GRE_ARGUMENT_S.pptx

logo gregregregre analyticalanalyticalanalyticalanalytical writingwritingwritingwriting argumentargument john chujohn chu 参考参考参考参考资资资资料料料料 argumentargumentargumentargument新旧新旧新旧新旧变变变变化化化化 242 174242 174 8 assignments 8 assignments og p25og p25 写作基本要求写作基本要求写作基本要求写作基本要求 字数：字数：3030分分钟钟 300 - 400300 - 400字字 （100100字来源于字来源于题题目）目） 评评分分标标准准 p184p184 抓住要害攻抓住要害攻击击 攻攻击语击语 言可以不言可以不专业专业 写作步写作步写作步写作步骤骤骤骤与与与与时间时间时间时间 分配分配分配分配 快速快速审题审题 （2 2分分钟钟） 重点把握：重点把握： conclusion, recommendation, prediction conclusion, recommendation, prediction evidence: statistics, examples, facts evidence: statistics, examples, facts assumption assumption 分析材料分析材料分析材料分析材料 p38.4.p38.4. conclusion:conclusion: choose adams choose adams evidence 1: evidence 1: 工作人数工作人数 evidence 2:evidence 2: 收入的两倍收入的两倍 evidence 3: evidence 3: 平均房价平均房价 evidence 4: evidence 4: 十年与去年的十年与去年的销销售差售差别别 assumption: assumption: 更快更好更快更好 分析材料分析材料分析材料分析材料 p75.88.p75.88. claim:claim: build the next new store in plainsville build the next new store in plainsville evidence 1:evidence 1: 以前的以前的经验经验 evidence 2:evidence 2: 销销售售处处于于历历史最高点史最高点 evidence 3:evidence 3: 会会员员/ /满员满员 evidence 4:evidence 4:预见预见 新生代新生代 assumption:assumption: 盈利盈利 写作步写作步写作步写作步骤骤骤骤与与与与时间时间时间时间 分配分配分配分配 开开头头段（段（5 5分分钟钟） 归纳归纳 所所给论证给论证 的的结论结论 假假设设和和证证据据 指出其犯有指出其犯有严严重重逻辑错误逻辑错误 写作步写作步写作步写作步骤骤骤骤与与与与时间时间时间时间 分配分配分配分配 开开头头段（段（5 5分分钟钟） 第一句：指出原第一句：指出原论证论证 的的结论结论 或主或主张张 第二句：重复其重要第二句：重复其重要论论据据 第三句：表明自己第三句：表明自己对对原原论证论证 的判断的判断 写作步写作步写作步写作步骤骤骤骤与与与与时间时间时间时间 分配分配分配分配 p195p195 p198p198 写作步写作步写作步写作步骤骤骤骤与与与与时间时间时间时间 分配分配分配分配 开开头头段模板段模板 1 1 in this argument the author concludes thatin this argument the author concludes that . the conclusion is based on (the result of . the conclusion is based on (the result of a survey)a survey) . in addition, the arguer . in addition, the arguer asserts thatasserts that . however, the . however, the statement alone does not constitute a statement alone does not constitute a logical argument in favor of its conclusion logical argument in favor of its conclusion and fails to provide compelling support and fails to provide compelling support making this argument sound.making this argument sound. 写作步写作步写作步写作步骤骤骤骤与与与与时间时间时间时间 分配分配分配分配 开开头头段模板段模板 2 2 in this argument, the arguer recommends in this argument, the arguer recommends thatthat . to justify this claim, the arguer . to justify this claim, the arguer provides the evidence thatprovides the evidence that . (in . (in addition, he cites the result of a recent addition, he cites the result of a recent study thatstudy that .) a careful examination of .) a careful examination of this argument would reveal how this argument would reveal how groundless the conclusion is.groundless the conclusion is. 写作步写作步写作步写作步骤骤骤骤与与与与时间时间时间时间 分配分配分配分配 正文段落（正文段落（1717分分钟钟） 移移动动光光标标，先写出每个正文段落的，先写出每个正文段落的 主旨句主旨句 按照按照错误错误 出出现现的的自然自然顺顺序序或是或是错误错误 的大小的大小进进行攻行攻击击，在已，在已经经写好的主旨写好的主旨 句下展开全面分析，完成正文段落。句下展开全面分析，完成正文段落。 写作步写作步写作步写作步骤骤骤骤与与与与时间时间时间时间 分配分配分配分配 正文段落（正文段落（1717分分钟钟） 要求：要求： unityunity，一段一个，一段一个错误错误 ， 小小错错可以合二可以合二为为一一 coherence, coherence, 段落开段落开头头要有主旨要有主旨 主旨句前要有信号主旨句前要有信号词词 例例例例题题题题 p198p198 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 1. 1. 证证据不足或缺失据不足或缺失 p97.137p97.137 p86.113p86.113 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 p97.137p97.137 in addition, the speakers recommendation in addition, the speakers recommendation relies on the assumption that the amount of relies on the assumption that the amount of homework assigned to students is the only homework assigned to students is the only possible reason for the comparative academic possible reason for the comparative academic performance between students in the two performance between students in the two districts. perhaps districts. perhaps 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 p86.113p86.113 first of all, the mere fact that many other first of all, the mere fact that many other companies benefited greatly from the course companies benefited greatly from the course does not necessarily mean that acme will does not necessarily mean that acme will benefit similarly from it. perhapsbenefit similarly from it. perhaps 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 1. 1. 证证据不足或缺失据不足或缺失 it does not take into account the possibility thatit does not take into account the possibility that the arguer fails to rule out the possibility thatthe arguer fails to rule out the possibility that the arguer fails to provide any sufficient evidence to the arguer fails to provide any sufficient evidence to support the assumption thatsupport the assumption that the arguer ignores/neglects other relevant factors the arguer ignores/neglects other relevant factors concerningconcerning 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 1. 1. 证证据不足或缺失据不足或缺失 the fact that_ does not justify the the fact that_ does not justify the assertion that _.assertion that _. the arguer relies on incorrect / irrelevant data.the arguer relies on incorrect / irrelevant data. the fact that _ does not necessarily the fact that _ does not necessarily ensure / imply that _.ensure / imply that _. 