有医学词义的普通英语词汇

第 1 章 有医学词义的普通英语词汇 随着生产、科技、社会的发展，英语词汇也发生着变化。某些词，从其本 义或第一义来看，是普通英语词汇，或者说是非医学词汇，但在使用中，其词 义经过扩大、缩小或转义，而有了医学词义。也有一些本是医学词汇，但经过 词义演变已带有普通词汇的属性。 后一种的例子有： 词 汇 本义（医学词义） 普通（非医学）词义 artery 动脉 干线 ataxia 运动（机能）失调 混乱，无秩序 cancer 癌（症） ，肿瘤 弊端，社会恶习 capsule 囊，被膜，胶囊 容器，小皿 germ 微生物，细菌，胚芽 萌芽，起源 nerve 神经 勇敢；中枢，核心；力量 symptomatic (有)症状的，根据症状的 有代表性的，表明的 syndrome 综合病症，症侯群 同时存在的事物 ulcer 溃疡 腐烂的事物，腐败的根源 vein 静脉 矿脉；纹理；才干，情绪 virus 病毒 (精神、道德方面的) 毒素;恶意,恶毒 这类词，因是英语医学词汇，我们将重点从构词方面讨论它们，这里就不 多论述。 具有医学意义的普通英语词汇对刚接触医学英语的人来说，似曾相识，但 用以前掌握的词义来理解他们，却不能正确理解句子和文章。 例如：Of these previously untreated cases, 15 have died of seminoma.(精原细 胞瘤) ，句中 cases 如理解为 “箱子，盒子；框架；诉讼；情况”，那是不能解释 句子的，而应当理解为“ 病例，患者。 ” 这些词并非生词。如果根据其本义利用上下文的线索，结合医学背景知识 2 大多是可推断出他们医学涵义。上例中的 case 就可从“情况”引申，求知它的意 义。 为了提高读者推断这类词汇医学涵义的技巧，早日扫除类似阅读障碍，本 书编选练习若干组，并收集这种词汇约 900 个，列表于后，以便读者尽早掌握 它们。 第 1 节 词义的选择与引申 含有医学意义的普通英语词汇基本上是多义词。处理它们最好懂得词义应 如何选择和引申。 一、词义的选择 词义的选择，一般要考虑词性、搭配、语境等特点。 1.根据词性确定词义。 多义词常属几个词性。词性不同，意义就有差异。 Round A tubercle（结节） is a small, round bone process.结节是小的骨突起，呈圆 形。 （a.圆的） Red rash developed round the neck in the wake of two days fever. 发热两天， 紧接着在颈项周围出现红疹.（prep.在周转） The doctors begin their rounds of the wards at half past six in the morning. 六点 半钟，医生们开始查病房。(n.医生或送报人来往各处执行任务)。 We round our lips to say “oo”.我们两唇成圆形，发“O”的声音（v.使成圆 形） Well Shake the bottle well before taking the medicine.服药前，把药瓶彻底地摇一摇。 （adv.充分地） The general rule can be laid down that majority of cases of severe abdominal pain which ensue in patients who have been previously fairly well, and which last as 3 long as six hours, are caused by conditions of surgical import. 可以确定这样一条标 准；凡是以前一直比较健康的人，发生严重腹痛长达 6 小时，大都说明是需要 手术的疾病。 （a. 身体健康的） 2根据词的搭配确定词义 同一个词与不同的词搭配可以有不同的意义或译法。其原因可能是：该词 本身具有几个意义，与之搭配的词限制它所表达的意义；也可能原文搭配的习 惯不同于译文，根据译入语的要求而改变译法。 General general anesthesia 全身麻醉 general check-up 普查 general health condition 一般健康情况 general hospital 总医院 general knowledge 常识，一般知识 general outline 大纲 general perionitis 弥漫性腹膜炎 general practitioner 全科医生，通看各科 疾病的开业医生 general programme总纲 general purpose 通用的，多用途的 make general round 总查房 speak in general terms 笼统地讲 Profuse He was so profuse in his money that he is now poor.过去他挥金如土，现在穷 了。 （浪费金钱） In one case, profuse bleeding occurred during surgery,and the external carotid artery was ligated.一次手术发生了大出血，于是结扎了患者的外颈动脉。 Bowel Evaluation of the status of the patient must include an appraisal of bowel function.对病人状况的评估必须包括对肠功能的估计。 The medicine is used to move the bowels.此药用于通便。 （bowel n. 1. the intestine or a part of the intestine 2.the inward or interior parts 3.feelings of pity or compassion vt. 4.to disembowel. Bowel 的 4 个意义： 第 1 个是本意“ 肠” ，第 2 个是喻意， “内部的部分”，第 3 个也是喻意， “同情、怜 4 悯的心肠”，第 4 个是动词，还是与肠有关： “将肠 从体内取出”，为什么第 2 句译为“大 便”呢？因为它和下列这些词连用，汉译只能用意译： To have loose bowels 腹泻 to bind the bowels 引起便秘 to move /loosen the bowels=to have bowel movements 大便 to keep the bowels open 保持大便通畅 3根据词的语境确定词义 词在话语或文章中，不是孤立的，它与上下文，即语境，有着各种联系。 结合语境来选择词义，是处理多义词常用的方法，也是最佳的方法。 