有关高等职业教育类型结构逻辑基础的优化的浅析中英文对照

有关高等职业教育类型结构逻辑基础的优化的浅析中英文 对照 Analysis on the logic basis of Higher Occupation Education Optimization of structures in Chinese and English 教育结构形成与发展的原因具有双重性：一是必然性，即社会历史和文化基础所决定；二 是自身性，即教育活动自身的健全与完善。高等职业教育成为高等教育的一个类型是外部 环境发展的必然，但类型结构的优化还需要高等职业教育自身的改革与发展，当前的主要 任务是特色创新和提高质量。 Reasons for the formation and development of education structure is twofold: one is the necessity, is decided by the social history and cultural foundation; two is its educational activities, their sound and perfect. The higher occupation education as a type of higher education is the inevitable development of the external environment, but also need to optimize the structure of the reform and development of higher occupation education itself, the main task is the characteristics of innovation and improve the quality of. 关键词：高等职业教育；类型结构；特色与质量 Keywords: the higher occupation education; structure; characteristics and quality 教育结构的形成有两大原因，一是社会历史与文化基础，即外部原因，主要表现为社 会生产力发展所带来的社会分工和社会分化，以及由此带来的社会结构的变化；二是结构 自身的逻辑基础，即内部原因，表现为教育活动的各种内在矛盾和复杂关系的运动、变化 和发展的合乎逻辑的过程。对于教育活动本体来说，前者是客观的，决定着教育结构产生 的必然性；后者是主观的，决定着教育结构的生存与发展。因此，高等职业教育成为高等 教育的一个类型是一种必然，但作为一种类型结构的生存与发展主要取决于自身的不断完 善。 The formation of educational structure for two reasons, one is the social history and cultural foundation, namely, external causes, mainly as a result of the development of the social productive forces of social division of labor and the social differentiation, and social structure change which brought the; two is the logical infrastructure itself, namely the internal reason, performance for a variety of internal contradiction of education activities and the complicated relationship between motion, change and development of logical process. For education itself, the former is objective, inevitable determines the education structure; the latter is subjective, determines the survival and development of educational structure. Therefore, the higher occupation education as a type of higher education is an inevitable, but as the survival and development of a type of structure mainly depends on the improvement of its own. 一、高等职业教育成为高等教育一个类型的必然性 One, the higher occupation education become the necessity of a type of Higher Education 教育活动的社会学分析认为，教育之所以形成某种结构，其原因往往是不可通约的， 是客观的，不是人们主观可以构造的。它是社会历史发展的产物，是理性逻辑规定的结果。 高等职业教育在高等教育的类型结构中成为一种类别，是它特定的人才培养目标，即高技 能人才培养目标的必然结果，主要体现在以下两个方面。 Theory of educational activities of society, education is the formation of a structure, which are incommensurable, is objective, not subjective can be constructed. It is a product of social historical development, is the result of rational logic rules. The higher occupation education become a category in the type of structure of higher education, is it specific talent cultivation objectives, namely high skilled talents training result of target, mainly reflected in the following two aspects. (一) 人才需求结构导向 ( a ) the demand structure of talent orientation 我国经济的快速发展对高技能人才的巨大需求是高等职业教育类型结构形成的主要原 因之一。有资料显示，我国目前已经成为制造业大国，有将近 100 种产品位居世界第一。 我国目前的发展阶段对生产一线技能型、操作型的岗位性人才的需求非常迫切，而且在数 量、质量和结构上与以前相比都有更高的要求。首先，加快发展先进制造业需要大量有精 湛技艺、掌握核心技术和具有创新能力的高技能人才；其次，促进现代服务业的发展需要 一大批掌握现代经营方式和信息技术等现代服务技能的高技能人才；再次，加强基础产业 基础设施建设，也迫切需要提升高技能人才队伍的素质。 