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 2. 2. 数据数据错错 误误 p69.74p69.74 first, the memo first, the memo provides no evidence that provides no evidence that the results of the results of the either of the two surveys are statistically reliable. for the either of the two surveys are statistically reliable. for example, suppose newer students tend to be content example, suppose newer students tend to be content with the all-female policy while students who have with the all-female policy while students who have attended grove for a longer time would prefer a co-attended grove for a longer time would prefer a co- educational policy. educational policy. if a disproportionate number of the if a disproportionate number of the surveys respondents were surveys respondents were newer students, then the newer students, then the survey results would distort the student bodys opinion as survey results would distort the student bodys opinion as a group.a group. 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 2. 2. 数据数据错错 误误 p69.74p69.74 with respect to with respect to the alumni survey, perhaps fewer alumni the alumni survey, perhaps fewer alumni who donate substantial sums to grove responded to the who donate substantial sums to grove responded to the survey than other alumni did. if so, then the survey survey than other alumni did. if so, then the survey results would distort the comparison between the total results would distort the comparison between the total amount of future donations under the two scenarios. amount of future donations under the two scenarios. besides, the memo besides, the memo provides no information about what provides no information about what percentage ofpercentage of groves students and alumni responded to groves students and alumni responded to the surveys; the lower the percentages, the less reliable the surveys; the lower the percentages, the less reliable the results of the surveys.the results of the surveys. 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 2. 2. 数据数据错错 误误 p70.76p70.76 the author provides no information concerning the base the author provides no information concerning the base amount of the survey. the statistic would be not amount of the survey. the statistic would be not representative and, thus, make the conclusion representative and, thus, make the conclusion unconvincing if the number of people surveyed does not unconvincing if the number of people surveyed does not cover the majority. cover the majority. 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 2. 2. 数据数据错错 误误 the statistical evidence of the survey upon which the statistical evidence of the survey upon which the argument relies is too vague to be informative.the argument relies is too vague to be informative. lacking more specific information about base lacking more specific information about base amount, it is impossible to assess the reliability of amount, it is impossible to assess the reliability of the surveys results or to make an informed the surveys results or to make an informed recommendation.recommendation. 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 2. 2. 数据数据错错 误误 from the survey quoted in the argument, however, from the survey quoted in the argument, however, we find no sign of such procedure for random we find no sign of such procedure for random sampling, and have good reasons to doubt if the sampling, and have good reasons to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the sample is representative enough to reflect the general _ as a whole.general _ as a whole. 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 2. 2. 数据数据错错 误误 the statistical result of the survey lacks credibility the statistical result of the survey lacks credibility and therefore does not lend strong support to the and therefore does not lend strong support to the arguers assumption.arguers assumption. 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 3. 3. 急于概括急于概括 以偏概全以偏概全p59.52p59.52 the survey concerning the situation of the first five the survey concerning the situation of the first five floors does not cover that of the floors above the floors does not cover that of the floors above the fifth while low water pressure might be an acute fifth while low water pressure might be an acute blem. 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 3. 3. 急于概括急于概括 以偏概全以偏概全p89.119p89.119 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 3. 3. 急于概括急于概括 以全概偏以全概偏p64.63p64.63 the arguer proclaim that since as many as 40,000 the arguer proclaim that since as many as 40,000 children below nine suffered injuries, psychological children below nine suffered injuries, psychological stress and insufficient study time, the prohibition of stress and insufficient study time, the prohibition of sports games among children under nine in parkville sports games among children under nine in parkville is a must. however, the situation in parkville may be is a must. however, the situation in parkville may be distinct from that in other places. if the local children distinct from that in other places. if the local children do not have a heavy academic burden and do not have a heavy academic burden and psychological pressure from parent figures, it is psychological pressure from parent figures, it is unjustifiable to forbid the sports competition.unjustifiable to forbid the sports competition. 