case In regard to the development of chronic airways obstrucrion, it may be worth mentioning a few anecdotes, such as the case of David Bates who maintained normal spirometric tests for many years,then showed some fluctuating values before quite abruptly becoming persistently disabled by a chronic airways obstructive disordor.关 于慢性气道阻塞的发生，有几件轶事值得提及。如戴维贝茨的病例，他的肺量 测定多年一直维持正常，在显示出若干波动数值后，因慢性气道阻塞性疾病而 变成了永久性残废。 （在 case 前有 anecdotes,显示后面谈的是轶事。case 后叙述 的是戴维 贝茨病情的经过。所以 case 译为“病例” ，比“ 病人”要贴切。 ） Although it is attractive to view acute myocardial infarction as the direct result of a sudden obstruction of a major coronary artery,current pathologic studies indicate that this is not alweys the case.Infarction without occlusion and occlusion without infarction may be observed patholoyically.虽然把心肌梗塞看作是较大冠状动脉急 性阻塞的直接结果,不无道理，但现代病理学研究认为，情况并非总是如此。病 理研究可见到，有些心肌梗塞并无管腔闭塞,也有某些管腔闭塞并未引起心肌梗 塞。 （case 前后是不同的情况，因而它只能译为“情况”，而不能译为“ 病人”、 “病 例”、 “盒子”或其他。 ） 语境即语言环境。广泛地讲，术语语境应包括术语所叙述的学科，所用的 文体等。很明显，alveolus 在口腔科学里多译“ 牙槽 ”，在呼吸内科学常译为“肺 泡”。又如： combination of elements into a compound 几种元素化合为化合物 5 combination with/without repetition 有复/无复配合，这说明 combination 在化学里 的译法不同于数学。Complex 在心理学常译“情结”，在俚语中多译成“ 心结”； 这就是学科术语与通俗语言的不同。 二、词义的引申 引申是词由原义产生新义。将它移植到翻译中，就是从词的本义或原义之 一出发，综合上下文所给的信息，进行逻辑推理，寻觅能忠实传达原语的词来。 这主要是处理难译的词语的方法，但翻译含有医学意义的普通词汇，如果藉助 词典也不能译好，便可使用引申这一方法。词义引申译法可分为四种。 1.词义具体化 英语中一些代表抽象概念或属性的词汇，常用来指代具体 事物，汉译时，可引申译为具体的词，往往收到意义准确、形象鲜明、自然流 畅的效果。下列例句译文后括号里的字是词典上的释义。 Finally, there seems to be a tendency to ignore an entity which in my cu rrent experience is even more common than what I would call “chronic obstrut ive lung disease”. It is associated with some degree of chronic cough and whe eze but manifests extremely variable lung function. Even after maximum therap y, a mild degree of airways obstruction may persist, but the major problem is episodic bronchoconstriction. The long-range prognosis for this type of patient is totally unknown. It is evident, however, that prognosis would not be predict able from a single lung function test in such an individul. 最后，现在似乎有 忽视一种病的倾向；但是，根据我现在的经验，这种病比我们称之为“慢阻肺” （全称是“慢性阻塞性肺病） ”要常见得多。这种疾病伴有某种程度的慢性咳嗽和 喘鸣。但肺功能表现极其多变。即使经过最大努力的治疗，轻度的气道阻塞仍 然持续存在，而主要的问题则是发作性支气管收缩。这类病人的远期预后完全 不清楚。不过，显然，这样的病人，仅根据一次肺功能试验不能预言他的预后。 （entity 统一体；maximum 最大量；episodic 插曲的； individual 个人，个体） 词典的译文，代替参考译文中黑线上的词，确实有点费解。现在说明参考 译文是如何引申的。 6 Entity 的英语释义是 somethiny that has a real existence;thing “真实存在的事 物， ”看来,entity 有指代作用。在原文中， entity 是lung disease 的比较对象。同 类事物才能比较，因此可断定 an entity 就是 a disease. Maximum=greatest possible,修饰 therapy,直译为最可能的治疗与原文意义有 距离。如译为最大量的治疗有晦涩之嫌，译为最大努力的治疗可避免硬译的毛 病。 Episodic 是形容词，来自 episode（one event in a chain of events;an intermediate or digressive passage）这是喻意,表示它所指的事物不止一次出现， 时间短暂，是整体中的次要部分，用“发作性” 的来修饰原文中所描述的疾病， 既忠实于原文，又为汉语创新出奇。 至于 individual 的引申，与 entity 类似。 2.词义抽象化 与词义具体化相反，英语用表示具体形象的词来代指一种属性或概念，可 用汉语抽象化的词来表示。 The surgical mortality is in the neighbourhood of 3% even in the best hands. 即使是最好的外科医生操刀，该手术的死亡率也在 3%左右. （neighbourhood 邻居,句中 hand 也因 surgical mortality 而缩小了它的外延意义， 可译为外科医生） 。 The course of the disease is extremely stormy with either a rapid progression to death or an equally rapid improvement.