2014年职称英语考试 综合类B级 王牌押题大师王霞押题 附带王霞字典版综合B教程 押题+小抄.pdf

. 375 . h,hh,hh,hh,h hhhh 注意注意： 以上王霞老师已按重要程度排以上王霞老师已按重要程度排 序，前两位必须掌握序，前两位必须掌握 附带综合附带综合 b b b b 文章文章 王霞字典版王霞字典版 . 376 . 英语多功能词典英语多功能词典英语多功能词典英语多功能词典 hhhh teachingteachingteachingteaching andandandand learninglearninglearninglearning many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with1 the student. if a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect student to be familiar with the information in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. the ideal student is considered to be one who is motivated to learn for the sake of learning , not the oneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades. sometimes homework is returned with brief written comments but without a grade. even if a grade is not given, the student is responsible for learning the material assigned. when research is assigned, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with minimum guidance. it is the students responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works; they expect students particulary graduate students to exhaust the reference source in the library. professors will help students who need it, but_ prefer that their students should not be_too dependent on them. in the united states professors have many other duties besides teaching, such as administrative or research work. therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited. if a student has problems withclassroomwork,the studentshouldeither approach a professor during office hours3 or make an appointment. thethethethe differencedifferencedifferencedifference betweenbetweenbetweenbetween manmanmanman andandandand computercomputercomputercomputer what makes people different from computer programs? what is the missing element that our theories dont yet_account for? the answer is simple: people read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about what they are interested in. computers, on the other hand, dont. in fact, computers dont even have interests; there is nothing in particular that they are tryingtofindoutwhentheyread.ifa computer_programistobeamodelofstory understanding, it should also read for a “purpose”. of course, people have several goals that do not make sense to attribute to computers1. one might read a restaurantguideinordertosatisfyhungeror entertainment goals, or to find a good place to go for a business lunch. computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches. however, these physiological and social goals give rise to several intellectual or cognitive goals.a goal tosatisfyhungergivesrisetogoalstofind information about the name of a restaurant which serves the desired type of food, how expensive the restaurant is, the location of the restaurant, etc. these are goals to acquire information or knowledge, what we are calling learning goals. these goals can be held by computers too; a computer might “want” to find out the location of a restaurant, and read a guide