科技英语翻译8a.ppt

科技英语翻译的基本方法和技巧 反译 所谓反译是指翻译时从反面着笔把原意表达出来。由于 英美人和我们中国人的思维方式不完全相同，英汉两种 语言的表意方式也有很大差别，所以有时从正面表达一 个意思内容，汉译时则可能需要、甚至必须从反面来表 达才符合汉语的表达习惯和事理逻辑。 In the first battles, the Isracli boats avoided being hit by Egyptian missiles. 译文1： 在最初几次海战中，以色列舰只避免了被 埃及导弹击中。 译文2： 在最初几次海战中，以色列舰只未被埃及 导弹所击中。（在最初几次海战中，埃及 导弹未能击中以色列舰只） The flowing of electricity through a wire is not unlike that of water through a pipe. 译文1： 电流过导线不是不象水流过管子那样。 译文2： 电流过导线就象水流过管子那样。 一、肯定和否定的正反处理 双重否定的反译处理： 英语的双重否定形式通常由否定词no (not) 等与某些表示否定意义的词连用构成，表 达委婉或强调的语气。常把此类句子译为 肯定句。 If houses are at rest relative to the earth surface, the earth itself is not motionless. 虽然房子相对于地球表面是静止的，但地球 本身却是运动着的。 Nothing is so beautiful but it betrays some defect on close inspection. 再漂亮的东西，只要仔细观察，也会发现某种 缺陷。 The current 155mm gun system have not reached the point where no further development is feasible. 现役155mm火炮系统尚需进一步改进。（系 统还没有达到不需进一步改进的地步。） 实际上，汉语也有类似于英语的双重否定的表达方式，如“不是不” ；“不会没有；不能不；并非不” No area in the world is completely free of air pollution 世界上完全没有被空气污染的地区是没有的。 As we all know, all life can not exist without water, 正如我们所知，没有水，任何生命都将不复存在。 The atomic furnace will ont work but it had enough fuel. 原子反应堆要是没有足够的燃料就不会运转。 采用两种译法都可。 There is no material but will deform more or less under the action of force. 在力的作用下，没有一种材料不或多或少地变形。 在力的作用下，任何一种材料都会或多或地低变形。 This reaction is not unlikely to take place. 译文1：这种反应未必不会发生。 译文2：这种反应一定会发生。 英语中少数双重否定句并非完全肯定，在处理 上要注意 Few persons dissented from this suggestion. 译文1：几乎没有人不同意这个建议。 译文2：所有人都同意这个建议。 2、肯定形式的反译处理 1. 句中有表示否定意义的名词：absence, neglect, lack, few, loss, refusal, exclusion, failure等等。 When water evaporates gradually, few of the molecules have enough energy to escape from the liquid. 水缓慢蒸发时，没有多少分子具有足以从水中逸出的能 量。 This error is often caused by a failure to test a sufficient number of subjects (inadequate sampling) 这种误差往往是由于没有检验足够数量的试验材料（抽 样不足）而引起的。 2. 句中有表示否定意义的动词或动词词组：avoid, cease, defy, decline, deny, exclude, fail, lack, lose, ignore, miss, overlook, refuse, keep from, prevent from, protect from等等。 In the choice of problems for research, it is obvious that we should select those that defy solution through already available techniques. 显然，在选择研究课题时，我们应当选择那些采用现有 技术无法解决的问题。 The manufacturer declines responsibility for the consequences of an inadequate storage. 对因保管不当而产生的后果，制造厂不承担负责。 3. 句中有表示否定意义的形容词或短语形容词：few, little, short of, free from, free of safe from, independent of 等等。 There seems little possibility of understanding the secrets of the human brain during this century. 看来，本世纪内要弄清人脑的奥秘是不大可能的。 The signal is independent of lamp intensity, thus eliminating the need for frequent calibration. 该信号不会随指示灯的亮度而变化，因而不需经常校准 。 4. 句中有表示否定意义的副词：less barely hardly, seldom, rarely, independently等等。 It is a common expression to characterize something as “light as air”, but air is hardly “light”. 通常人们总形容某个东西“轻如空气”，其实空气 并不“轻”。 There are some substances through which currents will scarcely flow at all. 有一些物质几乎完全不导电。 4. 句中有表示否定意义的形容词或短语形容词： beyond, out of, above, without, instead of, 等等。 