本病病程极为猛烈,其结果无论是死亡，还 是好转，两者同样迅速。 （暴风雨的） Inherent in discussion of operative risk is the consideration each physician must make regarding the relative rewards and risks of tretment of a given illness. （报酬 和危险）讨论手术危险时每个医生一向都要考虑治疗某特定疾病的利弊。 3调整词义的表达方法 英语和汉语是两种不同的语言，有许多差异。仅就单词而言，sun 与太阳 是有区别的。The earths revolution about the sun 中的 sun 可译为“太阳”，但 7 bathe in the sun 就得译为“阳光” 或“日光”，如果我们认为 sun=太阳，一成不变， 就会误译或译成洋腔洋调,令人不能卒读。 翻译医学英语文献，须在透彻理解原文内容和逻辑关系的基础上，用概念 清楚、文字简练、通顺流畅的汉语忠实表达原文思想。因此，英语中的词，在 汉译时，常需调整表达方式。 Transfusions,even though they may intensify the hemoglobinuria,will often help to tide a patient over an exacerbation (intensify 加强，强化； exacerbation 恶化)输 血虽然会使血红蛋白尿加重，但能帮助病人渡过恶化期.（intensify 的宾语是疾 病名称，译“ 加重” 或“加剧”是修辞上的引申.tide a patient over an exerbation 帮病 人渡过恶化期,加期字是增词译法。 ） The historians must not go into detail so far as to lose sight of the dsease itself.(historian 历史学家；编史家 )写病史不可过于繁琐，以致于忽视了疾病本 身.(historians 译为“ 写病史 ”在这种情况下强调行为，符合中国人思维方式，这 是名词译成了动词,或者说,译成了动宾短语。) Never fail to restrict fluid intake in case of acute renal failure.患急性肾衰竭务 必限制水分摄入.(never fail 否定译成肯定) The colur vision is lacking in the dog.狗是看不出颜色的(is lacking 肯定译成否 定) Serious side effects such as the aplastic anemia induced by chloramphenicol or sclerosing peritonitis due to practolol treatment,may not be apparent until several years later.像氯霉素诱发的再生障碍性贫血，心得宁引起的硬化性腹膜炎，这些 严重的副作用，要等若干年后才会表现出来。 （treatmen 省译，符合汉语习惯， 并未损伤原文意义。 Apparent 译为“表现出来” 正确表达了药物副作用能在人 体内潜在若干年的暗含意义，这是形容词转换译为动词的例子。 ） 第 2 节 Exercise After reading the ten words given, translate the sentences into Chinese, paying 8 attention to the underlined words. （1） 词汇 普通词义 医学词义 1.acquired 取得的，得到的 获得的，后天的 2.active 活跃的，积极的，灵敏的 活性的，速效的，放射性的 3.acute 尖锐的，敏锐的，剧烈的 急性的 4.administration 管理，行政，执行 （药的）给予，服法，用法 5.admit 让进入，接纳，承认 让住院 6.affect 影响，感动 （疾病）侵袭 7.agent （发生作用的）动因 剂，因子 8.alienation （情感上的）疏远,离间;转让 精神错乱 9.angry 发怒的， （风雨）狂暴的 （患处）肿痛发炎的 10.attack 进攻，攻击，抨击 （疾病）侵袭，发作 1. Throughout most of the world, measles(麻疹) is a disease of children; most adults possess acquired immunity(免疫力). 2. The disease (pulmonary tuberculosis) is considered to be active as long as, and for a three-month period after, either tubercle bacilli(结核杆菌 ) have been detected in the sputum (or gastric aspirate 抽出物) or the chest roentgenogram (x 线照片) shows serial changes of more than slight clearing or contraction of lesions. 3. Typhoid fever(伤寒) is an acute, often severe illness caused by S. typhosa(伤 寒杆菌). 4. The prompt administration of diphtheria antitoxin(白喉抗毒素) in adequate amounts is the first and most important step. 5. A 62-year old patient was admitted to this hospital because of pain in the chest localized in the left lower part. 6. The patient was affected with gout(痛风). 7. Small doses (equivalent to 5 to 10 mg. per day) of prednisone(泼尼松) may be 9 used as a supplementary agent during the disease. 8. Many elderly women will suffer from the chronic diseases associated with aging, such as osteoporosis(骨质疏松症), or from the consequences of neglect, such as alienation and loneliness. 