Chinas rapid economic development and great demand for high skilled talents is one of the major causes of formation of higher occupation education type structure. The data shows, China has become a manufacturing power, there are nearly 100 kinds of products ranked first in the world. Personnel positions of the current stage of development in China to the production line of skilled operation, the demand is very urgent, but also in the quantity, quality and structure compared with the previous have higher requirements. First, speed up the development of advanced manufacturing a large number of talents with high skills superb skills, to master the core technology and innovation ability; secondly, promote the development of modern service industry needs a large number of master of modern management and information technology and other modern service skill talent; third, strengthening the construction of infrastructure facilities of basic industries, is also an urgent need to upgrade the highly-skilled talents quality. 当前的问题是，技能型人才的结构型短缺已经成为我国制造业提高工艺水平的主要瓶 颈。同样的配件，国内组装不如国外原装的现象比比皆是。发达国家的经验告诉我们，技 能型人才，尤其是生产一线的操作性高技能人才，是现代经济发展和建设不可或缺的重要 力量。目前，我国 7 千万产业工人中高级工仅为 4，与目前世界上最发达的 25 个国家高 级工平均占有率为 35相差甚远。根据 2007 年第一季度中国劳动力市场信息网监测中心 对全国 103 个城市劳动力市场职业供求信息的统计，高级技师和技师的需求大于供给，求 人倍率(求人倍率：岗位需求人数求职人数 )分别为 3 36 和 22。 The problem is, structure type of skill talent shortage has become the manufacturing industry of our country main bottleneck of improving technology level. The same parts meet the eye everywhere, domestic assembly as the foreign original phenomenon. The experience of developed countries tells us, skilled personnel, especially the talents with high skill operation of the production line, is an important and indispensable force in modern economic development and construction. At present, senior workers is only 4% of Chinas 7 million industrial workers, and the 25 of the worlds most developed countries advanced workers the average share of 35% far. According to the first quarter of 2007 statistics of the national 103 city labor market occupation supply and demand information monitoring center of Chinas labor market information network, the senior engineers and technicians of the demand is greater than supply, requirement rate (for power: post requirement number / the number of job seekers ) were 3.36 and 2.2. “十一五”时期是我国推进全面建设小康社会进程，构建社会主义和谐社会，加快实 // // 现社会主义现代化的重要战略机遇期。党中央、国务院高度重视高技能人才队伍建设，不 仅将其纳人人才强国战略，而且把它作为人才强国战略的重要举措。根据高技能人才培 养体系建设“十一五”规划纲要的要求，到“十一五”期末，全国技能劳动者总量要达 到 11 亿人，高级工水平以上的高技能人才占技能劳动者比例达到 25以上。即 2750 万 人，其中技师、高级技师占技能劳动者的比例达到 5以上，并带动中、初级技能劳动者 队伍梯次发展。力争到 2020 年，我国高、中、初级技能劳动者的比例达到中等发达国家 水平。 “ Eleven five “ period is to promote the process of building a well-off society in China, building a socialist harmonious society, speed up the realization of socialist modernization period of important strategic opportunities. The Party Central Committee, the State Council attaches great importance to the construction of high skill talents, not only will it strategic human talents, and take it as an important measure of talent strategy. According to the “ system “ eleven five “ planning outline “ high-skilled personnel training requirements, to the “ eleven five “ period, the total number of skilled workers to reach 110000000 people, high skill talents senior workers above the level of skilled workers more than 25% ratio. 27500000 people, including technicians, senior technicians account for 5% of the employee skills, and drive in the primary skill workers, echelon development. Strive to 2020, Chinas high, in the primary skill workers, the proportion will reach the level of moderately developed countries. 总之，在当前我国社会生产力快速发展阶段，具体的技术和工艺在社会财富增长中所 扮演的角色日趋重要。由于高等职业教育能够更好地满足依靠技术和工艺而发展的经济建 设对人才的需要，因此必然得到高速发展，凸显为高等教育的一个类型，并在很大程度上 影响高等教育的整体发展。 