高考综合复习4

北 京 四 中 高考综合复习：Book 1 Unit 10-12 重点词汇、短语与句型：1.in danger 在危险中2.die out 灭绝，逐渐消失3.as a result of作为的结果4.lead to 导致5.take measures 采取措施6.adapt to适应7.at present现在，目前8.devote to 献身于，专心于9.make a difference有关系，有影响10.in the wild 在自然环境中11.throw away 扔掉12.in common共同（的），共有（的）13.turn into 把变成14.become endangered 变的处境危险，受到危害15.before 的用法16.set free释放17.reduce 的用法18.respond to 回答，对作出反应19.give advice 提出建议20.a large amount of 大量的21.spread的用法22.to 表示“伴随，按照”23.a series of 一连串的，一系列，一套24.in trouble 处于困境25.come across偶然遇见,碰见26.believe in 信任，信仰27.turn around 转过身来28.not justbut不仅而且29.原因和结果：Why?Because/As/SinceBecause of , I If, thenAs a result ofIt follows that30.做出决定和看法：Id prefer toWhich do you prefer, or ?Cant we?There are several things we could do.知识点归纳：1.before 从属连词，“在之前”，但在具体的句子中，译法多种多样。表示“才” “没来得及就” “后才”eg.He measured me before I could get in a word.没等我插上一句话他就给我量好了尺寸。She was angry before I could explain to her.我还没来得及向她解释，她就生气了。He asked a second question before I could answer the first question.我还没来得及回答第一个问题，他又问了一个问题。I hadnt waited long before he came.我没等多久他就来了。We can leave early in the morning before it gets too hot.不等天太热，我们一大清早就出发。They are thinking of buying the house before the prices go up.他们正在考虑趁房价未涨时把房子买下来。We walked a whole day before we got to the forest.我们走了一整天才到了森林。*before 还常用于下列句型： It wont be before用不了（多长时间）就会It will bebefore 得过（多长时间）才It wasnt before没过（多长时间）就It wasbefore 过了（多长时间）才It will be a long time before we finish the task.我们还需要很长时间才能完成这项任务。It wasnt long before he learned to use the computer.不久他就学会使用计算机了。It was some time before he told me about this affair.过了一段时间之后他告诉了我这件事。It wont be long before we meet again.不久之后我们还会再见面的。高考题链接：Someone called me up in the middle of night, but they hung up_ I could answer the phone.（NMET2000）A. as B. since C. until D. before分析：根据语境，“半夜有人给我打了电话”以及“but”一词的语气（表转折），可知“我还没来得及接，电话就挂断了”。答案：DThe American Civil War lasted four years_ the North won in the end.（2005广东高考）A. after B. before C. when D. then分析：本句意为“美国国内战争持续了四年，北方才最终获胜”。after和when在此句中做连接词，不符和上下文的语境。then是副词，意为“然后”，如选D，要在then前加连词and。答案：B2.devote vt. 致力于，把专用于*常用于以下结构：(其中的to 是介词，因此其后面应接sth./doing sth.)devote oneself to devote ones life todevote time to devote money todevote energy tobe devoted toeg.He has devoted his whole life to science.他把一生都献给了科学事业。I dont think it worthwhile to devote so much time to discussing the matter.我认为要花这么多时间来讨论这件事不值得。They devoted all their hours to working in their laboratory.他们把所有的时间都投入到实验室的工作中。He devoted himself to protecting the wild animals.他致力于保护野生动物。Mr. Smith devoted all his life to helping the disabled.史密斯毕生致力于帮助残疾人。The newly married couple living next door to us are devoted to sports.住在我们隔壁的那对新婚夫妇非常喜欢体育运动。The magazine is devoted to science.这本杂志专门刊载科技文章。*devoted adj. 献身的，专心于的；忠实的eg.He is a devoted son.他是一个孝子。She is a devoted wife and mother.她是一个贤妻良母。He is devoted to his children.他深爱他的孩子。高考题链接：Although the working mother is very busy, she still _ a lot of time to children.（2000上海高考）A. devotes B. spends C. offers D. provides分析：根据语境，“尽管母亲工作忙，她仍然把好多时间用在孩子身上”。