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 3. 3. 急于概括急于概括 the argument assumes that what is true of group the argument assumes that what is true of group of people taken collectively is also true of any of people taken collectively is also true of any individual within that group.individual within that group. the arguer assumes that what is true of a group as the arguer assumes that what is true of a group as a whole is necessarily true of each member of that a whole is necessarily true of each member of that group.group. 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 3. 3. 急于概括急于概括 the arguer attempts to extract a general principle the arguer attempts to extract a general principle from a specific case.from a specific case. _ draws a hasty conclusion, based on _ draws a hasty conclusion, based on inadequate evidence about_inadequate evidence about_ the argument uses a few exceptional cases as the the argument uses a few exceptional cases as the basis for a claim about what is true in general.basis for a claim about what is true in general. 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 3. 3. 急于概括急于概括 the argument attributes a characteristic of an the argument attributes a characteristic of an individual member of a group to the group as a individual member of a group to the group as a whole.whole. 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 4. 4. 模糊概念模糊概念 if the clearviews housing costs in the year before if the clearviews housing costs in the year before last year is excessively high, even if they decline last year is excessively high, even if they decline sharply, they can be still higher than the housing sharply, they can be still higher than the housing costs in other cities.costs in other cities. p57.48p57.48 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 4. 4. 模糊概念模糊概念 the author will have to explain what can be called the author will have to explain what can be called “foolish objections” since the phrasing is, with all “foolish objections” since the phrasing is, with all likelihood, a manifestation of prejudice and likelihood, a manifestation of prejudice and ignorance. ignorance. p111.168p111.168 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 4. 4. 模糊概念模糊概念 any further linkage of these two phenomena any further linkage of these two phenomena requires more evidence and is not justified by the requires more evidence and is not justified by the data so far available.data so far available. comprehensive analysis is necessary to identify comprehensive analysis is necessary to identify the actual cause of_.the actual cause of_. 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 5. 5. 错误类错误类 比比 the mayors argument rests on the the mayors argument rests on the unsubstantiated assumption that hopewell and unsubstantiated assumption that hopewell and ocean view are sufficiently alike in ways that might ocean view are sufficiently alike in ways that might affect the economic impact of a new golf course affect the economic impact of a new golf course and hotel.and hotel. p70.77p70.77 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 5. 5. 错误类错误类 比比 the arguers recommendation relies on what might the arguers recommendation relies on what might be a poor analogy between omni university and be a poor analogy between omni university and humana college.humana college. p56.45p56.45 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 5. 5. 错误类错误类 比比 the argument fails to take into account the the argument fails to take into account the possible differences between a and b that are possible differences between a and b that are relevant to the conclusion.relevant to the conclusion. however, the problem is that the two situations are however, the problem is that the two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction.deduction. 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 6. 6. 时间变时间变 化化错误错误 时间时间 表达 two years ago, last year，during the past years 标标志词词：trend, tendency, continue, remain, stay 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 6. 6. 时间变时间变 化化错误错误 过过去的情况在今天和将来保持不变变 p67. 70 逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误逻辑错误 与与与与经经经经典句式典句式典句式典句式 6. 6. 时间变时间变 化化错误错误 the author claim that the author claim that 将来将来, because , because 过过去去/ /现现在在. . this assumption is unwarranted because things this assumption is unwarranted because things rarely remain the same over extended period of rarely remain the same over extended period of time. there are likely all kinds of difference time. there are likely all kinds of difference between between 过过去去 and and 将来将来. for example, . for example, 将来将来; ; however, however, 过过去去. a