In short, in the stage of rapid development of current Chinas social productive forces, specific technology and technology plays in social wealth growth in the increasingly vital role. Because of higher occupation education can better satisfy the need to rely on technology and process and development of the economic construction of the talent, so inevitably gets rapid development, emerging as a type of higher education, and affect the overall development of higher education to a great extent. (二) 文化与个体发展价值导向 ( two ) culture and individual development value orientation 教育结构产生的动力来自经济、社会、文化等各个方面，其中文化的变革和个体发展 的价值需求是重要动力之一。文化是社会共同体所拥有的基本价值观念和行为方式的体系。 它在不知不觉中对高等教育的发展产生导向作用，其原因很简单，因为高等教育本身就是 一个文化的存在，而且是一种持久性的社会活动，与广大的社会领域始终保持着互动。高 等教育结构的产生和发展始终受文化领域中国家、各种社会团体、家庭和求学者个体的影 响。 The dynamic structure of education results from various economic, social, cultural, and the value demand of cultural change and individual development is one of the most important power. Culture is the basic value idea and the behavior of social community have system. It imperceptibly the development of higher education to guide, the reason is very simple, because the higher education itself is a cultural existence, and is a kind of persistent social activity, and social fields remained interaction. Production and development of higher education structure is always subject to the culture field in China, various social groups, family and student individual influence. 随着科学、技术、经济和社会的发展，人们的价值观念和行为方式也在不断地调整和 变化。知识对劳动力解放作用的逐步显现极大地刺激着人们对高等教育的追求，而实用知 识和技能的强烈社会需求使得作为文化领域一员的高等教育将理论知识转变为操作技能成 为一种新的风尚。美国的杜区学院正是这种文化变革的必然产物。它独领风尚之先，推动 了美国高等教育的大众化进程，既满足了经济建设对技能型人才的需要，也满足了人们对 高等教育的追求。 With the development of science, technology, economy and society, peoples values and behavior patterns are also constantly adjust and change. Knowledge of labor liberation effect gradually appear greatly stimulate the pursuit of people to higher education, and strong social demand of practical knowledge and skills so that higher education as a member of the cultural field theoretical knowledge into skills to become a new fashion. The United States of America s community college is the inevitable product of this cultural change. It leads the fashion of the first, to promote the popularization of higher education in the United States, both to meet the needs of economic construction of skilled talents, but also to meet the people s pursuit of higher education. 当前，我国的社会文化和个体发展价值取向正在经济与社会高速发展和巨大变革中悄 无声息地变化着。人们接受高等教育的愿望日趋强烈，政府对高等职业教育空前重视，高 等职业教育已成为社会各界关注的热点。另一方面，高等教育的行为也正在自觉和不自觉 地做着各种调整以适应这种变化。和美国的社区学院一样，我国的高等职业教育已经在这 一变化中充当领先者，在短短的十几年中成为高等教育系统中一支不可或缺的重要力量。 虽然目前高等职业教育与普通高等教育相比认可度较低，但这仅仅是个开始。从我国经济 与社会发展人才需求结构性变化的趋势以及我国人口结构的现状来看，高等职业教育作为 高等教育的一个类型必然将为社会充分接受。 At present, the orientation of social culture and the value of individual development to our country s economic and social development and the great change in quietly changing. Peoples desire for accepting higher education has become more and more intense, the government unprecedented attention of higher occupation education, the higher occupation education has become the focus of attention of the community. On the other hand, the behavior of higher education are consciously and unconsciously doing all kinds of adjustment to adapt to this change. Like the American Community College, higher occupation education in our country has been as a leader in the change of higher education system, has become an important force in the in a short span of ten years. Although the higher occupation education compared with ordinary higher education accreditation is low, but this is just the beginning. From the structural changes in Chinas economic and social development of talent demand trend and current situation of Chinas population structure, the higher occupation education as a type of higher education will be fully accepted into society. 