in order to do so_in the same way as a person might. while such a goal would not arise out of hunger in the case of the computer, it might well arise out of the “goal” to learn more about restaurants. looklooklooklook onononon thethethethe brightbrightbrightbright sidesidesideside do you ever wish you were more optimistic, someone who alwaysexpectedto be successful?having someone around who always fears the worst isnt really a lot of fun. we all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says, “it looks like rain. “ but if you catch yourself thinking such things, its important to do something_about it. youcan change your view of life,according to psychologists.it only takes a little effort, and youll find life more rewarding as a result. optimism, they say, is partly about self-respect and confidence, but its also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to_offer. optimists are more_likely to start new projects and are generally more prepared to take risks. upbringing is obviously very important in forming your attitude to the world. some people are brought up to depend too much on others and grow up forever blaming other people when anything goes wrong. most optimists, on the other hand, have been brought up not to regard failure as the end of the world they just get on with their lives. thethethethe firstfirstfirstfirst bicyclebicyclebicyclebicycle the history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. in 1791, count de sivrac delighted onlookers in a park in paris as he showed off his two-wheeled invention, a machine called the celerifere. it was basically an enlarged version of a childrens toy which hadbeeninuseformanyyears.sivracs “celerifere” had a wooden frame, made in the shape of a horse, which was mounted on a wheel at either end1. to ride it, you sat on a small seat, just like a modern bicycle, and pushed hard against the ground with your legs there were no pedals. it was impossible to steer a celerifere and it had no brakes, but despite these problems the invention very much appealed to the fashionable young men of paris. soon they were holding races up and down the streets. minor_injuries were common as riders attempted a final burst of speed.controlling the machine was difficult, as the only way to change direction was to pull up the front of the “celerifere” and _turn it round while the front wheel was spinning in the air. “celeriferes” were not popular for long, however, as the combination of no springs, no steering and rough roads made riding them very uncomfortable. even so, the wooden celerifere was the origin of the modern bicycle. workingworkingworkingworking mothersmothersmothersmothers carefully conducted researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to showanylong-termproblems,comparedwith children whose mothers stayed at home. my personal view is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish.whether we like it or not, there are a number of mothers who just have to work. there are those who have invested such a big part of their lives m establishing a career that they cannot_afford to see it lost.then there are many who must work out of pure economic necessity. many mothers are not_cut out to be full-time parents. after a few months at home with a much loved infant, they feel trapped and isolated. there are a number of options when it comes to choosing childcare. these range from child minders . 