。 第二遍，思考通读过程中未能轻易猜测出答案的题目，解答中等难度试题。 这类题目的答案，取决于对语篇的理解。利用上下文中、字里行间的线索才能猜测出答案。 首先看清题目的句法关系，辨别句子是简单句、并列句还是主从复合句，并根据语法判断 词性，然后根据自己的生活常识，背景知识与文章主题猜测该词或短语的语义范围。 第三遍，集中突破前两轮未能解出的题目，解答难题。 在前两轮的基础上，针对最后难关，直接对照选择项，利用前两轮已填入的选项缩小填空 范围，采用排除法，排除不恰当的选项，最后敲定答案。 第三步：“总”检查核实，通读选定答案后的全文 此时的文章应当是一个语法结构正确，用词语义准确，上下文逻辑关系严密，主题突出， 内容充实，意思连贯，层次清晰的整体。 首先，要着眼大局，从语篇整体上，看答案是否符合文章主题，作者意图及文体特征。结 合段首句、段尾句和含有连贯意义的词语，把文章看作一篇范文，从写作角度，审视文章 的谋篇布局“启、承、转、合” 。 其次，从以下几方面对所选答案进行核查： 所选择的单词或短语是否符合本句内容，使上下文连贯和谐，与全文意义相协调； (2)所选择的单词或短语是否符合某种固定搭配； (3)所选择的单词或短语是否符合某种句型、时态、语态的特殊要求，如虚拟语气从句中的 谓语动词用原形(过去式、过去完成式 )； (4)所选词本身或附近的词有无特殊要求，如有些动词后面只接动名词而不能接不定式。 必要时对个别答案仍需推敲，发现不妥，要重新考虑，但应慎重，无确实把握，仍应相信 第一印象。 完形填空练习题 Passage 1 Travelling can be fun and easy. A vacation trip to another part of the country is especially 1 when the travelling conditions are good. Good travelling conditions 2 a comfortable and familiar mode of transportation, knowledge of the countrys language and system of money, 3 with the customs and habits of the people in the country, and nice travel 4. All of us have had nice trips 5 this. In fact, we have good 6 of an enjoyable, relaxing trip. Most of us have also had trips that we would 7 to forget. Many conditions can produce a bad 8 experience. For example, if the four conditions 9 above do not exist, we will 10 have a bad experience, or at a difficult 11. Students who travel to another country to 12 often have a difficult trip. They 13 travel alone, they do not know the language of the new country 14, they are not familiar with the money system and so on. They often arrive in the new country at a huge 15 airport. From the airport, they need to 16 their way to the city where their school is, maybe they need to 17 airplanes, to take a bus, a train, or a taxi. They need to do all this in a country 18 everything is unfamiliar: the language, the money, the people, the cities, and the weather, later, after the experiences are over, they 19 laugh. But they certainly at the 20, they feel terrible. 1. A. enjoyable B. amusing C. happy D. favorable 2. A. include B. exclude C. conclude D. contain 3. A. awareness B. understanding C. interest D. familiarity 4. A. friends B. companions C. colleagues D. companies 5. A. like B. as C. towards D. for 6. A. memories B. impressions C. opinions D. pictures 7. A. like B. have C. want D. need 8. A. trip B. tour C. travel D. visit 9. A. outlined B. talked C. discussed D. listed 10. A. impossibly B. probably C. completely D. partly 11. A. one B. a C. that D. this 12. A. study B. play C. experience D. inspect 13. A. hardly B. rarely C. particularly D. usually 14. A. yet B. too C. either D. already 15. A. national B. international C. domestic D. local 16. A. watch B. notice C. see D. find 17. A. alter B. board C. take D. change 18. A. where B. when C. whose D. which 19. A. need B. shall C. may D. must 20. A. airport B. country C. time D. day Passage 2 Accidents are caused; they dont just happen. The reason may be easy to see: an 1 tray, a shelf out of reach, a patch of ice on the road. But more 2 than not there is a 3 of events leading up to the misfortune 4, tiredness or just bad temperthat show what the accident really is, a sort of attack on 5. Road accidents, for example, happen 6 after a family quarrel, and we all know people who are accident prone, so often 7 with themselves and the world 8 they seem to cause accidents for themselves and others. 9 definition, an accident is 10 you cannot predict to avoid. Most accidents 11 ordinary motorists in a moment of carelessness or thoughtlessness. It is not always clear, either, what sort of conditions made people more 12 to have an accident. For instance, the law 13 all factories to take safety 14, and most companies have safety committees to make sure the regulations are 15, but still, every day in Britain, some fifty thousand men and women are 16 work due to accident. These accidents are 17 the result of human error or misjudgementnoise and fatigue, 18 or worry are possible factors which 19 this. Doctors who work in factories have found that those who drink too much, usually people who have a high anxiety level, 20 three times the normal risk of accidents at work. 1. A. overcharged B. overloaded C. overburdened D. overborne 2. A. usual B. seldom C. always D. often 3. A. chain B. cluster C. bunch D. bar 4. A. destruction B. disappointment