The information contained herein is to the best of our knowledge accurate, but since the circumstances and conditions in which it may be used are beyond our control we do not accept liability for any loss that may occur. 就我们所知，本资料是准确可靠的。但是，由于我们不 能规定可能的使用场合和条件，因此对使用本资料可能 引起的任何损失，本公司概不负责。 The economic crisis in the capitalist countries is past control. 资本主义国家的经济危机是无法控制的。 6. 句中有表示否定意义的连词或其它一些固定词组： before, but, lest, unless, but that, rather than, far from, tooto, toofor 等等。 Too few tests have been done to tell how widespread such damage may be. 试验次数太少，故说不清这种损害普遍到怎样程度。 Many people believe that if you are given radiation therapy, the disease is too far advanced for far advanced for you to be saved. 许多人认为，一旦接受放射治疗，就一定是病入膏盲、 不可救药了。 3、修辞需要的反译处理 1. 否定句反译为肯定句 The fluid bearings never lose their accuracy. 这些流体轴承的精度可永久保持（可永不失去其精度） 。 A number which can be divided by 2 without remainder is an even number. 能被2整除的数为偶数（能被2除且不留余数的数为偶数 ）。 In the measurement of acceleration of gravity it makes no difference whether the body starts from rest or has been projected with a vertical velocity. 测定重力加速度时，不管物体是从静止开始下落，还是 以垂直速度抛出，结果都一样。（，都无区别） 2.肯定句反译否定句 The moon is a world that is completely and utterly dead, a sterile mountainous waste. 月球是一个毫无生机的世界，是多山的不毛之 地。 The average speed of all molecules remains the same so long as the temperature is constant. 只要温度不变，所有分子的平均速度也就不变 。 In the high altitude snow and ice remain all years. 海波高的地方，冰雪常年不化。 二、主动和被动的正反处理 1. 被动形式的反译处理 1）原文主语仍译作主语 Fire extinguishers and fire extinguishing media should be kept ready and should be inspected at stipulated intervals. 灭火器和灭火剂应定期检查，以保持随时 可用的状态。 2）原文其它成分改译为主语 In 1968 the first successful heart transplant operation was done in South Africa. 1968年，南非成功地进行了第一例心脏移 植手术。 Standardized graphic symbols should be used for circuit diagrams. 电路图应使用标准化的图示符号。 3）加译一个主语 Steel and its alloys will still be taken as the leading materials in industry for a long time to come. 在今后很长一段时间内，我们仍将把铁及其合 金作为主要的工业材料。 Proteins, carbohydrates, fats are often grouped together and called organic nutrients. 人们常把蛋白质、糖类和脂肪归为一类，称其 为有机养分。 4) 译成汉语的无主句：如果原被动句中的主语或其它 成分不宜译作汉语主动句中的主语，而加译一个主语 又无必要（即无法也不必指出行为主体），那么可将 句子反译成汉语的无主语句。译时可在原主语前加译“ 把、将、使、对、给”等词，从而把原主语译成宾语， 也可不加任何词直接译成宾语。 After sealing the header is cleaned and then the leads are clipped to the desired length. 封焊后把管座清洗干净，然后把引线剪到所需的长度 。 The shaping of the alloy steel case requires a series of heat treatments in order for the three basic qualities needed to be obtained. 合金钢药筒的成形需要一系列热处理，以便获得所需 的三种基本特性 2.主动形式的反译处理：译成汉语的被、 受到、遭到、得到、由所 The low melting point of this metal imposes limitation on its usefulness. 这种金属熔点较低，故其用途受到限制。 三、逻辑意义上的反译处理 名词性前置定语的反译处理： 由于这种形式的定语简洁明快、语义丰富 、且使用方便，所以在EST中较为广泛的 使用。但是其修饰语往往比较具体，被修 饰语比较抽象，和汉语的名词性定语的层 次相反。翻译时无法恪守原文的次序，而 需要（多数情况下）反过来译才能表达出 原意，符合汉语的表达逻辑和事理本身的 逻辑。 Separate sewage system 污水分流系统 Automatic tool retracting unit自动退刀装置 Coal mining method采煤法 Drug resisting power耐药性 Blood form organs造血器官 Pipe section machine切管机 The preamplifier is housed in a aluminum package for electromagnetic interference reduction.