377 . h,hh,hh,hh,h hhhh and nannies through to granny or the kind lady across the street.in reality, however, many parents dont have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. be prepared! no matter how good the childcare may be, some children are going to protest wildly if they are left. this is a perfectly normal stage of child development.babies separate well in the first six months, but soon after that they start to get a crush on mum and close family members. make sure that in the first week you allow plenty of time to help your child settle in. all children are different. some are independent, while others are more_attached to their mothers. remember that if you want to do the best for your children, its not the quantity of time you spend with them, its the quality that matters. eiffeleiffeleiffeleiffel is is is is anananan eyefuleyefuleyefuleyeful引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔some 300 meters up, near the世界各地的人们都来到大约300 米高，接近埃菲尔铁塔顶端的地方涂鸦。 日本人、巴西人、美国人在这块冰冷的铁上涂上自 己的名字、喜好和政治观点，使这最具有法兰西色 彩的纪念碑成为动感世界的象征。从塔上可以看到 巴黎市的远景，但奇怪的是，观光者们宁愿花时间 留下到此一游的痕迹，而不去观赏风景。但这些涂 鸦者也引起了一个问题：为什么在建成,114年后， 且在几十年前就已经不是世界上最高的建筑物的 今天，埃菲尔铁塔却仍然这么受欢迎。这个问题的 答案就像那构成90层的铁塔的工程一样复杂。一部 分的理由是，毫无疑问，铁塔是永不过时的。周期 性的维护使得它永远不会被腐蚀掉。埃菲尔铁塔定 期油漆，覆盖那些涂鸦，但是它仍将继续在下去。 “埃菲尔是巴黎的象征，而巴黎又代表了法国。所 以， 埃菲尔十分具有象征性。 ” hugues richard说道。 这位31岁的法国人保持着在19分零4秒的时间内骑 自行车经过747级台阶登上铁塔第二层的纪录。 “这 是铁娘子，能让人产生灵感。 ”他说。但是它能使 人们产生怎样的灵感呢？毕竟，铁塔并没有任何目 的。1930年纽约的chrysler大厦取代它成为世界上 最高的建筑。但是电视和广播信号仍然从塔顶发送 出来，而gustave eiffel，这个狂热的建造者利用它 的高度进行气象学、空气动力学和无线电通讯的研 究。他在12月27日逝世，终年91岁。本质上来说， 铁塔伫立在那儿本身就是一个灵感它就像一 张空白的画布，任游客自由遐想。对于那些善于从 技术角度考虑问题的人来说，它是一个工程上的胜 利；而对于恋人们来说，它则象征着浪漫。 “这座 塔将在我们所有的人离去后长久存在。 ”埃菲尔铁 塔管理公司的isabelle esnous说。 whose company manages eiffel tower 1.why does the author think the eiffel tower is transformedintosymbolofaworldonthe move?-tourists of all nationalities come to scribble on the cold iron of the tower. 2.what seems strange to the author?-visitors prefer wasting time scribbling to enjoying the view. 3.whichstatementisnottrueofhugues richard?-he climbed 747 steps up the tower in 19 minutes and 4 seconds. 4.whatdidthebuilderusetheeiffeltower for?-conducting research in various fields. 5.which of the following is nearest in meaning to “(the eiffel tower is like)a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will“?-visitors can imagine freely what the tower represents. goalgoalgoalgoal ofofofofamericanamericanamericanamerican educationeducationeducationeducation 美国教育的目标 education is an enormous and expensive 教育是美国人的生活中很重要的一部分，花销也 大。