有关农业科技推广过程中农民的心理特点分析 中英文对照.doc

有关农业科技推广过程中农民的心理特点分析中英文对照analysis of psychological characteristics of farmers on agricultural science and technology extension process in chinese and english发展农业科技是农业现代化的重要一环，农业科技推广要以人为本。在分析农民接受科技成果时表现出的独特心理特点基础上，提出了相应的推介策略，以扩大科技推广的广度和深度。 the development of agricultural science and technology is an important part of modern agriculture, the popularization of agricultural science and technology to people-oriented. the unique psychological characteristics of scientific and technological achievements based on the analysis of farmers accept show, put forward corresponding strategies to promote the popularization of science and technology, expand the breadth and depth of.农业是国民经济发展的基础农业科技进步是其现代化的动力，而农技成果要想转化为生产力，推广工作是桥梁。但农技推广深度和广度相对于农业科技进步速度来说，严重滞后。究其原因，其中人的因素是主要因素。为此，本文对农民这一群体在接受现代农业科学技术时表现出独特的心理特征进行了分析。 agriculture is the foundation of national economic development. the progress of agricultural science and technology is the modern power, and agricultural technology achievement to transform as the productive forces, promote work is a bridge. but the extension depth and breadth with respect to speed the progress of agricultural science and technology, the serious lag. investigate its reason, the human factor is the main factor. therefore, based on the analysis of farmer group showed a unique psychological characteristics in the modern agricultural science and technology for.1农技推广中农民的心理特点 1 farmers of agricultural technology extension of psychological characteristics11趋避冲突心理 1.1 approach-avoidance conflict psychology意志行动中的心理冲突或动机斗争是很复杂的。有时一个人对同一目的产生两种动机，一方面好而趋之；另一方面恶而避之。像这种对同一目的的兼具好恶的矛盾心理状态称为趋避冲突1j。趋避冲突在农技推广中表现主要有2种：一种表现是农民对农业新科技的渴求，他们知道农业科学技术可以给他们带来直接利益，他们是愿意接受农业科学技术的；另一种表现是，由于长期的自给自足经济，养成小农心理，跳不出旧框框，他们又不愿意接受新技术，对待科学技术持怀疑态度。他们内心是积极的、主动的，而现实表现往往却是消极的、被动的，在权衡过程中他们更倾向于用传统的耕作方法。他们是既讲实惠，又墨守陈规，这种心理影响了新成果的推广。 the act of will of psychological conflict or motivation struggle is very complex. sometimes a person has two kinds of motivation for the same purpose, a better and more; on the other hand, evil and avoid. like this for the same purpose both likes and dislikes contradiction mental state called approach-avoidance conflict 1j. approach-avoidance conflict in agricultural technology promotion mainly has 2 kinds: one kind is the desire for new agricultural technology, they know that agricultural science and technology can bring direct benefits to them, they are willing to accept the agricultural science and technology; another performance is, the self-sufficient economy long-term, to develop peasant mentality, jump not the old conventions, they are not willing to accept new technology, the treatment of science and technology skeptical. their heart is positive, active, and the actual performance is often negative, passive, in weighing process more inclined to use the traditional farming methods. they are both stresses benefits, and legality, the psychological impact of the promotion of new achievements.12感染从众心理 1.2 infected herd mentality从众是发生群体行为的心理原因。从众乃是在社会团体的压力下，个人放弃自己的意见而采取与大多数人一致的行为。在外界情况不明、把握不大的场合下，人们认为跟随潮流、人云亦云是安全的，所以在现实生活中不少人喜欢从众圜。农民相对与其他群体来说，对大范围的社会生活缺乏足够的适应能力，不善于从环境中获得必要的正确信息和排拒不符合自己心理倾向的错误信息。他们在对待农业新科技有时甚至是盲目的，他们不知道自己该怎么做，即使有答案，他们也极易受到熟人、朋友、村邻的暗示，且这种暗示相互影响这样其原有的心理就瓦解了而受到感染，从而对农业科技容易采取一种不理智的行为。农民之间是一种朴实朴素的社会关系，他们意见的一致性很高，往往赞成某一观点或采取某一行为的人很多，加上权威人士(社、村、镇等各级领导)不明晰的言论，所以群体对个人的压力很大，个人很容易采取从众态度。这也影响了农业科技成果的推广。 