二、高等职业教育类型结构自身逻辑准备的欠缺 Two types of higher occupation education structure, its lack of logic. 教育结构不仅受到的经济、政治和历史文化等方面的影响和制约，而且还受到教育活 动和教育结构自身逻辑基础即内在规定性的影响与制约。换句话说，一定的教育结构需要 教育活动和结构本身的自我健全与完善。我国高等职业教育作为高等教育的一个类型的合 理性，不仅取决于客观的需要，同时也取决于高等职业教育自身的发展。目前的问题是， 我国高等职业教育成为高等教育一个类型的外部条件已经基本成熟，但高等职业教育自身 的思想准备却显得不足，主要表现在以下两个方面。 The structure of education not only by the influence of economic, political and cultural aspects and constraints, but also by the education activity and structure of its logical basis that internal // // rules and influence. In other words, the structure of education must needs education activities and structure to improve and perfect themselves. Chinas Higher Occupation Education in higher education as a type of rationality, not only depends on the objective needs, but also depends on the higher occupation education. The question now is, the higher occupation education in our country as a type of higher education external conditions have been basically mature, but the higher occupation education ideological preparation is insufficient, mainly in the following two aspects. (一) 对冲破传统的约束和习惯的束缚缺少思想准备 ( a ) to break through the traditional restriction and habits and lack of mental preparation 既然高等职业教育是高等教育的一个类型，那么它必须有不同于普通高等教育的特色。 所谓“类”是指相似或相同事物的集合。换句话说，一种类型之所以存在，是因为有其他 事物不可替代的特质。目前的问题是，我国的高等职业教育缺少特色，很多方面仅仅是普 通高等教育的简单复制。如果这一问题不解决，高等职业教育就没有必要作为一个类型继 续存在下去，因为只是在普通高等教育课程的基础上增加一定的就业取向，那么高等职业 教育对于经济与社会发展的目标就是没有意义的。因此，高等职业教育作为一个类型的合 理生存，关键是特色创新。它是当前高等职业教育内涵建设的逻辑主线，必须将它贯穿在 内涵建设各项内容之中。这些内容包括：加强院校班子的领导能力建设，探索以校企合作 为特色的办学模式；以提高职业道德意识为核心，加强学生的素质教育；以学生的学习与 工作相结合为切人点，改革人才培养模式；以“工”与“学”两者要素的结合以及工作过 程为主导，改革课程的设置、内容和教学方法；以“双师”结构为主要目标，加强专兼结 合的专业教学团队建设；以吸纳社会资源为主要途径，探索实训基地建设新模式；以注重 过程控制精细化为要求，强化实践教学管理，完善质量保障体系；以社会劳动力知识与技 能的学习与培训以及生产一线的技术应用和技能创新为主要内容，提高社会服务能力，等 等。 Since the higher occupation education is a type of higher education, so it must be different from general higher education. The so-called “ class “ is a collection of similar or the same thing. In other words, a type of existence, is because there are other things irreplaceable characteristics. The question now is, the higher occupation education in our country lack of features, many aspects of simply copying the ordinary higher education. If this problem is not solved, the higher occupation education is not necessary as a type of survive, because just increase the employment orientation of certain basic courses in the higher education, then for the economic and social development of the objectives of the higher occupation education is of no significance. Therefore, a reasonable living a type as the higher occupation education, is the key to innovation. It is a logical thread of higher occupation education connotation construction, it must be through the connotation of the construction of the content. These contents include: strengthen the college s leadership construction, to explore the school-enterprise cooperation as the characteristics of the mode of running a school; to improve the occupation moral consciousness as the core, strengthen students quality education; as the breakthrough point to study and work their combination, the reform of personnel training mode; combined with the “ workers“ and “learning “ two elements and the working process oriented, reform the curriculum, contents and teaching methods; to “ double “ structure as the main