其规模宏大，种类多样。与其他大多数国家相 比，美国教育的不同在于美国教育是为每一个人设 置的不只是为享有特权的优等生。学校是要满 足每个孩子的需要，不论其能力如何，同时也要满 足社会本身的需求。这意味着公立学校提供的教育 不只限于学术方面的课程。很多人来到美国之后会 吃惊地发现， 高中除了提供传统课程， 例如： 数学、 历史和语言之外，他们还提供一些课程如打字、缝 纫、无线电修理、计算机课程或驾驶训练课程。学 生选择课程是根据个人喜好、目标以及能力水平。 美国教育的潜在目标是将每一个孩子的能力最充 分地发挥出来，培养每一个孩子的公民和社区觉悟 感。成千上万的移民者涌入这个国家，他们的出身 背景不同。传统上，学校在建立民族团结以及使移 民者美国化两方面起着重大作用。在社区中，尤其 在小城镇，学校仍然起着重要作用。大家对美国的 教学方法似乎也很陌生。因为这种教学方法不仅不 正式，而且不把重点放在学习具体知识上。相反， 美国人教孩子独立思考，教他们自己去开发自己的 智慧以及创造能力。学生花很多时间学习怎样使用 参考资料、图书馆、数据以及计算机。美国人认为 只要孩子具有好的推理能力，好的研究方法，他们 就能在以后找到自己所需的具体知识。他们还认为 懂得怎样解决问题比积累事实更重要。在这个变化 万千的时代里，全世界细心的父母都在思考一个尖 锐而深刻的问题： 、 “怎样为孩子的明天做准备呢？ 孩子的明天既不能预料也不能理解。 ”上述的教学 方法正是美国对这一问题的回答。one can neither predict nor understand?” 1.which of the following best states the goal of americaneducation?-togiveeverystudentthe opportunity to fully develop his / her ability. 2.it is implied in the passage that-the subjects every student takes may vary 3.american schools place great emphasis on the learners-acquisition of the ability to be creative 4.according to the passage, american education meets the needs of all the following except-the students from foreign countries 5.which of the following best states the feature of american education that makes it different from education in other countries?-its underlying goal to develop every childs abilities to the fullest extent. thethethethe familyfamilyfamilyfamily 家庭 the structure of a family takes 在全世界，甚至在同一个社会中，家庭结构有着不 同的形式。家庭的构成形式随着不断变化的社会和 经济影响而改变。直到最近，北美洲最普遍的家庭 形式为核心家庭，由一对夫妇和他们未婚的孩子构 成。核心家庭是一个独立的单位。它必须能够照料 自己。家庭成员紧密依赖着彼此。在紧急情况下， 外界提供给家庭的帮助微乎其微。核心家庭中，只 有当条件允许的时候，才会照料家中年长的亲属。 在北美洲，老人很少和家人一起生活，他们一般住 在退休社区和养老机构。 在工业社会， 例如北美洲， 核心家庭之间有很多相似点。在居住在恶劣环境中 的因纽特人的社会中，家庭间也有很多相似点。核 心家庭结构良好地适应于流动性的生活。在恶劣的 条件下，流动性能让一个家庭吃饱饭。对北美洲人 来说，找工作和提高社会地位同样需要流动性。核 . 378 . 英语多功能词典英语多功能词典英语多功能词典英语多功能词典 hhhh 心家庭并不总是北美洲人的标准。在农业社会时 期，小型的核心家庭经常是大家庭的一部分。其中 可能包括了祖父母、父母、兄弟姐妹、叔伯、阿姨 以及表兄弟姐妹。在现在的北*美洲，单亲家庭的 数目大幅度增加。由核心家庭构成的单亲家庭的数 目是美国由于离婚、分居或者未婚导致的单亲家庭 的两倍。不仅在北美洲，在世界范围内，家庭结构 都会，随着不断变化的条件而改变。 change as it adapts to changing conditions. 1.another good title for this passage would be -what makes a family? 2.a nuclear family is defined as-a married couple with their minor children 3.the information in this passage would most likely be found in-an anthropology textbook 4.the information in the first paragraph is presented mainly through-pointing out similarities 5.the word mobility means-readiness to move talestalestalestales ofofofof thethethethe terribleterribleterribleterrible pastpastpastpast 讲述可怕的过去 it is not the job of fiction writers 分析和诠释历史并不是小说家的工作。然而通过用 一种生动有趣的方式来描写过去，小说家可以重现 早期时代，并引起读者的重视。在叙述历史的作家 中，有一些黑人作家试图从不同的角度审视奴隶 制。诺贝尔奖获得者托妮莫里森在她的作品宠 儿中专门阐述了奴隶制问题。小说的主人公叫塞 丝，她以前是个奴隶，内战之后住在俄亥俄，但是 她无法让自己从可怕的记忆中解脱出来。通过一系 列的倒序和痛苦的回忆，读者了解到赛丝为什么以 及怎样逃出她赖以生存的种植园，她那同样试图逃 出来的丈夫的命运，以及最后发生在叫做宠儿的孩 子身上的事情。莫里森对奴隶受折磨和遭谋杀的场 景描写得很生动，充分地表达出奴隶们的绝望以及 奴隶主的残酷。查尔斯。约翰逊的小说中途从 另一个不同的角度来描写奴隶制，但同样充满着暴 力。他的主人公叫做卢瑟福。卡尔霍恩，是一个游 手好闲、身份自由的美国黑人。他偷偷登上了一艘 开往非洲贩卖奴隶的船只。被发现后，他开始为之 工作，并亲眼目睹了非洲人被抓起来，然后被运送 到美国这种可怕的状况。