C. satisfaction D. frustration 5. A. oneself B. itself C. himself D. herself 6. A. often B. always C. frequently D. never 7. A. at odds B. of odds C. in odds D. on odds 8. A. so B. therefore C. that D. as 9. A. To B. By C. In D. For 10. A. anything B. everything C. nothing D. something 11. A. motivate B. involve C. relate D. interfere 12. A. likely B. necessary C. dispensable D. easily 13. A. enquires B. acquires C. requires D. demands 14. A. methods B. ways C. responsibilities D. precautions 15. A. seen B. observed C. obeyed D. noticed 16. A. fired from B. absent from C. dismissed from D. fined from 17. A. greatly B. highly C. largely D. directly 18. A. Boredom B. excitement C. enjoyment D. contentment 19. A. attribute to B. owe to C. contribute to D. due to 20. A. take B. run C. make D. get Passage 3 The horse and carriage is a thing of the past. But love and marriage are still with us and still closely interrelated. Most American marriages, particularly first marriages 1 young couples, are the result of 2 attraction and affection 3 than practical considerations. In the United States, parents do not arrange marriages for their children. Teenagers begin 4 in high school and usually find mates through their own academic and social 5.Though young people feel 6 to choose their friends from 7 groups, most choose a mate of similar background. This is 8 in part to parental guidance. Parents cannot select spouses for their children, but they can usually 9 choices by 10 disapproval of someone they consider unsuitable. 11 , marriages between members of different groups (interclass, interfaith, and interracial marriages) are increasing, probably because of the greater 12 of todays youth and the fact that they are restricted by 13 prejudices than their parents. Many young people leave their home towns to attend college, 14 in the armed forces, 15 pursue a career in a bigger city. Once away from home and family, they are more 16 to date and marry outside their own social group. In mobile American society, interclass marriages are neither 17 nor shocking. Interfaith marriages are 18 the rise particularly between Protestants and Catholics. On the other hand, interracial marriage is still very uncommon. It can be difficult for interracial couples to find a place to live, maintain friendships, and 19 a family. Marriages between people of different national 20 (but the same race and religion) have been commonplace here since colonial times. 1. A. linking B. involving C. connecting D. correlating 2. A. personal B. emotional C. mutual D. magnetic 3. A. more B. less C. rather D. other 4. A. dating B. appointment C. engagement D. matching 5. A. position B. association C. contacts D. contract 6. A. certain B. embarrassed C. hesitated D. free 7. A. similar B. identical C. differential D. diverse 8. A. for B. likely C. due D. because 9. A. influence B. give C. make D. offer 10. A. sounding B. avoiding C. expecting D. voicing 11. A. Moreover B. However C. Therefore D. Furthermore 12. A. mobility B. motive C. moral D. mission 13. A. less B. rather C. fewer D. many 14. A. work B. serve C. stay D. remain 15. A. but B. otherwise C. likewise D. or 16. A. probable B. likely C. reluctant D. readily 17. A. rare B. scarce C. scared D. relieved 18. A. in B. at C. on D. for 19. A. raise B. obtain C. grow D. unite 20. A. origin B. source C. resource D. base Passage 4 Business and government leaders also consider the inflation rate to be an important general indicator. Inflation is a period of increased 1 that causes rapid rises in prices. 2 your money buys fewer goods so that you get 3 for the same amount of money as before, inflation is the problem. There is a general rise 4 the price of goods and services. Your money buys less. Sometimes people describe inflation as a(n) 5 when “a dollar is not worth a dollar anymore.” Inflation is a problem for all consumers. People who live on a fixed income are hurt the 6. Retired people, for instance, cannot 7 on an increase in income as prices rise. Elderly people who do not work face serious problems in stretching their incomes to 8 their needs in time of inflation. Retirement income 9 any fixed income usually does not rise as fast as prices. Many retired people must cut their spending to 10 rising prices. In many cases they must stop 11 some necessary