_retardation college of education home niu college 精神发育迟滞的教育家牛学院课件

Mental Retardation TLSE 240 IDEA n“Significantly sub-average intellectual functioning existing with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period (before 18” Intellectual Functioning nWhat is intelligence? Different definitions and perspectives Can your IQ change? Measured by IQ tests Solve problems, think abstractly, remember important information, generalize, etc. MR nAt least 2 standard deviations below the mean nShow normal curve nIQ of 70 or 75 and below Mental Functioning nMildIQ 50 70 or 75 nModerateIQ 35 49 nSevereIQ 20 34 nProfoundIQ 20 IQ formula nTraditional formula IQ = MA/CA X 100 nExample: MA of 12, CA of 10, IQ =120 nExample: MA of 5, CA of 10, IQ=50 IQ formula continued nTry these: nMA of 9, CA of 10, IQ = ? nMA of 7, CA of 12, IQ = ? Adaptive Behavior nSkills learned by people in order to function in everyday life 3 Main Categories nConceptual nSocial npractical Conceptual nAcademic- related skills such as reading, writing, money concepts, and using language Social nInterpersonal- related skills such as getting along with others, following rules of society, and being responsible Practical nEveryday activities such as eating, dressing, toileting, cooking, and using the telephone Assessing Adaptive Behavior nRating scales or checklists completed by individuals who know the child well nCompare scores to non MR population nDoes a weakness exist? Need for Supports n3rd component of MR nA result of impaired intellectual and adaptive behavior skills nDifferent levels Level of Support nIntermittent “as needed” basis nLimited consistency over time, few staff members, not high cost nExtensive regular involvement in some environments, more staff members, greater cost nPervasive constant support and highly intensive support Examples nIntermittent counseling at the beginning of the school year nLimited support to students with mild MR in inclusion courses continued nExtensive support to students with moderate MR in inclusion courses nPervasive 24 hr/7day care for medically fragile condition Characteristics nAdaptive behavior skills are needed. Focus on self-care Learn social skills with reciprocal relationships Characteristics continued nPhysical Development is delayed. Motor skills lacking Sensory impairment common Characteristics continued nHealth Care Needs are often extensive. Many are medically fragile May need clean and intermittent catheterization, gastrostomy tube feeding, respiratory ventilation, medications Seizures are common Characteristics continued nCommunication is limited. Eye movements Noises Communication boards Sign Language Causes of MR nMay be classified as: prenatal (before birth) perinatal (during birth process) postnatal (after birth) Biomedical Causes nExamples: Fragile X syndrome Down Syndrome: extra chromosome PKU Infections and Intoxicants nExamples: Rubella Syphilis Alcohol consumption Lead poisoning Drug use HIV Trauma or Physical agent nExamples: Oxygen deprivation Accidents Child abuse Psychosocial nExamples: Impoverished environment Poor nutrition Preventative Strategies nEarly prenatal counseling nAvoid sexually transmitted diseases nInfant screening nProper child nutrition nPrevent lead poisoning nEarly intervention programs Prevention Strategies continued nRemove environmental toxins nVaccinate children nGenetic counseling nAccess to health care nOthers Some Teaching Ideas (mild) nAccommodations nTask analysis nFrequent positive reinforcement nVisuals continued nFrequent review nPre teach vocabulary and concepts nDemonstrations/examples/modeling nAt times, alternative assignment Some Teaching Ideas (moderate) nIndividualized assignments nParaprofessional or assistant or buddy system nSocial skills instruction nOther therapies, as per IEP continued nStructure and consistency nFunctional focus nAdjusted grading nClassroom climate of acceptance To Remember nMR can be mild, moderate, or severe/profound nIQ a