当非洲人最终抵抗并占有 了船只后，他发现了自己的中间性并且被迫与 他自己的身份和价值观念妥协。不论是宠儿还 是中途读起来都不轻松，但是它们都是非裔美 国作家努力为现代观众重现重要历史的典范之作。 situations alive for a modern audience. 1.this passage is mostly about-two novels that deal with slavery 2.beloved is set-in ohio after the civil war 3.the writer seems to feel that-the books are worthwhile but challenging 4.the writer emphasizes that the two books are similar in their-portrayal of violence 5.the word appalling means-terrible spacingspacingspacingspacing ininininanimalsanimalsanimalsanimals 动物的空间距离 flight distance any observant person has noticed 逃离距离。一些善于观察的人已经注意到一只野生 动物只让人或其他潜在的敌人在特定的距离内接 近它，然后它便会逃走。 “逃离距离”是用来描述 这种物种间的空间距离的术语。一般说来，动物体 积与其逃离距离之间成正比关系动物的体积 越大， 和敌人保持的距离就越大。 当敌人离羚羊 500 码远时，羚羊就会逃离。另一方面，壁虎的逃离距 离大约 6 英尺。逃离是动物生存的基本手段。关键 距离。关键距离显然与逃离行为的时间和地点有 关。关键距离指的是逃离距离和进攻距离之间的狭 窄区域。动物园的狮子会躲开接近它的人，直到它 遇到不可跨过的障碍物才停步。如果那人继续朝它 走去，他就很快地进入了狮子的关键距离，这时无 路可走的狮子会调转方向，开始慢慢逼近那个人。 相聚距离。群居动物需要相互之间保持联系。和群 体失去联系会因为各种原因（包括面临敌人）而导 致不幸。相聚距离不仅仅是动物和群体失去联系时 的距离也就是说，在这个距离它不再能看到、 听到或闻到群体确切地说，它更是一种心理距 离，一种当动物超越它的限度后会明显感到焦虑的 距离。我们可以认为它是一条控制群体的隐形带。 相聚距离会因动物种类不同而有差别。对一些动物 而言，相聚距离非常近，仅有几码远。但其他动物 的相聚距离会非常远。相聚距离不是一成不变的， 而是部分地取决于环境。当无尾猿和人类的幼儿会 活动，但还不受母亲言语控制时，相聚距离是她手 臂够得着的长度。从动物园的狒狒，我们很容易看 到这点。当小狒狒走到某个位置时，狒狒妈妈会伸 出手来，抓住小狒狒的尾巴，把它拖回身边。因为 危险而需要加强控制时，相聚距离就会缩小。要在 人类身上证明这点，你只要观察一个有许多孩子的 家庭就行了。当孩子们横过一条繁忙的街道时，他 们会互相牵着手。hands as they cross a busy street. 1.which of the following is the most appropriate definition of flight distance?-distance between an animal and its enemy before fleeing. 2.if an animals critical distance is penetrated, it will -begin to attack 3.according to the passage, social distance refers to -psychological distance 4.which of the following could best replace the word “band” in “we can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group”(in paragraph 3) ?-strip of land. 5.the example of the children holding hands when crossing the street in the last paragraph shows that -social distance is sometimes determined by outside factors somesomesomesome thingsthingsthingsthings wewewewe knowknowknowknow aboutaboutaboutabout languagelanguagelanguagelanguage 我们知道 的关于语言的一些事情 many things about language are 许多关于语言方面的事情还是一个谜，而且将永远 是一个谜。但是有些事情我们是知道的。首先，我 们知道所有人类都有某种语言世界上没有哪一 种族落后到没有语喜没有人们用于交流的一套 声音语言。历史上也没有哪个种族没有自己的语 言。其次，没有原始语言这种东西。许多人的文化 不发达， 按照我们的说法， 他们是不文明的。 但是， 他们说的语言则不是原始的。在我们所知道的语言 中，我们都可以看到它们经历了几万年发展历程的 复杂性。这并不总是那么易于理解。的确人们常常 提出完全相反的观点。人们对美印第安人语言的普 遍看法就很能说明问题。许多人都认为印第安人用 非常原始的声音系统进行交流。研究结果已经证明 那全是瞎说。美印第安人语言有几百种，且所有这 些语言都被证明是很复杂和古老的。它们虽然不同 于我们大多数所熟悉的语言，但是它们同英语和希 腊语一样不是原始的语言。关于语言我们知道的第 三件事是所有的语言都是完全能够满足需要的，也 就是说，每一种语言都能满足说这种语言的人们表 达其文化的需要。最后，我们知道语言是变化的。 读書变化是很自然的和正常的，一成不变的语言是 . 379 . h,hh,hh,hh,h hhhh 死语言。只要我们看一看过去就会发现这是很好理 解的。语言在各方面都在发生变化。语法特点就像 语音一样变化。词汇方面的变化有时是非常广泛和 迅速的。词汇是任何语言中最不稳定的部分。the least stable part of any language 1.in the second paragraph the author thinks that -any human race, whether backward or not, has a language 2.according to the author, people of undeveloped cultures can have _ languages-complicated 3.the author has used american indian languages as an example e to show that they are-just as sophisticated as some well-known languages 4.which of the following statements is incorrect -some languages are better than other languages. 