Effects and Countermeasures of Green Trade Barriers on Chinese Agricultural Products 英语专业毕业论文.doc

effects and countermeasures of green trade barriers on chinese agricultural products13abstract based upon the discussion on the concerned concepts of green trade barrier, this paper focuses on the meaning, characteristics, causes and conducts a analysis and detailed examination on the its influence imposed on agricultural products, and finally puts forwards some countermeasures and proposals from different prospective. it is of great significance to enhance the competition of our national agricultural products in international market to cope with the foreign green trade barrier, to build our national green technical standard system, maintain ecological environment, and achieve the balance of both economic and environmental profits.key words: green trade barrier; agricultural products trade; influences and countermeasures 内容摘要 本文在探讨绿色贸易壁垒的相关概念的基础上,从如何提高我国农产品质量、安全、卫生水平和如何反对歧视性和不合理的贸易措施,为农产品贸易争取良好的国际贸易环境两个方面,提出应对绿色贸易壁垒的对策和建议。本文的研究目的旨在对绿色贸易壁垒的概念、特点、影响及对农产品贸易造成影响的原因进行研究和剖析,从不同的角度,提出我国农产品应对绿色贸易壁垒的对策和建议。这对于提高我国农产品在国际市场中的竞争力,应对国外绿色贸易壁垒,以及建立适合我国的绿色技术标准体系,维护生态环境,最终实现经济效益、环境效益的协调发展,具有重要的现实意义。 关键字：绿色贸易壁垒；农产品贸易；影响及措施contentsabstract(english).iabstract(chinese).ii1. introduction.1 2. the meaning and the background of the green trade barriers.1 2.1 the meaning of the green trade barriers.1 2.2 the background of the green trade barriers.1 3. the characteristics of the green trade barriers chinas agricultural products encountered.2 3.1 increasingly stringent targets.2 3.2 expand the scope constantly.2 3.3 the worsen spreading effects of trade barriers.3 3.4 rigorous certification system.34. green trade barriers on the sale of agricultural products.3 4.1 reduce the export of varieties of agricultural products.4 4.2 reduce marketing and sales of agricultural products.4 4.3 increase the cost of marketing sales of agricultural products.5 5. main causes of chinas agricultural products facing green trade barriers.5 5.1 external causes.5 5.2 internal causes.6 6. countermeasures of chinas agricultural exports in response to the green trade barriers.7 6.1 strengthening of national awareness of the green economy, improve the domestic environmental laws and regulations.7 6.2 improve the external environment for chinas agricultural production.8 6.3 the implementation of policies and measures to support the green industry.9 6.4 actively promote the standard is014000.10 6.5 develop green agriculture and green food.10 6.6 actively promote the standardization of agriculture and green technologies.117. conclusion.12 works cited.131. introduction after chinas accession to the wto, the influence on chinas export imposed by the green trade barrier become more severe, especially the scale of agricultural products subjecting the green trade barrier was wider than ever before with much more testing items and higher standards. due to the restriction of the green trade barriers, china is confronted with a higher threshold in its entrance of the agricultural product into the international market, making the agricultural product export suffer great loss. accordingly, it is a highly pressing concern to break the green trade barriers.2. the meaning and the background of the green trade barriers 2.1 the meaning of the green trade barriers green trade barriers are the kind of trade barriers that in the area of international trade, some countries take access restrictions for foreign goods by virtue of their technological superiority to protect environment and human health by legislative or mandatory technical regulations and strict environmental standards.general speaking, it not only exists reasonably, but also gets the support from international treaties. however, in practice, some countries tend to take protecting the ecological environment as a pretext to restrict imports for the purpose of protecting domestic market, especially adopting discriminatory trade barriers or others that are unnecessary for some normal and environmental goods on foreign merchandise imported. 2.2 the background of the green trade barriers “green trade barriers” is rooted in needs of protecting the ecological environment and public health. in the 1960s, with the rapid development of industrialization, a series of major environmental pollution incidents happened to many countries. mankind was faced with serious environmental pollution. survival and development are threatened. it has become the key and foundation for every countrys sustainable development to protect environment. in 1972, with the first united nations conference on human environment held, the first proposed issues on development and environment were proposed for the first time, and the declaration on the human environment was adopted. economic evelopment in developed countries began to change the mode from a single pursuit of economic efficiency to pursuit the model that economic, social, environment development coordinately. in addition, developed countries public awareness of environmental protection increase generally. conditions of clothing, food, shelter, health and requirements on living supplies and safety are increasingly stringent. so it forces the government of the developed countries to pass legislation on the health and safety of life supplies to ensure health and safety requirements, of course, no exception on imported products. green trade barriers are an emerging form of non-tariff trade barriers, and have gradually become an important part of the international trade policies and measures. this is quite obvious in the international agricultural trade. therefore, it is a very important and urgent issue for agricultural exporting countries like china to analyse deeply the reasons of current international green trade barriers and take some targeted measures. 