9. An infected cut looks angry. 10. The immunity acquired after many attacks of malaria(疟疾) protects the human subject against reinfection with the same parasites(寄生虫), but he remains susceptible to infections with other species of plasmoidia. （2） 11.bedside 床边用的 临床的，护理的 12.benign 慈祥的，有益健康的 （瘤等）良性的 13.bulb 球茎，球状物 （解剖学中的）球 14.canal 运河，沟渠 管 15.carrier 搬运人，运送人 带菌者 16.cavity 洞，中空 腔，空洞 17.cell 小房间，单人牢房 细胞 18.chamber 房间，议院 腔，室 19.chest 箱子，柜子，金库 胸腔 20.clump 丛，簇，群，一团/块 细菌凝块 11. This young doctor needs bedside practice. 12. Measles is principally a benign disease of children, but may afflict with equal frequency persons of any age not previously attacked by its virus. 13. Carcinoma of the pancreas（胰腺癌）may be associated with ulcer-like symptoms and may produce a constant deformity of the duodenal （十二指肠的） bulb, the other manifestations of pancreatic neoplasm facilitate the diagnosis. 14. Infiltrative lesions（浸润性病变）may be extensive, involving any segment of the alimentary(关于营养的) canal in chronic lymphocytic leukemia(慢性淋巴细 10 胞性白血病). 15. Carriers are often healthy persons who are immune to a diseaes, but carry its germs. 16. The respiratory system consists of the nasal cavities, the pharyx, the larynx, the trachea and the lungs themselves, with the bronchi and alveoli（支气管和肺泡）. 17. Normally the trachea and bronchi yield no bacteria on culture, but in chronic bronchitis a variety of organisms may be isolated, and pus cells may be seen on microscopy. 18. This cross-section displays a pulp(牙髓) chamber and a pulp canal which normally accommodate the pulp tissue. 19. Pleuritic(胸膜炎性的) chest pain may occur, but is not common. 20. In such cases, the Gram stain(革兰氏染色) may still show clumps of grampositive cocci (球菌). （3） 21.colony 殖民地，一群 菌落 22.communicable 可传达（授）的 可传染的 23.complain 抱怨，诉苦，申诉 主诉 24.complement 补足物 （血清中的）补体，防御素 25.complication 复杂，混乱 合并症 26.congest 充满，拥挤 充血 27.consolidation 巩固，加强 坚实变化，实变 28.constitutional 宪法的，组成的 全身性的，体质的 29.contract 缔结，订（约） 得（病） 30.control 控制，支配，调节 （实验的）对照，对照物 21. A direct smear(涂，抹) of the pus onto a blood agar(琼脂) plate will often yield characteristic colonies within a few hours. 22. Scarlet fever(猩红热) is communicable . 11 23. It may be difficult at times to determine whether the patient is complaining of angina(心绞痛 ), dyspnea(呼吸困难 ), or both. 24. Examples of widely prevalent autoantibodies that in most situations appear to be without harmful effects are immunoconglutinin(免疫性胶固素) or antibody to complement, 25. The most important complication, however, is that large numbers of worms(蠕虫) present in the intestine may produce intestinal obstruction. 26. If infection is present, the bronchial wall is infiltrated（浸润）with inflammatory(发炎的) cells and congested by dilated capillaries(毛细管) and lymphatics（淋巴管） and if severe, small abscesses may form. 27. The lungs should be carefully examined at frequent intervals for signs of pulmonary(肺的) consolidation. 