items, such as food and clothing. Even 12 working people whose incomes are going up, inflation can be a problem. The 13 of living goes up, too. People who work must have even more money to keep up their standard of living. Just buying the things they need costs more. When incomes do not keep 14 with rising prices, the standard of living goes down. People may be earning the same amount of money, but they are not living 15 because they are not able to buy as many goods and services. Government units gather information about prices in our economy and publish it as price indexes 16 the rate of change can be determined. A price index measures changes in prices using the price for a 17 year as the base. The base price is set 18 100, and the other prices are reported as a 19 of the base price. A price index makes 20 possible to compare current prices of typical consumer goods, for example, with prices of the same goods in previous years. 1. A. spending B. demanding C. consuming D. saving 2. A. Because B. While C. Since D. When 3. A. much B. little C. more D. less 4. A. in B. on C. at D. to 5. A. chance B. time C. moment D. occasion 6. A. best B. least C. most D. worst 7. A. rely B. rest C. depend D. count 8. A. meet B. obtain C. care D. acquire 9. A. or B. and C. excluding D. including 10. A. live up to B. catch up on C. put up with D. keep up with 11. A. to buy B. buying C. having bought D. from buying 12. A. for B. to C. of D. if 13. A. price B. level C. cost D. standard 14. A. race B. pace C. speed D. step 15. A. as usual B. as well C. as before D. as such 16. A. in which B. from which C. of which D. by which 17. A. last B. given C. fixed D. definite 18. A. on B. by C. at D. against 19. A. portion B. percentage C. proportion D. fraction 20. A. it B. us C. one D. you Passage 5 What personal qualities are desirable in a teacher? I think the following would be generally accepted. First, The teachers personality should be lively and 1 . This does not rule out people who are plain looking, or 2 ugly, because many such people have great personal charm. But it does rule out such 3 as the over excitable, sad, cold, and frustrated. Secondly, it is not merely desirable but essential for a 4 to have a genuine capacity for sympathy, a capacity to 5 the minds and feelings of other people, especially, 6 of children. Closely 7 with this is the capacity to be tolerant not, indeed, of what is 8, but of the weaknesses and immaturity of human nature which 9 people, and again especially children, to make mistakes. Thirdly, I hold it essential for a teacher to be honest. There is no contradiction in my going on to 10 that a teacher should be a bit of an actor. That is part of the technique of 11, which demands that every now and then a teacher 12 be able to put on an act to enliven a lesson, correct a fault, or award praise. A teacher must be capable of infinite patience. This, I may say, is largely a matter of 13 and self training, for we are 14 of us born like that. Finally, I think a teacher should have the kind of mind which always wants to go on 15. Teaching is a job at which one will never be 16; there is always something more to learn about it. There are 17 principal objects of study: the subjects which the teacher is teaching; the methods by which the subjects can best be taught and 18 the most important the children, young people, or 19 to whom the subjects are to be taught. The two fundamental principles of British education today are that education is education of the whole person, and that it is best 20 through full and active co operation between two persons, the teacher and the learner. 1. A. common B. beautiful C. Easy going D. attractive 2. A. even B. ever C. otherwise D. therefore 3. A. actors B. types C. classes D. schools 4. A. doctor B. student C. teacher D. headmaster 5. A. see B. understand C. move D. persuade 6. A. ones B. some C. many D. those 7. A. related B. watched C. followed D. studied 8. A. wrong B. good C. right D. pretty 9. A. force B. make C. ask D. induce 10. A. talk B. tell C. speak D. say 11. A. acting B. teaching C. working D. learning 12. A. should B. could C. must D. have to 13. A. Self defence B. Self discipline C. Self teaching D. Self confidence 14. A. all B. some C. none D. many 15. A. learning B. practising C. teaching D. watching 16. A. endless B. payable