3. the characteristics of the green trade barriers chinas agricultural products encountered 3.1 increasingly stringent targets taking pesticide residues as an example, since july 1,2000, the european union implements new standards for pesticide residues in the tea. new standards not only expand test items, and substantially increase testing standards, which are stricter with 20 to 200 times than our standards . consequently, chinas tea export is blocked in a large area. in april2002, japan announced a new vegetable pesticide limit that the provision of chlorpyrifos in spinach is 0.01mg/kg(international standards for 0.05mg/kg), which made frozen vegetables exported to japan fall by 1/3. 3.2 expand the scope constantly first, an increase of the number of varieties blocked agricultural products blocked are from the honey to the frozen chicken, and then extend to the whole animal and aquatic products. form may1,2002 to may5,2002, the eu seted a total ban on the import of chinese animal-derived food and aquatic products. second, an increase of the states blocked the wto members, who take the implementation of green trade barriers on chinas livestock and other products, are from developed countries to some developing countries.china has become the united states country of the largest number imports restricted.from january, 2002 to march, 2002, the u.s. drug administration detained a total of 12,025 batches of imported products, of which are 1140 batches of china, accounting for 9.48% of the total volume of detained products in the same period, and ranking the first in the blocked countries and regions.third, an increase of testing itemthe testing items of the eu on chinese tea are from the past 6 to the current 62. in april25, 2002, japanese ministry of health announced that they decided to sample 18 kinds of vegetables to test because of the problem of the vegetables imported from china with excessive pesticide residues. green trade barriers seriously affect chinas exports. 3.3 the worsen spreading effects of trade barriers the ban on technical barriers often causes a chain reaction.if a country implement technical barriers in china, other countries will also implement technical barriers in china. on january5, 2002, the eu announced a total ban on the imports of chinese animal derived products because of veterinary drug residues. after that, switzerland, japan, korea and other countries have taken measures to strengthen the detection of chinese animal derived products, and saudi arabia has also suspended the imports of such products from china. 3.4 rigorous certification system certification system is the guarantee of good quality of products. many countries take it as a necessary condition of import, only allowing exports and imports certified. since december 1997,the united states implements the haccp certification on all processing enterprises exporting aquatic food to the u.s. the european union, canada, japan, south korea also introduce the measure to put food production under the overall control, rather than the traditional end-product testing.4. green trade barriers on the sale of agricultural products 4.1 reduce the export of varieties of agricultural products the main targets of chinas agricultural exports are the united states, japan, eu and australia. as a such exports objects are too concentrated, our agricultural exports are very passive, and this gives more reasons for importing countries to limit chinas agricultural products. exports of agricultural products in china are often subjected to targeted laws and regulations of these countries, which take direct restrictions and prohibition on chinas some varieties of agricultural products exported. such unjust acts have impacted agricultural exports seriously. now chinas exports varieties of agricultural products are decreasing year after year. japan has implemented the positive list system on agricultural chemicals in food from china, which has made provisions for all agricultural chemical residues in food.the positive list system increases substantially the number of restrictions, makes limits standard more stringent and doubles testing projects.the system involves 302 kinds of food, 799 kinds of agricultural chemicals, 54,782 limits and makes explicit prohibitions and restrictions on imports of agricultural products. it is very different between the positive list system and the japanese existing system, which covers aquatic products, vegetables, fruits, etc. almost all that japanese imports agricultural products directly from china. so experts analyse that the system has had a significant impact on chinese exports to japan like consumption of vegetables, aquatic products, sausage, poultry, meat and other niche products. dozens of chinese agricultural products will be included in the blacklist. 