conformity is the psychological causes of group behavior. conformity is the social pressure groups, people give up their opinions and to take consistent with most peoples behavior. in the outside world is unknown, uncertain situations, people think that follow the trend, repeat word for word what others say is safe, so in real life many people like herding won. compared with the other groups, farmers, a wide range of social life, the lack of adequate capacity to adapt, not good at obtaining the necessary information and rejected do not meet their psychological orientation error information from the environment. they treated in the new agricultural technology sometimes blind, they dont know how to do that, even with the answer, they are also vulnerable to acquaintances, friends, neighbors cues, and this implies that affect each other. so the original psychological apart and infection, from the agricultural science and technology is easy to take a kind of irrational behavior. farmers are the social relations in a plain and simple, the consistency of their views is very high, often in favor of a particular idea or take a lot of a behavior, coupled with the authorities ( agency, village, town leaders at all levels ) not clear speech, so the pressure group on individual large, people are very easy to take conformity attitude. this also affected the promotion of agricultural science and technology achievements.13求稳求实心理 1.3 stability and psychology改革开放以来，越来越多的农民看到了科学技术进步给各行各业带来的飞速发展，他们也越来越不满足自己原有的生产生活现状，渴求知识、寻求信息，积极参加各种科技培训班，收集和购买技术资料，目的是想得到先进有效的农业科学技术。然而更多的农民是耳听为虚，眼见为实。虽然近年来随着农业产业结构的调整，部分农民的思想有所变化，但多数农民仍把自己承包的土地作为安身立命之本。再加上农业生产、农民生活的诸多变化以及单薄的经济实力、多变的自然条件和市场风险等因素使农民形成了牢固的求稳心理，农民害怕在花了财力物力之后得不到应有的成效。因此，他们对一项新技术进行决策时，总是谨小慎微，思前想后，怕失败后影响自己原先的生活，所以农民更注重现实的效果，总会精打细算，从成本、劳动力投入到产出、产值等各个环节都考虑得细致人微，他们要看到推广的技术真正有实效才愿意采纳。增产效果显著但成本高，他们的兴趣不大；增产效果显著但风险比较高，他们更不会感兴趣的。这种心理影响了农业科技的推广。 since the reform and opening up, more and more farmers saw the rapid development of science and technology progress to bring about, they also do not satisfy more and more of their original production and living situation, thirst for knowledge, to seek information, actively participate in various technology training class, collection and purchase of technical data, the purpose is to want to get advanced agricultural science and technology effectively. however, more farmers are the ears, seeing is believing. although in recent years, with the adjustment of agricultural structure, partial farmer s ideological change, but most farmers still put their land as the foundation of the. many changes and agricultural production, farmer life. and the weak economic strength, changing natural conditions and market risk factors. so farmers formed a strong steady psychology, farmers were afraid to be successful not after spending resources. therefore, they make decision on a new technology, always be timid and overcautious, think back and forth to oneself, influence of her original life afraid of failure, so the farmers pay more attention to practical results, will always be very careful in reckoning, input from the cost of labor, output, output value to each link are considered it carefully and comfort, they will see the promotion of technology of real effective to adopt. the effect of increase in yield but high cost, little interest in them; yield increased significantly but the risk is relatively high, they are not interested in. the psychological impact of the popularization of agricultural science and technology.14直观守旧心理 1.4 visual conservative psychology还有部分农民受文化水平低的影响，对一些新技术的判断比较简单和直观。他们重视结论经验，喜欢按常规经验办事，根据经验和实践判断其是否可行。他们看到别人，尤其是自己采用某种技术而获得成功后，他们会坚定地继续采用这种技术，并在长时间内保持不变，经验中没有的、没见过的就不相信，即使是听过也很难下决心。他们不会轻易相信推广人员的说教，不相信间接经验，不相信书本知识，当看见左邻右舍或亲戚朋友试用成功了，才能相信，次年效仿。甚至有一些农民，对一些老经验、老办法不管现在适宜不适宜都不愿放弃。改变这类农民的心理行为有一定的难度，尽管他们所占比例不大，但他们是农村中的元老级人物，影响力比较大。