小额信贷与扶贫

小额信贷与扶贫：一个综述 彭志慧 陈强 (西南财经大学中国金融研究中心 610074) 摘要摘要:小额信贷在世界范围内的实践已历时多年。由于小额信贷一定程度上对传统金融理论提出了挑战，国际学 术界自 70 年代初以来即对此予以关注，出现了一大批研究成果。本文就小额信贷产生原因、定义及特征；小额信 贷的模式、业务特点；小额信贷的风险管理；小额信贷机构的可持续和小额信贷的影响分析等专题对有关研究成 果进行综述。 关关键词键词： ：小额信贷 扶贫 风险管理 可持续发展 Micro-finance and poverty alleviation: a summarization Peng ZhiHui Chen Qiang Abstract: Micro-finance had been practiced for a long time in worldwide scope. Because micro-finance theory is to some extend a challenge to traditional finance theory, international academe paid much attention and made a lot of researches to it. This article summarized the following aspects: the reason、definition and characteristics for micro-finance; The pattern of loan operation; The risk management of micro-finance; The sustainability of micro-finance institutions; The impact of micro-finance. Key words: Micro-finance； poverty alleviation； risk management； sustainable development 一、小额信贷的产生、定义及特征一、小额信贷的产生、定义及特征 （一）（一） 小额信贷的产生小额信贷的产生 在世界经济迅速发展的今天，世界贫困人口不断增加。小额信贷是适应市场经济条件下， 大量穷人的信贷需要无法被正规金融机构满足，而产生的一种为穷人提供信贷服务的信贷形式， 它的产生是穷人在信贷市场中的边缘地位、扶贫贴息贷款政策中出现的问题与其他一些因素综 合作用的结果。穷人借贷的特征和传统扶贫信贷模式的缺陷是小额信贷产生和得以迅速发展的 主要原因。 （1）穷人最初只需要小额度贷款 Liedholm Issues, Design, and Best Practices. Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Studies and Monographs Series 14. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 8 Benjamin, McDonald, and Joanna Ledgerwood. 1998. “The Association for the Development of Microenterprises (ADEMI): Democratising Credit in the Dominican Republic.“ World Bank, Sustainable Banking with the Poor, Washington, D.C. 9 Calvin, Barbara. 1995. “Operational Implications of Introducing Savings Services.“ Paper delivered at the MicroFinance Network Conference, November 8, Cavite, Philippines. 10 Rosenberg, Rich. 1996. “Microcredit Interest Rates.“ CGAP Occasional Paper 1. World Bank, Consultative Group to Assisthe Poorest (CGAP), Washington, D.C. 11 Choong Yong Ahu. 2002 “2002 APEC economic outlook”, APEC Secretariat, 35 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Singapore 12 Bennett. 1994. “The Necessity and the Dangers of Combining Social and Financial Intermediation to Reach the Poor.“ Paper presented at a conference on Financial Services and the Poor at the Brookings Institution, September 28-30, Washington, D.C. 13 Bennett, L., P. Hunte, and M. Goldberg. 1995. “Groupsuch Based Financial Systems: Exploring the Links between Performance and Participation.“ World Bank, Asia Techinical Department, Washinigton, D.C. 14 Von Pischke, J.D. 1991. Finance at the Frontier. World Bank, Economic Development Institute. Washington, D.C. 15 Joanna Ledgerwood ,1999, Microfinance Handbook-An Institutional and Financial Perspective, World Bank 16 Bratton, M. 1986. “Financing Smallholder Production: A Comparison of Individual and Group Credit Schemes in Zimbabwe.“ Public Administration and Development (UK) 6 (April/June): 115-32. 17 Waterfield, Charles, and Ann Duval. 1996. CARE Savings and Credit Sourcebook. Atlanta, Ga: CARE. 18 Puhazhendhi, V. 1995. “Transaction Costs of Lending to the Rural Poor- Non-Governmental Organizations and Self-help Groups of the Poor as Intermediaries for Banks in India.“ Foundation for Development Cooperation, Brisbane, Australia. 19 Paxton, Julia. 1996a. “A Worldwide Inventory of Microfinance Institutions.“ World Bank, Sustainable Banking with the Poor Project, Washington, D.C. 20 Paxton, Julia. 1996b. “Determinants of Successful Group Loan Repayment: An Application to Burkina Faso.“ Ph.D. diss., Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Ohio State University, Columbia. 21 Huppi, M., and Gershon Feder. 1990. “The Role of Groups and Credit Cooperatives in Rural Lending.“ World Bank. 22 Research Observer (International) 5 (2): 187-204. 23 Rhyne E., and S. Holt. 1994. “Women in Finance and Enterprise Development.“ Education and Social Policy Discussion Paper 40. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 24 Yaron, Jacob, McDonald Benjamin, and Gerda Piprek. 1997. “Rural Finance Issues, Design and Best Practices.“ World Bank, Agriculture and Natural Resources Department, Washington, D.C. 25 CGAP (Consultative Group to Assist the Poorest). 1997. “Introducing Savings in Microcredit Ins