4.2 reduce marketing and sales of agricultural products technical level of developing countries in agricultural production and quality of farmers in general are not high. the security of agricultural products is low so that it hardly achieves developed countries stringent environmental standards.it severely constrains the access and sales of agricultural products in international market and greatly reduces most developing countries agricultural market share.major agricultural products markets are concentrated in the developed and new industrialized countries and regions.and the majority of these countries and regions are the members of wto tradeand environment committee, which of them have strong environmental advantages with good environmental awareness and advanced environmental technology.therefore,they have conditions to set green trade barriers. because a variety of products cannot reach their green standards, they are excluded from the international market. as a result, the selling market not only is difficult to be consolidated and expanded, but also may face the possibility of reduction. 4.3 increase the cost of marketing sales of agricultural products labour-intensive products have a large proportion of our agricultural products exports, like aquatic products,tea, and vegetables. and processed products have become marketing-led products such as processed fruits and vegetables, meat- processing, and so on.competitive advantages of these products are low cost and cheap. the implementation of green barriers makes agricultural production costs,packing costs, distribution costs, certification testing costs increases the costs of sales and prices of agricultural products, and changes the terms of trade comparative advantages. at last, it affects the international competitiveness of agricultural products. green trade barriers require to apply principles of environmental science and ecological science to the processse of production, processing, storage, transportation and selling,so as to form a complete and clean environmental management system. in this process, in order to achieve environmental standards of importing countries, agricultural products have to increase procedures about environmental inspection, testing and certification, and so on.iinvestment in equipment and manpower and expensive testing cost have increased the cost of sales.compared with developed countries, most of testing equipment in developing countries still have some way to go.and domestic commodity inspection departments and enterprises have varying degrees of lack of detection methods, techniques and standard samples.so they have to import a large numeber of testing equipment.even worse,some importers do not recognize developing countries testing results,except foreign certification institutions designated, which of them have high cost of certification.all of these have directly increased the cost of selling. 5. main causes of chinas agricultural products facing green trade barriers 5.1 external causes first, the prevalence of trade protectionism in western countries developed countries, in order to consolidate their important base position of agriculture in the national economy,they make protecting and supporting agriculture an important long-term government policy.the united states, japan and the eu etc. all invest huge amounts of money into the support of agricultural development. for example, the u.s. government takes a long-term policy that supports price agriculture, stabilize income, and implements agricultural marketing for other foreign countries.meanwhile, the developed country governments or political parties actively promote their trade protectionism to meet political needs.taking the sino-japanese trade dispute in 2001 as an example, the japanese government announced to take implementation of imposing 256%, 266% duty on the part of more than quotas of green onions, fresh mushrooms imported from china. this japanese government action was considered an effective way for the liberal democratic party to gain farmers votes in the japanese senate elections. second, concerns on environmental protection and food safety from international community as international community increasingly concerns about environmental protection and food safety, every government sets a variety of higher and more stringent health and safety standards.developed countries take it as an excuse to rise standards of green technology.so other countries, especially developing countries, cannot meet new requirements in a short time. for example, the health standard of chinas exports of poultry to japan is 500 times higher than international health standards;quarantine standard of chinas rice exported to japan is from the original 56 to the current 123; the eu announces the banned use of pesticides in the tea are from old standard of 29 species to new standard of 62 species, with pesticide residue standards increasing more 100 times than the original; the united states, canada, britain and other countries take the implementation of the new phytosanitary standards on chinas exports of wood packaging,