5.according to the author, language changes are most likely to occur in-vocabulary thethethethe onlyonlyonlyonly waywaywayway is is is is upupupup 只好向上 think of a modern city and the first 想到一个现代化的城市首先进入脑海的就是它的 空中轮廓线。幢幢高楼如根根插入天空的手指一 般。确实有些城市因不愿改变城市固有的风格而不 允许建筑物超出一定的高度。但任何一个城市想要 引起世界关注，第一件事就是建造摩天大楼。当人 口在城市聚集时，就产生了对土地的需求。城市是 资本的聚集地，对土地的需求可以实现。而在城市 利用土地赚钱最好的方法就是在最小的土地面积 上居住最多的人。这就意味着要建高楼。早在 19 世纪建造高楼的技术已经存在，但楼房的高度还受 一个很重要的因素的制约。那就是楼房必须能让顶 层的居民上下方便，人们下班回家后肯定不想像爬 山那样去爬楼梯。美国发明家艾莉莎，奥的斯为我 们创造了电梯，他更喜欢叫它升降机。其实其中大 部分技术都是很古老的，电梯使用的是跟埃及人修 建金字塔同样的滑轮系统。奥的斯所作的贡献是将 滑轮系统与一个蒸汽机连接起来制成一个刹车装 置确保电梯上的链条断开时电梯不会坠落。正是这 项技术赢得了人们对这项新发明的信心。事实上他 在游乐场里让大家试乘了几年才把这个想法出售 给建筑师和营造商。电梯在现代社会肯定不能成为 主题公园的看点了，乘电梯也成了再普通不过的事 情，有时甚至会让人觉得厌烦。然而心理学家及其 他研究人类行为的学者则发现了电梯的妙处。原因 很简单。科学家经常在动物园里研究动物，而对于 研究人类来说，最接近的方式就是在电梯里观察他 们。工作场所心理学家贾利菲茨基波恩说： “电 梯空间狭小，人们想要享受私人空间的要求在这里 成了幻想，你不可能选择随意离开那里。 ”他还指 出人被封闭在这个小空间里会产生很多不同的情 绪。有些人会感到害怕，有些人则把它当作接近老 板的好机会。有些人喜欢站在靠门的地方，有些人 则藏在角落里。大部分的人试图混在人群里，而有 些人特意表现以引起别人的注意，还有的人索性靠 在角落记笔记。不要担心，他们可能只是大学里的 研究者。 they are probably from a university 1.“these are cities concerned with the past” in the first paragraph refer to cities that-want to maintain their traditional image 2.the difficulty in constructing tall buildings in the 19th century lies in-the lack of a device to carry people upward 3.when otis came up with the idea of a lift,-most people had doubt about its safety 4.whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthe experience of going in a lift now?-uninteresting 5.psychologists find the lift a good place where they can study human behaviour because-in a lift the bubble of personal space breaks cloneclonecloneclone farmfarmfarmfarm 克隆农场 factory farming could soon enter a new era 工厂化农场经营很快就会进入到大规模生产的阶 段。美国的公司正在开发大量生产克隆鸡肉的技 术。质地优良的鸡会被饲养并用于转基因工程，那 么能孵出同样鸡的成千上万的鸡蛋每小时都会从 生产流水线上送出。每年产的数万亿的克隆鸡会被 送到农场以同样的速度生长，并且鸡肉的数量和味 道都是相同的。这是美国国家科技研究所希望见到 的，这一机构给加州 burlingame 的 origen 治疗中 心和北卡罗来纳州的 embrex 一共投资 470 万美元 用于此坝研究。这项研究的前景惊动了担心增加禽 类痛苦的动物福利保护组织。这也不能打击养殖业 的积极性， 他们一直想产出抗疾病、 食量小的家禽。 奥利研究所的 mike fitzgerald 说，养殖者想用更少 的饲料喂出同样重量的鸡， 为了能达到目的， origen 要制造出高质量的克隆鸡。通常禽类不适合普通克 隆技术，因为卵子不能被移除或移植。公司正试图 大量生产刚刚形成的受精卵的胚胎颈部细胞。关键 是在它们开始分化前培育这些细胞，让它们成万能 细胞，fitzgerald 解释说。通过一项成熟技术，这些 供与细胞在被植入刚产的已受精的受体卵子后，就 会孵出一只理想的小鸡。严格的说，这样的鸡并不 是克隆产物，因为它的细胞来源于供与和受体者。 然而，fitzgerald 指出如果 95%的鸡肉源于供与细 胞就足够了。在家禽产业中，100%并不重要。 origen 面临的另一大挑战是提升产量。为了能实现 这一目标，它和生产将疫苗一小时內植入多达五万 卵子的机器的embrex合作。 emhrex正在改进机器， 使之定位胚胎，并将细胞准确送入但不会杀死胚 胎。 origen 设想在未来能够冷冻血统不同的鸡的 颈部细胞。如果有预订特定品种的鸡，成千上百万 的鸡蛋在几个月甚至几周内就能产出。目前保留市 场可能需求的所有品种对培育者来说成本太高，养 出足够的鸡用于生产出农民想要的大量鸡蛋还要 经过数年的时间 produce the billions of eggs that farmers need 1.which statement is the best description of the new eraoffactoryfarmingaccordingtothefirst paragraph?-cloned chickens are bulk-produced with the same growth rate, weight and taste. 2.which institution has offered$ 4.7 million to fund