some farmers affected by low cultural level, some of the new technology is simple and intuitive judgment. they value conclusion experience love, according to the routine work experience, according to the experience and practice to determine whether it is feasible. they see others, especially their use a kind of technical success, they will firmly continue to use this technology, and maintained in a long time constant, experience no, havent seen you do not believe, even heard is also very difficult to resolve. they will not easily believe that the extension staff preaching, do not believe that the indirect experience, dont believe the book knowledge, when to see the next door neighbours or relatives and friends to try to succeed, to believe, the following year follow. there are even some farmers, some of the old experience, the old way now is suitable not suitable are unwilling to give up. change the psychological behavior of the farmers have a certain degree of difficulty, although they share little, but they are in the rural senior figures, the influence of the big.2解决对策 2 countermeasures21加强科技教育。提高农民科技意识 2.1 to strengthen the education of science and technology. to improve farmers consciousness of science and technology根据目前农村经济和农民素质现状，首先强化农村教育，实行多层次、多形式的推广。加强农民技术培训，努力吸引广大农民学科技，提高他们的文化素质，逐步提高农民科技进步的意识和依靠科技致富的愿望，使他们从封闭自守的心态中解放出来。对科技文化偏低的农民，可根据农事季节的特点，采取办培训班与现场示范相结合的办法，以培养他们的科技意识，提高运用农技进行自我服务的能力。其次培养高素质的推广人员。他们应有足够的知识和丰富的经验来回答和解决农民生产中的问题，使农民了解农业生产新技术。要主动帮助他们解决生产中的困难，并且通过政策引导，协调其生产经营活动，使他们不是在新技术面前左右摇摆举棋不定，而是对新技术充满信心，削弱并逐渐消除其矛盾复杂的心理。according to the present situation of rural economy and farmers quality first, strengthen rural education, the promotion of multi-level, multi-form. strengthen technical training for farmers, trying to attract farmers to learn science and technology, improve the quality of their culture, gradually increase the farmers of the progress of science and technology awareness and rely on science and technology to become rich desire, so that they are liberated from the reclusive mentality. on science and technology culture farmers, according to the characteristics of farming season, take training courses and field demonstration method, to cultivate their awareness of science and technology, improve the ability to use agricultural self service. secondly, training of high-quality staff. they should have sufficient knowledge and experience to answer and solve the farmers production problems, so that farmers understand the new technology of agricultural production. to take the initiative to help them solve their difficulties in production, and through policy guidance, coordination of the production and business operation activities, so that they are not swing hesitate about what move to make in the new technology about before, but full of confidence to the new technology, and gradually eliminate the contradiction weakened complex psychological.22增强透明度抓好农田科技示范 2.2. to enhance transparency in science and technology demonstration由于农民有着易受感染和从众的心理，农民向其他农民学习的东西多于推广人员所教给的东西。因此，应充分发挥生产典型的模范作用，让各类农业生产典型登上培训讲台，以农民培训农民，增强透明度。在实际工作中，推广人员应放下架子，虚心和农民群众打成一片，保护和激励农民的学习兴趣。每一项新技术的推出，要加强宣传舆论导向，采取寓教于乐、形式多样的宣传手段，介绍农技新知识和技术要领，激发农民学科技、用科技的兴趣和热情。对增产潜力大、效益高、推广面大的农业技术项目，县、乡、村、组要做好示范工作，要有目的、有重点地建立科技示范基地和示范户，为农民提供“看得见、摸得着”的学习样板，引导农民经营方式的转变，使农民主动采用新技术。要多结合实地、实物进行推广，尤其在作物生长季节和收获季节，要及时组织农民对生产典型进行观摩，通过现场会的形式普及农业新技术使农民通过自己身边发生的事，自己去对比，去判断，去转变。 