人体解剖学 关节学总论中轴骨连接课件

Chapter two Arthrology 关节学 down 李 静 Department of Anatomy 1.掌握滑膜关节的基本结构、辅助结构及其 运动和分类。 2.掌握脊柱的组成及椎骨间的连结。 3.掌握骨性胸廓的组成，胸廓上、下口的形 态及围成。 4.掌握颞下頜关节的组成、结构特点及运动 。 5.了解肋与脊柱及胸骨的连结。 目的和要求 Section 1 The general description The bones are connected together by means of fibrous connective tissue,cartilaginous 软骨 or osseous骨tissues at different parts of their surfaces,and such a connection are called the joint or articulation.The joints are functional junctions between bones,they can be classified into two main types according to their junction form viz.： ）Continuous joints 直接连结 ） Discontinuous joints 间接连结 一、Continuous joints直接连结 （一）Fibrous joints 纤维连结 Bones are united by fibrous connective tissue. Syndesmosis 韧带连结 Suture 缝 （二）Cartilaginous joints 软骨连结 Bones are united by cartilage. Synchondrosis 透明软骨结合 Symphysis 纤维软骨联合 （三）Synosteosis 骨性结合 二、Articulation（关节） and Synovial joints （滑膜关节） Basic structures (基本构造) nArticular surface: covered by articular cartilage（关节面） nArticular capsule （关节囊） qFibrous membrane qSynovial membrane nArticular cavity: （关节腔） containing a trace of synovial fluid; subatmospheric pressure in it Accessory structures （辅助结构） Ligaments(lig.): （韧带 ）extra- and intracapsular ligaments Articular disc and articular labrum（关节 盘与唇） Synovial fold and synovial bursa（滑膜襞 与滑膜囊） Function Movements of joints 关节运动 Translation 移动 Flexion and extension 屈和伸 Adduction and abduction 收和展 Rotation 旋转 qMedial and lateral rotation 旋内和旋外 qPronation and supination 旋前和旋后 qInversion and eversion 足内翻和足外翻 Circumduction 环转 Classification of synovial joints（ Selfstudy） nUniaxial joints nBiaxial joints nMultiaxial joints Joint learning research and application 关节学的研究和应用 Diagnosis and treatment 诊断与与治疗 Research and Development of Artificial joints and Artificial Limb 人造关节和假肢的研制和开发 Section 2 The joint of the axial bones 中轴骨连结 Include joints of the trunks bones and the skull Articulations of Bones of Trunk 躯干骨的连结 The Vertebral Column The Thoracic Cage (一) The Vertebral Column 脊柱 The vertebral column consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx. Conjunction of intervertebrea Jionts of the vertebral bodies Jionts of the vertebral arches Composition Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结 Intervertebral discs 椎间盘 Anterior longitudinal ligament 前纵韧带 Posterior longitudinal ligament 后纵韧带 Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结 Intervertebral discs椎间盘 Between bodies of adjacent vertebrae. Composed of: Nucleus pulposus髓核 (an inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structure. ) Annulus fibrosus纤维环 ( an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage.) Hemination of nucleus pulposus 髓核脱出 Anterior longitudinal ligament 前纵韧带 Maintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column. Posterior longitudinal ligament后纵韧带 Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the discs. Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结 Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓间的连结 nJointed by the zygapophysia joints and by the accessory ligaments that connect the laminae and all process. 椎弓板、棘突、横突间的韧带 上、下关节突间的滑膜关节 Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓间的连结 nLigamenta flava黄韧带 elastic ligament, unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae, and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal; tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column. nInterspinal ligament 棘间韧带 nSupraspinal ligament 棘上韧带 nLigamentum nuchae 项韧带 nIntertansverse ligament 横突间韧带 nZygapophysial joint 关节突关节 Atlantooccipital joint 寰枕关节 nBetween superior articulating surfaces of atlas and occipital condyles nSupported by membrances and ligaments that join occipital bone and atlas nAction nodding of head, lateral tilting of head Atlantoaxial joint 寰枢关节 nThree synovial joints between atlas and axis nSupported by ligaments nAction allow atlas (and head) to pivot on the axis and vertebral column The vertebral column as a whole Viewed anteriorly Viewed posteriorly Viewed laterally Physiological curves of vertebral column Cervical curve 颈曲 (forwards) Thoracic curve 胸曲 (backwards) Lumbar curve 腰曲 (forwards) Sacral curve 骶曲 (backwards) Neck Chest Waist Sacral “C” shaped “S” shaped Movements of the vertebral column nflexion (屈) nExtension （伸） nlateral flexion （侧屈） nRotation （旋转） nCircumduction（环转） Spina bifida cystica 脊柱裂 Abnormal Development of the Vertebral Column 脊柱发育异常 (二) Thoracic cage 胸廓 Composition: It is formed by 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages,the sternum and the connections between them. Joints Composition: nCostovertebral joints 肋椎关节 nSternocostal joints 胸肋关节 Joints nCostovertebral joints 肋椎关节 qJoints of costal head 肋头关节 qCostotransverse joints 肋横突关节 nSternocostal joints 胸肋关节 qSternocostal synchondrosis of first rib qSternocostal joints qInterchondral joints: between costars, and cartilages 8, 9, and 10 to form the costal arch 肋弓 nIt is roughly cone-shape, narrow above and broad below, flattened from before-backwards.It has two oppenings and four walls. n Inlet of thorax 胸廓上口 nOutlet of thorax 胸廓下口 nInfrasternal angle胸骨下角 nIntercostal spaces肋间隙 The whole view of the thoracic cage nFunction: qprotects the organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity; qplays a vital role in the process of breathing. Inspiration Expiration