28. The pre-icteric phase(黄疸前期) of nonspecific constitutional and gastrointestinal(胃肠的) symptoms varies in duration from a few days to several weeks, is usually abrupt in onset in patients with IH(甲型肝炎) but vague in those with SH(乙型肝炎), and may mimic other viral infections of the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract. 29. These victims of HIV-1 are heterosexual(异性恋爱的 ) females whose sexual partners have contracted AIDS. 30. Vague abdominal pain and changes in bowel habit are sometimes noted in the history, but control populations, similar in age and sex to patients with adenomas(腺瘤 ), have the same frequency of these complaints. （4） 31.convulsion 震动，骚动 痉挛，抽搐 32.cortex 外皮 皮质 33.course 过程，道路，课程 病程，疗程 34.delivery 交货，交付，投递 分娩 12 35.depression 降低，沮丧，不景气 抑郁症，机能降低 36.discharge 卸（货） ，射出 让出院；排出物 37.dislocate 使离开原来位置 使脱臼 38.disorder 混乱 （身心，机能）失调，轻病 39.disturbance 骚动，动乱 （身心等方面的）障碍，失调 40.dominant 支配的 显性的 31.Nevertheless, in infants with a personal or family history of convulsions or other neurologic disorders(神经疾病), pertussis(百日咳) immunization should be deferred, or very small doses should be cautiously administered. 32. Most forms of glomerular(肾小球的) disease are macroscopically(肉眼可见 地)diffuse, affecting equally the cortex of both kidneys. 33. The course of this infection is healing and calcification(钙化), but attention shoule be paid to prevent some diseases which may occur and complicate its course. 34. Puerperal(产褥期的) infections are much more frequent after abortions( 流产) than after delivery at term. 35. Frequently, a great physical and mental depression accompanies influenza, often persisting long after the infection itself is over. 36-1. After the peritoneal exudates（腹膜渗出物）were resorbed, treatment of ulcer（溃疡） by combined traditional Chinese and Western medicine was started and patients were usually discharged from the hospital for outpatient care. 36-2. The wound discharges pus 37. Physical examination revealed his shoulder was dislocated. 38. These diseases include the allergic(变应性的) disorders in which the immunologic alterations involved are relatively clear. 39.These persons often have “fullness”, nausea, anorexia, diffuse epigastric heaviness(上腹弥漫性沉重感), etc., based on motility(蠕动) disturbances of the upper gastrointestinal tract (often, too, they have irritable colon 过敏的结肠). 13 40. Instances of “vaccine failure” have usually been shown to be due to the use of preparations of low potency. However, it has recently been suggested that a change in the dominant serotype(血清型) causing disease, unrepresented in vaccine preparations, may be of importance. （5） 41.drainage 排水，下水道 导液法，引流（法） 42.dress 给穿衣 敷裹（伤口） 43.effusion 流出，喷出 渗出（物） 44.elevation 高度，标高，高地 （皮肤上的）隆肿 45.embolism （历法中的）加闰（日） 栓塞，栓子 46.enlarge 扩大，扩展，放大 肿大，肥大 47.entity 存在，实体 病（种） ；本质 48.episode 一段情节，插曲 （一次）发作 49.erupt 爆发，迸出 （牙）冒出， （疹）发出 50.essential 本质的，必要的 特发的，原发的 41. In deep-seated abscesses, pus can be obtained by needle aspiration or at the time of definitive drainage. 