四个选项中只有devote和spend可以表示“某人花时间”，而spend 用于spend time （in） doing sth.结构，所以此处应用devote ones time to （把时间用于）。答案：A3.danger n. 危险常用于以下词组中：in danger 在危险中（指句子主语的处境危险）in danger of 有的危险 in no danger 没有危险in great danger 十分危险out of danger脱险eg.His life is in danger.他生命有危险。The workers in danger have been rescued.处于危险中的工人已被解救。They were in danger of death.他们有死亡的危险。She is in danger of losing her job.她有失去工作的危险。He was seriously ill a few days ago, but he is now out of danger.他几天前病得很厉害，但现在已脱离危险期了。The doctor told the patient that he was in no danger/ out of danger.医生告诉病人他已脱离危险。Ships out in this storm are in great danger.轮船在这种风暴中出航要冒极大的危险。*类似的词组有：(be) in work 在业，有工作(be) out of work失业，无工作(be) at work 表示（人）正在工作，从事于，（机器）正在运转eg.He is in work again. 他又有工作了。The workers out of work are on strike.失业的工人在罢工。My father was at work at that time.我父亲当时在工作。 The new machine is at work.这台新机器在运转。*dangerous adj. “危险的”， 指主语本身会给周围的人或物造成的危险。dangerously adv.eg.The river is dangerous for swimmers. 在这条河里游泳有危险。He is a dangerous guy .他是个危险人物。That machine is dangerous : the wiring is faulty.这个机器危险：电线有毛病。The busy road is dangerous to small children.道路拥挤繁忙，对小孩太危险。The man was driving dangerously.那名男子在危险驾驶。*endanger v. 危害，危及（某人/ 某事物），使遭受危险eg.The oil spill endangered thousands of birds.石油的溢泄危及成千上万的鸟儿。The polluted air in the city is badly endangering the health of the people.城市中被污染的空气严重地危及人民的健康。Drunk-drinking can not only cause traffic accidents, but also endanger the lives of pedestrians.酒后驾车不仅会造成交通事故，而且会危害到行人的生命。考题链接：It seemed that he was _ losing his life. Luckily, he was _ in the end.A. in the danger of; out of dangerB. in danger of; out of dangerC. in the danger of; out of the dangerD. in danger of; out of the danger分析：根据句意：看起来他似乎有失去工作的危险，幸运的是，他最终脱离了险境。in danger of doing sth.有的危险，其反义词为out of danger。答案：B4.to 介词，按 节拍；伴随。如：She often sings to the piano.她常用钢琴伴唱。This type of music has become very famous in Britain and is very good music to dance to.这种音乐在英国很有名，是很好的舞蹈音乐。The students are doing eye exercises to music.学生们正在跟着音乐做眼保健操。The map was drawn to scale.这地图是按比例绘制的。其他to短语：grow to a length of 15 meters 长到15米dive to a depth of 1000 meters 潜入到1000米深wet to the skin 湿透be moved to tears 感动得流泪be frozen to death 冻僵fight to the last man 战斗到最后一人5.satisfy vt. *使（某人）满意或满足；eg. Nothing satisfies him; hes always complaining.他对什么都不满意，总是抱怨。That answer wont satisfy her.那样的答复不会使她满意。*满足（需要、愿望等），达到（要求等）eg.She has satisfied the conditions for entry into the college.她已符合进入这所学院的条件。They tried to satisfy the needs of the people for vegetables.他们尽量满足人们对蔬菜的需求。*satisfied adj. （感到）满意的satisfying adj. 令人满意的satisfaction n. 常用短语：be satisfied with/ thatto ones satisfaction 使某人满意的是eg.Im satisfied with you/ your answer/ what you said.我对你/ 你的答复/你所说的话很满意。She is quite satisfied now that his letter has come.他的信收到了，她感到相当满意。She gave a satisfied smile. 她露出了满意的笑容。 I felt quite satisfied after my big meal.我这顿饭吃的很多，觉得很饱。It was a satisfying result.这是一个令人满意的结果。This is a satisfying job.这是一个令人满意的工作。I expressed my satisfaction with these clothes.我对这些衣服表示满意。To our satisfaction, he solved the problem alone.令我们满意的是，他独自解决了难题。 *介词with 常与某些动词的过去分词连用，构成比较固定的搭配，但译成汉语却很灵活。如：be filled with充满be crowded with 挤满be covered with 覆盖着be equipped with装备有be piled with 堆满高考链接：Nick is looking for another job because he feels that nothing he does _ his boss.（2000北京、安徽春季高考）A. serves B. satisfied C. promise D. supports分析：根据题意：“Nick正在寻找另一份工作，因为他所做的一切都不能使老板满意”以及各个选项的词义（serve为服务，promise承诺，support支持），可知选satisfied。6.measure v. 测量，量度，判定eg.The tailor measured me for suit.裁缝给我量尺寸做衣服。Its hard to measure his ability when we havent seen his works.我们没有看到他的作品很难估计他的能力。His eyes measured the newcomer from top to bottom.他的眼上下打量看新来的人。Did you measure the distance?你量过这段距离吗？*measure n. “尺寸，标准，措施”，常用于下列短语：make sth. to measure 定做take measures 采取措施be measured in +计量单位的复数形式 用（作为计量单位）eg.A metre is a measure of length.米是长度单位。The tailor made a suit to my measure.裁缝为我定做了西装。The government took measures to stop pollution.政府已采取措施防止污染。The authorities took measures to prevent tax fraud.当局已采取措施防止偷税漏税。The energy is measured in calories.能量是以卡为单位计量的。It seems that the dress is made to her measure.好像这连衣裙是给她定做的。考题链接：What measures were _ to reduce the air pollution in that area then?A.acted B.taken C.given D.done分析：采取措施：take measures，本题用于被动语态。答案：B.7.die out : *（of families, species, etc.）no longer have any members left alive （指家族、物种等）死光，灭绝；eg.The habitat of the species is being destroyed and has nearly died out. 这一物种因栖息地遭到破坏，几乎灭绝了。Dinosaurs died out.恐龙灭绝了。Elephants would die out soon if men were allowed to shoot as many as they wish.如果允许人们随心所欲地射杀大象，那么它们不久就会灭绝。*（of a custom, practice, ideas, etc.）no longer be common（指习俗、做法、观念等）消失，过时；eg.The old traditions are dying out. 旧传统正在消失。The practice of children working in factories has nearly died out. 工厂中使用童工的做法已几乎绝迹。*（of a fire） to lose force or power（指火）熄灭。其后不接宾语eg.It took a long time before the big fire died out . 过了很长一段时间那场大火才渐渐熄灭。The fire died out in the end.火终于熄灭了。其他常见的die 短语：*die from ：常用于由于外部创伤或间接的原因致死eg.He died from an accident /a wound/ overwork /polluted air /carelessness.他死于事故 /受伤/过度劳累 / 污染的空气 / 粗心。 *die of：一般用于害病，疲劳，寒冷，饥渴，年老，失望，悲伤等感情原因造成死亡eg.He died of joy/ fear /disappointment / grief /old age /hunger /cold.他死于高兴 / 恐惧 / 失望 / 悲伤 /年老 /饥饿 /寒冷。当表示因病而死时，用die of 或die from均可，如：die of/ from illness（因病而死），die of/from heart disease/cancer （死于心脏病/癌症）。*die for “为而死，为献身”，表示因为事业或目的而死eg.The soldiers died for his country / the revolutionary cause / the people / liberty / the national dignity.战士为国家/ 革命事业/ 人民/ 自由/ 国家的尊严而献身。To die for the people is an honour, not a misfortune.为人民而死是荣誉，不是不幸。*die off 表示相继死去，直到绝种的意思，其后不能接宾语eg.The members of the family had all died off.这家人一个个都死了。The poor children died off because of lack of food.由于缺乏食品孩子们一个个死去。*dying for sth./to do sth. 渴望eg.Im dying for something to eat.我极想吃点东西。He is dying to know where youve been.他极想知道你去哪里了。*其他情况：Xiang Lin-sao died poor.祥林嫂在穷困中死去。He died a millionaire.他死时是个百万富翁。8插入语一般是对一句话作一些附加的解释。如果去掉插入语，对句子结构并无影响。插入语可用于陈述句, 或疑问句（要用陈述语气，且疑问词应放在插入语的前面），其位置可在句中或句末。常见的插入语有：I hope, I think, I wonder, do you believe, I guess, I suppose, you see, dont you think, dont you know, I tell you, whats more等。