because the farmer is susceptible to infection and conformity, something more than promotion personnel teach things farmers learn from other farmers. therefore, we should give full play to the exemplary role of typical production, make all kinds of typical agricultural production on training platform, to farmers training of farmers, enhance transparency. in actual work, promote personnel should put down the shelf, modesty and peasants become integrated with, protect and encourage the farmers interest in learning. introduction of every new technology, to strengthen the propaganda and guidance of public opinion, to take pleasure, diverse forms of propaganda, the agricultural new knowledge and technology essentials, arouse farmer science with science and technology, the interest and enthusiasm. agricultural technology project on the yield potential, high efficiency, promotion of large area, county, township, village, group to do the demonstration work, there must be a purpose, focus on building science and technology demonstration bases and users, provide the visible and tangible, learning model for farmers, guide a farmer to business mode change so, farmers take the initiative to adopt new technology. to combine the field, real promotion, especially in the crop growing season and harvest season, shall timely organize the farmers to watch on the production model, through the site will be in the form of popularization of new agricultural technology. so farmers through their own things, to compare, to judge, to change.23搞好配套服务。解决农民后顾之忧 2.3 providing supporting services. farmers to solve any menace from the rear根据农民注重效益的心理特点，农技人员在推广新技术时，要将该项技术需要的成本、劳动力投入及产出效益算给农民听，使农民了解该项技术的效益情况。在此基础上宣讲技术要领，农民就会愿意接受，推广的效果也会随之提高。也可以利用签订技术承包合同等方法，将农户和农业科技推广部门的责权利结合起来，形成双方自愿、利益同享、风险共担的约束机制，采取农民与技术人员两者双向选择，风险、责任两者共同承担的方法，来最大限度地消除农民怕受损失而不愿接受农业科技的心理障碍。做好产前的项目筛选、产中的技术指导和产后的销售服务。在产前，搞好市场调查与预测，为农民提供准确的信息服务和技术准备；产后则可以采取独营或联营的方式，开展农副产品的购、加、储销等服务，切实为农民解除后顾之忧。对量大面广的主导产品，农技部门要及时推广系jjl工、包装、储运等方面的新技术，以实现农副产品的多层次增值，使农民从农业科技应用中得到实惠。 according to the psychological characteristics of farmers to benefit, technicians in the promotion of new technologies, will need the technology cost, labor input and output efficiency is to listen to the farmer, the farmer to understand the benefits of this technology. on the basis of propaganda techniques, farmers would be willing to accept, promotion effect also increases. using a technology contract method can also, the responsibilities and rights of farmers and agricultural science and technology extension departments together, to form a binding mechanism of both sides, enjoy the benefits, risks, take farmers and technicians both two-way choice, method of risk, both shared responsibility, to maximize the elimination of farmers fear of loss unwilling to accept the psychological barrier of agricultural science and technology. good prenatal project screening, the production of technical guidance and after sales service. in the prenatal, do market investigation and forecast, provide accurate information and technical preparation for farmers; postpartum can take sole or joint venture, to carry out agricultural and sideline products purchasing, storage, and marketing services to farmers, remove any menace from the rear. the leading products of large-volume, agricultural departments to new technology to promote timely jjl industry, packaging, storage and transportation, in order to achieve multi-level value-added agricultural products, so that the farmers benefit from agricultural science and technology application.24全面解放思想实现方法灵活多样 2.4 full liberation thought realization method of flexible and diverse.农技推广既要符合当地农业生产的实际情况，又要满足当前农民发展经济增加收入的需要，还要适应农事季节变化。因此，农技推广人员要解放思想，推广的方式方法不能整齐划一，要不拘一格，灵活多样。对那些思想陈旧保守的农民可以利用其周围群众的成功，诱导他们改变在农业生产中的陈规陋习，逐步提高他们对新技术的认识和应用能力。可以组建农技推广互助小组让组内成员相互帮助，让组与组之间相互竞争，培养学科学、用科学之风，做到因人、因时、因地制宜。 agricultural extension must not only conform to the actual situation of local agricultural production, but also to meet the current farmer economic development the need to increase revenue, but also to adapt to the farming seasons change. therefore, agricultural extension workers should emancipate