target, strengthen the construction of professional teaching team of full-time and part-time; to absorb the social resources as the main way, explore the new mode of training base construction; to focus on process control into fine requirements, strengthen the practice teaching management, perfect quality guarantee system; social labor skills and knowledge learning and training and production line of technology and technological innovation as the main content, improve the social service ability, etc 不难看出，以上建设内容与普通高等教育相比有很大的区别，是对现有传统做法的突 破。但目前从整体上看，学校作为一个创新群体，对当前这场改革的重要战略意义认识不 足，在突破传统的约束和习惯的束缚大胆创新上缺少以下几方面的准备：首先是动机倾向。 它是创新的动力源，即对改革内容的浓厚兴趣、谦虚的学习态度和经受挫折与外部压力的 主动接受；其次是意志品质，即对改革方向的坚定信心和坚持改革的韧性和恒心；第三是 探索勇气，即善于自我分析，敢于揭开矛盾，直面现实，大胆纠错，不断探索和进取；第 四是整体功能。作为一个创新群体，虽然领头人的作用至关重要，但单靠几个领导不可能 完成创新任务，关键是通过科学的手段促使群体整体功能的充分发挥。 It is not difficult to see, the above construction content compared with ordinary higher education has the very big difference, is to the existing traditional practices breakthrough. But look from whole, the school as a community of innovation, lack of knowledge on the strategic importance of the reform, the lack of the following preparation in breaking through the traditional restriction and habits of bold innovation : first is the motivation. It is the source of innovation, namely the interest, on the reform of content of the modest learning attitude and take the initiative to accept defeat and external pressure; second is the quality of will, that the reform direction of the firm confidence and adhere to the reform and the tenacity and perseverance; third is to explore the courage, good at self analysis, dare to uncover the contradictions, face reality, bold correction, continuous exploration and enterprising; fourth is the overall function. As a creative groups, although the vital role of leader, but only by a few leaders could not accomplish tasks of innovation, the key is through scientific means to make whole groups of functions into full play. (二)对教育改革活动价值合理化过程的非常规性预计不足 ( two ) the unconventional rationalization of education reform activity value of the expected shortfall 教育改革活动价值的合理化是指改革的主观理念、理想、价值和标准等通过实践得到 验证和认可的过程，其特点是它的不可预测性即非常规性。如教育活动的设计理念、形势 判断和价值估量等都不可能像外部条件那样能够通过观察和公式进行预测和计算。相反， 它们常常在一定程度上要打破常规，而且有可能使教育活动本身产生一定程度的不稳定。 但正是由于能打破常规，它常常能冲破传统的约束和习惯的束缚，产生革命性的影响。 The rationalization of education reform activities value refers to the subjective idea, reform ideas, values and standards are process validation and approved through practice, its characteristic is its unpredictability is unconventional. Design concepts, such as education situation judgment and value estimation may not like the external conditions that can through observation and prediction and calculation formula. Instead, they often have to break the normal procedure in a certain extent, and can make the education to produce a certain degree of instability. But it is because it can break the normal procedure, it often can break through the traditional restriction and habits, have a revolutionary impact. 当前，我国的高等职业教育正处在规模扩张转向内涵发展的关键时期。这一时期任务 的本质是改革、探索和创新，活动的主要特征是“摸着石子过河” ，结果可预测度低。目前 的问题是，由于我们往往习惯于常规，因此对改革中产生的一些突破缺乏认识，甚至不做 任何深度的思考和认真的尝试就错误地将它看作是“不可能”或“不可取” ，没有看到这些 改革幼苗的生长潜力，更没有在如何从制度和政策层面上去保护这些突破和创新这一点上 进行认真学习和深度思辨。 At present, the key period of higher occupation education in our country is in the scale expansion // // to the connotation of development. The essence of this period task is to reform, exploration and innovation, the main characteristics of activities is “ across the river by feeling the stones “, it can be use