eg.How much money did he say he spent in traveling abroad?他说他在国外旅行花了多少钱？Which food do you think is healthy and which is unhealthy?你认为哪种食物是有益于健康，哪种无益于健康？Where did she suggest we should shopping?她建议我们去哪儿购物？That will be a good beginning, I hope.希望这是一个良好的开端。The report, I think, was both interesting and instructive.我觉得这个报告既有意思又有教育意义。When do you suppose theyll be back?你认为他们会在什么时候回来？高考题链接：He made another wonderful discovery , _ of great importance to science.（1998上海高考）A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think which is分析：本题考查定语从句中插入语的用法，因为插入语必须位于引导词之后，所以D项不对。因为做定语从句的主语，所以不能再用it，B、C明显不对。答案：AMaggie has been fortunate to find a job she loves and, _ , she gets well paid for it.（2005浙江高考）A. sooner or later B. whats more C. as a result D. more or less分析：“sooner or later”意为“迟早”，“as a result”意为“结果”，“more or less”意为“或多或少”。根据题意： “Maggie很幸运找到了她喜欢的工作，而且报酬也不错”，此处应选“whats more”（而且），做插入语。答案：BMum is coming. What present _ for your birthday? （2005福建高考）A. you expect she has got B. you expect has she got C. do you expect she has got D. do you expect has she got分析：本题选项中的do you expect为插入语，用来征求对方的意见或征询对方的看法，这种特殊疑问句的主谓语应使用陈述句语序。答案：C9.adapt: *适应（新环境）,常用于：adapt to sth.adapt oneself to sth. eg.Generally speaking, the species that are able to adapt to the change of the environment will survive, while the others will die out.一般来说，能够适应环境变化的物种会继续生存下去，而那些适应性差的物种就灭绝。When you are abroad, you must find ways to adapt yourself to the culture and custom there.你到国外后，要设法使自己适应那里的文化和风俗习惯。Our eyes slowly adapted to the dark.我们的眼睛慢慢地适应了黑暗的环境。*改编，改写，修改某事物eg.The film Farewell My Concubine was adapted from the novel of the same title by Hong Kong novelist Li Bihua.电影霸王别姬是根据香港作家李碧华的同名长篇小说改编的。This novel has been adapted for radio from the Russian original.那部小说已由俄文原著改编成无线电广播节目。This machine has been specially adapted for use underwater.这机器是为水下使用而特别改装的。*adaptable adj. 能适应的，可改编的adaptation n. 适应，改编本adaptability n. 适应性adaptorn. 适配器，转接器10.at present 目前，现在eg.She is busy at present and cant speak to you now.她现在忙，不能和你说话。We dont need any help at present.我们现在不需要帮助。*for the present 目前，暂时eg.Ive got enough money for the present.我的钱暂时够用。I cant remember his name for the present.我一时记不起他的名字了。*presently adv. “马上，立刻”， 在美国英语中也可表示“现在”的意思eg.Ill be with you presently.我不久就可以陪你。The Secretary of state is presently considering the proposal.国务卿现在正在考虑该项建议。The manager will be here presently.经理马上就来。11.common adj.共同的，共用的，普通的，常见的常用短语：in common 共同，共用in common with 和一样out of the common 不平常的have something / a lot/much in common with sb./sth.和有些（许多）共同之处have nothing /a little/little in common with和没有（有一点，几乎没有）共同之处eg. They are sisters, but they have nothing in common.他们虽是姐妹，但毫无共同之处。In common with many young people, he likes pop music.和许多年轻人一样，他喜欢流行音乐。Real friends should have everything in common.真正的朋友应该不分彼此。In common with most educated people he prefers classical music to jazz.如同大多数受过教育的人，他也喜欢古典音乐而不喜欢爵士乐。The two brothers have little in common in their manners.这兄弟俩的举止极少有相似之处。He noticed nothing out of the common.他没发现异乎寻常的事。