为减少电磁干扰，可把前置放大镜器 装在铝壳中。 否定译作肯定 Sodium is never found uncombined in nature. 自然界中的钠被发现都处于化合状态。 Ice is not as dense as water and it therefore floats. 冰的密度比水小，因此能浮在水面上。 Metals do not melt until heated to a definite temperature. 金属要加热到一定温度才会熔化。 Until recently geneticists were not interested in particular genes. 基因学家们最近才开始对特定基因感兴趣。 Many scientists are not happy about what modern man is doing to his environment. 许多科学家对现代人对环境所做的一切感到忧虑。 Its not easy to talk about Dolly in a world that doesnt share a uniform set of ethical values. 世界各地的伦理观念不同，因此就多莉羊展开讨论很难达成 一致意见。 One body never exerts a force upon another without the second reacting against the first. 一个物体对另一个物体施加作用力必然会受到这另一物体的 反作用力。 Dont start working before having checked the instrument thoroughly. 要对仪器彻底检查才能开始工作。 We cannot be too careful in doing experiment. 我们做实验时尽可能小心。 肯定译为否定 The common non-metals tend to be less ductile and weaker. 一般非金属材料不易延展，强度较差。 The influence of temperature on the conductivity of metals is slight. 温度对金属的导电性影响不大。 As rubber prevents electricity from passing through it, it is used as insulating material. 由于橡胶不导电。所以用作绝缘材料。 The average speed of all molecules remains the same so long as the temperature is constant. 只要温度不变，全部分子的平均速度也就不变。 The signal was shown about the computers being in order. 信号表明，计算机没有毛病。 We should stop treating the sea as a dump for human and industrial effluent. 我们不应当再把海洋当成人类生活污水和工业污水的垃圾场 了。 Bicycles offer the perfect eco-friendly method of travelling around the vast and beautiful and flat countryside that surrounds Cambridge. 骑自行车在剑桥大学周围的宽广、美丽而又平坦的乡村旅行 ，是不会对环境造成危害的理想旅游方式。 We should discard the idea that scientific inquiry will ever be complete. 我们必须明白科学是永无止境的。 There are many other energy sources in store. 还有多种其他能源尚未开发。 In the high altitude snow and ice remain all year. 海拔高的地方冰雪常年不化。 试将下列各否定句译成肯定句 The increase in mass is not appreciable until the velocity approaches that of light. Sulfur was not identified as an element until 1810. There is no pure acid, if applied to the skin, that does not produce bad burns. If houses are at rest relative to the earth surface, the earth itself is not motionless. Steady flight means unaccelerated flight, or flight in which the velocity does not change. There is no material but will deform more or less under the action of forces. A number which can be divided by 2 without remainder is an even number. There is no law that has not exceptions. In many cases there is no ambiguity as to which substance is the solute and which is the solvent. Not until the invention of the high altitude rocket did the direct study of upper atmosphere become possible. Key: 直到速度接近光速时，质量的增加才能被察觉到。 直到1810年才证明硫是一种元素。 纯硫酸如果洒在皮肤上，就一定造成严重烧伤， 如果说房子相对于地球表面来说是静止的，地球本身却是运 动的。 定常飞行指的是恒速飞行，或者说匀速飞行。 一切材料在力的作用下多少都会有些变形。 能被2整除的数是偶数。 凡定律均有例外。 至于哪种物质是溶质，哪种物质是溶剂，在许多情况下都是 一清二楚的。 直到高空火箭发明之后，直接研究上层大气才成为可能。 试将下列各肯定句译成否定句 An animal is dependent on the oxygen which he inhales for his very existence. By itself, concrete is only good at resist