42. They hand out medicines for common ailments such as colds, headaches, enteritis（肠炎） or indigestion and dress minor injuries on the spot. 43. About one third of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia(慢性淋巴细 胞性白血病) have symptoms from mediastinal（纵隔的） lymph node enlargement, pulmonary infiltration(肺浸润 ), or pleural effusion; these changes are much less common in the chronic myelocytic（髓细胞性的）form of the disease. 44. The flattened papules(丘疹) can be felt as distinct elevation of the skin, disappearing on pressure. 45. Except for acute pulmonary edema, narcotics(麻醉剂 ) are rarely needed in heart failure. Excessive sedation(镇静), to the point of immobilizing the patient, 14 enhances the risk of venous thrombosis(血栓形成) and embolism, particularly in the elderly. 46. Enlarged mediastinal nodes may cause pressure symptoms. 47. One might question whether a useful purpose is served by including under the one label such diverse entities as diseases produced by protozoa (原虫)and those caused by smallest viruses. 48. A history of an episode of stupor (昏迷) or unconsciousness is often obtained. 49. When the baby was seven months old, its teeth started to erupt. 50. Hypertension for which no recognizable cause can be found is called essential or idiopathic. （6） 51.excision 删除 切除，切除术 52.extract 摘录，抽出物 提取物，浸膏 53.extremities 末端，极度 （人的）手、足 54.failure 失败，缺乏，衰退 衰竭 55.fatality 命运决定的事物,灾祸 死亡，致命性 56.filling 填补，充满 填补物 57.film 薄层，薄膜 胶片；（眼的）薄翳 58.focus(pl.foci) 焦点， （活动）中心 病灶 59.follow-up 补充报道 随访（诊断/治疗后，病人定期复 查或与医生保持联系） 60.foreign 外国的，外地的 外来的， 异质的 51. Here it is that a frozen-section （冰冻切片）examination is most helpful so that if the biopsy（活组织检查） is positive the surgeon may proceed without delay to an immediate radical excision. 52. Certain soluble extracts of B . pertussis(百日咳杆菌) may prove to be 15 effective without engendering serious side effects. 53. The rash is most abundant upon the abdomen and lower thoracic zone, often abounds upon the back, and may spread to the extremities or even to the face. 54. Heart failure is said to occur when the heart is unable to pump blood at a rate sufficient to meet the requirements of the tissues（组织） . 55. Case fatality rates are highest in children less than five years of age, and are also relatively high in the aged. 56-1. A dentist fills decayed teeth with a special filling. 56-2. Sessile, lobulated(无蒂，分叶状的 ) and asymmetrical filling defects are less assuredly benign. 57. Calculi(结石) may be apparent on a flat film of the abdomen or by cholecystography(胆囊摄影 ) with iodopanoic acid(碘番酸), or even by intravenous cholangiograph(静脉胆管造影 ). 58. All surgeons have observed progressive and fatal infections arising from simple foci in chronically ill, debilitated （虚弱的） persons. 59. The patient was discharged on Dec. 6, 1999. He was advised to have follow- up examinstions after his discharge at regular intervals. 60. Once the adult worm has left the bowel, it often dies, releasing foreign protein （蛋白） that may produce a reaction in a sensitized host（宿主）. （7） 61.frank 坦白的，直率的 症状明显的 62.fullness 充满，丰