考题链接：They have a lot _ and become good friends.A. in case B. in common C. in surprise D. in peace分析：根据句意：他们有许多共同之处，成了好朋友。应搭配成have a lot in common。答案：B12set free 释放，自由The PLA men broke into the prison and set all the revolutionaries free.解放军打进监狱，把革命者全部释放。Great power is set free when water is boiled.水煮沸时会释放出巨大的能量。I opened the cage door and set the bird free.我打开鸟笼把鸟儿放了。*free adj. 自由的，无拘无束的；免费的；空闲的短语：be free to do sth. 自由自在，不受拘束地做某事be free from/of 不受影响的free and easy 不拘束的，轻松的free of charge 免费for free 免费eg.Everyone is free to express himself.每个人都可以畅所欲言。Anyone who buys this breakfast food gets a free gift of a small plastic toy.购买这份早餐食物的人都可得到一件免费的塑料玩具。The atmosphere in the office is quite free and easy.办公室的气氛很轻松。The doctor will be free in ten minutes. Can you wait that long?医生十分钟后有空，你能等一下吗？She was free from all blame for the accident.那次事故完全不能怪她。The old lady is never free from/of pain.那位老太太从未摆脱过病痛。Delivery is free of charge if goods are paid for in advance.如欲付货款就可免费送货。I got this ticket for free from somebody who didnt want it.我这张票没花钱，是别人不要的。*free v. 使自由，免除，解放，使松动The little boy freed the bird from its cage.那小男孩把笼里的鸟儿放了。I need to go out. Can you free me for an hour?我需要出去一下，你能让我离开一小时吗？At last he freed himself from debt.他终于还清了债务。13. as a result 结果是as a result of 的结果eg. It rained heavily. As a result, we had to stay at home.雨下得大，结果，我们都得呆在家里。=We had to stay at home as a result of the heavy rain.As a result of the pilots strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.由于飞行员罢工，所有的航班被迫取消。*result in “引起，导致”，表示结果result from“作为的结果”，表示原因eg.The trial resulted in his being sentenced to two yearsimprisonment.审判结果是他被判刑两年.。Hard work results in success.努力工作就能成功。The election resulted in a great victory for their party.选举结果，他们的党取得巨大胜利。Her injury resulted from a fall.她因摔倒而受伤。The accident resulted from carelessness.事故是因粗心而引起的。高考题链接：My friend Martin was very sick with a strange fever; _, he could neither eat nor sleep.（2005江西高考）A. as a result B. after all C. any way D. otherwise分析：本题考查句意及词组辨析能力，“after all”意为“毕竟”，“any way” 意为“无论如何”，“otherwise ”意为“否则的话”。题干前后为因果关系，因此选用as a result。 答案：A14.reduce*vt. “减少，缩减，降低”，与to连用时表示“减少到，减低到”，与by连用时表示“减少了，减低了”eg.This shirt was greatly reduced in the sale.这种衬衣在大减价时降价很多。The driver reduced the speed when the car was passing through a town.当汽车穿过城镇时，驾驶员减慢速度。Some fat people try to reduce their weight.一些肥胖的人设法减肥。He wont reduce the rent of our house.他不肯减收我们的房租。Her weight has been reduced by 6 kilos.她的体重已减少了六公斤。*vt. reduce sb./sth. to使某人/某事物陷入某种（通常指更坏的）状态或状况中eg.The fire reduced the house to ashes.这场火灾把那所房子化为灰烬。Overwork has reduced him to a physical wreck.他过度劳累而损害了健康。 相似用法：increase by增加/长了increase to增加/长到eg.The population has increased to 1.9 million now.人口现在已增加到190万。The rate of inflation has increased by 2.通货膨胀率已增长了2。高考题链接：-The cars give off a great deal of waste gas into streets.-Yes. But Im sure something will be done to_ air pollution.(1996 上海高考)A. reduce B. remove C. collect D. warn分析：根据题意“汽车向街道排放出大量的废气。是的，但我确信将采取某些措施来减少空气污染”，以及四个选项的词义，此处应选A.答案：A15.spread v. 传播，蔓延；铺开，摊开；伸展，扩展eg.He spread the news around the town.他在镇上到处传播这一消息。The